Radian

1.1   Radian

Apart from the unit of degrees, angles can be also be measured in the unit of radians

 Definition of One Radian

The angle subtended at the centre of a circle is 1 radian if the length of the arc is equal to the radius of the circle.
 The formula to convert degrees to radians:

π
x∘ = (x × )  rad
180

3.142
= (x × )  rad
180

The formula to convert radians to degrees:

∘
180
 x rad = (x × )
π

∘
180
= (x × )
3.142
Arc Length of A Circle
1.2   Arc Length of A Circle

If the circumference of a circle is divided into two parts of different lengths, the shorter part is known as the minor arc while the longer part
is known as the major arc

In the diagram, note that the angle subtended at the centre of the circle by the major arc is

(2π − θ) radians.
If s is the length of an arc of a circle of radius r , that subtends an angle θ  radians, at the centre O , then

 s = rθ 
Example:

Example

The diagram shows arc AB  of a circle with centre O .

Find the length of the arc AB .

Based on the question, the length of the arc AB

= 13 cm × 2.7 rad
= 35.1 cm.
 The perimeter of the shaded segment AP B  of a circle

 = Length of Chord AB +
 Length of Arc AP B 
Example:

Example

Find the perimeter of the shaded segment AP B .

9
∠AOB =  rad
7
​

9 180
= ×
7 3. 142
​

= 73.66∘ .

θ
AB = 2j sin
2

73.66
= 2(7) sin ( )
2
​

= 14 × sin 36.83∘

= 14 × 0. 5994
 = 8. 3916 cm.

The perimeter of the shaded segment AP B

Area of Sector of a Circle
1.3   Area of Sector of a Circle

If a circle is divided into two sectors of different sizes, the smaller sector is known as the minor sector while the larger sector is known as
the major sector.

 If A is the area of a sector of a circle, of radius r , that subtends an angle θ  radian, at the centre O , then

1 2
 A = r θ 
2
​
​
Example:

Example

In the above diagram, find the area of the sector OAB .

Based on the question, area of the sector OAB

1 2
= r θ
2
​

1 2
= (9) (1.3)
2
​

= 52.65 cm2 .
Area of the segmentP RQ:

 = ​Area of the sector OP RQ −
 Area of the isosceles △OP Q ​
Example:

Example

The diagram shows a sector of a circle, with centre O  and a radius of 7 cm.

The length of the arc AB  is 5 cm.

Find the area of the shaded region.

Length of the arc, s = rθ = AB

Then, 

rθ = 5

7θ = 5

5
θ=  rad.
7
​

5 180
∠AOB = ×
7 3. 142
​

= 40.92∘
Area of the shaded region

1 r2(θ sin θ)