FUNDAMENTAL

BIOLOGY
Dr. Thanh Huong LE
 Part 1: Cellular biology

The fundamental basic

unit of life
Learning outcomes

- Give the definition of the cells

- Difference between Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes cells
- Describe domains and kingdoms
 Obtain and
uses
energy

Movement Reproduction

Characteristics
of Living
Things
Respiration Organized

Responds to
Excretion the
environment
 C
ELL
organism

organs
 tissues

MULTICELLULAR
ORGANISMScells

Neuron RBC Sperm

Size Shape Structure

Function
Difference in:

UNICELLULAR
ORGANISMS
 Single celled organisms

Robert C. Hooke (1635-1703)

1665: The cell was first discovered and named by Robert Hooke
 Hooke viewed a thin cutting of cork and discovered empty spaces
contained by walls which he termed cells
Read more at https://www.science-of-aging.com/timelines/hooke-history-cell
discovery.php#4YZWECUjTtl3kZlh.99
1674 – Leeuwenhoek discovered protozoa
Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

Gave descriptions of many protists, including this ciliate

He saw bacteria some 9 years later,
Domain of life
PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC
Image from Purves et al.,

tutor.com
The Prokaryotes/Bacteria

- Unicellular, although a few live colonial lives at least some of the time (e.g. Cyanobacteria)

- Lack both membrane-bound organelles and multicellular forms

- Include the cyanobacteria (autotrophic) and eubacteria (heterotrophic)

- They are small individually, but make a huge part of the earth’s biomass

Ex: a single E.coli bacteria has a dry

weight of 25x10-14 g, but
total account for 1-1.5 kg of
human’s weight
Domain Bacteria

Unicellular, prokaryotic
Adapted for growth under many diverse conditions

Temperatures:
Most known prokaryotic
species, called mesophiles
grow best between 25° C and
40° C

 Psychrophiles grow best at temperatures between 15° C

and 20° C, but some species can live at 0° C

 Thermophiles grow at temperatures

between 50° C and 60° C, but some can tolerate temperatures as
high as 110° C
Domain Archaea
Unicellular, prokaryotic

 Lack nuclei are similar in size and shape(s), which initially suggested that they were
closely related to bacteria and were therefore prokaryotes.

 rRNA gene sequence comparisons:

archaea were more closely related to
eukaryotes than bacteria.

 Include the most diverse extremophiles:

Figure 01.F07: Phylogenetic analysis by molecular methods shows
that organisms can be classified into three domains.
PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC
 Image from Purves et al.,

Domain Eukarya/ Eukaryotic cell

• A eukaryotic cell contains many membrane-delimited compartments.

• The plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell surrounds the cytoplasm.

• Within the cytoplasm within the cytoplasm and contains

there are individual the genetic material.
compartments, each
surrounded by a
membrane.

• The nucleus is often the

largest compartment
 Nucleus and cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell.

Photo © Wright, et al., 1988. Originally published in The Journal of Cell Biology, 107: 101-
114. Used with permission of Rockefeller University
Press. Photo courtesy of Jasper Rine, University of California, Berkeley.
Prokaryote vs Eukaryotic
PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC
 Image from Purves et al.,

Protista

Composed of a single cell or a colony of similar cells

Live in water, in moist terrestrial habitats, and as parasites and other symbionts in the bodies of multicellular
eukaryotes. Autotrophs, heterotrophs, or both.
Reproduce asexually, some sexually
They are best defined as eukaryotes that are NOT fungi, animals, or plants. They are
polyphyletic
 Plantae

Multicellular, eukaryotes and consist of a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane called the cell
wall

The plant kingdom has the following characteristic features:

They are non-motile

 They usually reproduce sexually
Fungi They follow the
autotrophic mode of
nutrition

These contain photosynthetic pigments called chlorophyll in

the plastids.
Eukaryotic.

Decomposers – the best recyclers around.

No chlorophyll – non-photosynthetic.

Most multicellular (hyphae) – some unicellular (yeast)

Non-motile.

Cell walls made of chitin

 Are more related to animals than the plant kingdom.

Animalia
Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that are capable of mobility at least
for part of their life, and that have cells lacking cell walls
Classification
Home work

- Summary the lesson in one A4 page

- Prepare new word for the next lesson: Structure of the cell