LITERASI BAHASA INGGRIS

Kode Soal 01

TEXT 1
The aim of the BONUS program is to develop a science basis for better policy-making, designed to secure the sustainability of
the ecosystem services of the Baltic Sea and maintain its good environmental status.
The Joint Baltic Sea Research and Development Program BONUS is a € 100 million program undertaken by all eight EU
countries bordering the Baltic Sea with the support of the EU. It was set up to address the Sea‟s severe environmental challenges,
ensure sustainable development and bring together the region‟s research community to establish a European Research Area. Russia
participates in several projects on the self-funded basis.
The participating countries have jointly defined research priorities, organized funding for several waves of projects and
established a dialogue with the region‟s policy-makers. In total, 21 national funding institutions support the program with funds,
which are equally matched by the EU.
BONUS focuses on the sustainable management of the Baltic Sea, which is a crucial asset not just in terms of its environmental
significance, but importantly also for many sectors of the region‟s economy. Everything that happens in the sea is experienced by the
people, the countries and the economies that surround it-particularly so in the case of the Baltic Sea, which is semi-enclosed.
Two calls for BONUS project proposals have been concluded and a third call will be published in 2015. The first wave of
BONUS projects is already under way. Interesting descriptions of these projects can be found on the BONUS web site.
One of the program‟s main strengths derives from its two-pronged approach: BONUS funds both research and innovation
activities that target the challenges facing the Baltic Sea. This work generates both knowledge and solutions to specific problems.
To illustrate, Kononen points to a raft of projects focusing on eutrophication, the phenomenon caused by an excess of
nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates. These can tip the ecological balance in an aquatic system, endangering many species of flora
and fauna. BONUS funds research dedicated to tackling nutrients from agricultural soils as well as three innovation projects that
develop specific related technologies. All BONUS projects are encouraged to communicate and engage with a wide variety of
stakeholders.
Kononen reports that BONUS has established itself as a respected contributor to policy discussions, alongside important
organizations such as the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission HELCOM and the Council of the Baltic Sea States.
The program‟s success reflects how mindsets have changed over the past decades, she notes, adding that there was a time
when environmental and economic priorities where viewed as conflicting. “But now,” she says “we see that the way towards the
future is really in sustainable development. We have to support the economy for the benefit of the citizens while making sure that the
environment stays in good status, securing its services for future generations.”

1. The author presents the ideas in paragraph 9 by....

(A) reviewing the ideas of the BONUS program for environment
(B) persuading people to participate in the BONUS program
(C) criticizing the conflicts between environment and economic priorities
(D) quoting how the BONUS program reflects the change of the mentality
(E) concluding the fact that BONUS is potential for the environment

2. The author‟s attitude towards the topic of the passage is....

(A) determined
(B) careful
(C) serious
(D) negative
(E) objective

3. Of the BONUS program, the paragraph following the passage will most likely talk about....
(A) benefits
(B) development
(C) success
(D) effects
(E) rules

4. Based on the passage, it can be hypothesized that....

(A) the projects will include more people from developing countries
(B) the participating countries will make more proposals on the environment

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 (C) the program will provide people and animals with more benefits
(D) more people will discuss the economic issues for funding
(E) there will be more environmental programs established

TEXT 2
There appears to be increasing numbers of children who specialize in a single sport at an early age. The lure of a college
scholarship or a professional career can motivate young athletes to commit to specialized training regimens at an early age. However, the
American Academy of Pediatrics recommends avoiding specializing in one sport before puberty.
Once puberty begins, both boys and girls go through their adolescent growth spurt (AGS). The change and the age at which
they occur can have an impact on a child‟s sports performance. Going through this can have a significant impact on athletic performance
in both positive and negative ways. Increases in body size, hormones, and muscle strength can improve athletic performance.
Nevertheless, there may be a temporary decline in balance skills and body control during the AGS. Quick increases in height and weight
affect the body‟s center of gravity. Sometimes, the brain needs to adjust to this higher observation point. As a result, a teen may seem a
little clumsy.
This phase is especially noticeable in sports that require good balance and body control (e.g. figure skating, diving, gymnastics,
basketball). In addition, longer arms and legs can affect throwing any type of ball, hitting with a bat, catching with a glove, or swimming
and jumping. Coaches that are aware of the AGS can help reduce athletic awkwardness by incorporating specific aspects of training into practice
sessions.

5. What is the appropriate title of the text above?

(A) Adolescent Growth Spurt and Sport
(B) Effects of Puberty on Sports Performance
(C) The Rising Popularity of Sports among Children
(D) The Impact of Poor Balance and Body Control
(E) The Side Effects of Specializing in Sports on Children

6. The word „regimens‟ in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ...

(A) patterns
(B) centers
(C) groups
(D) plans
(E) programs

7. The sentence „Coaches that are aware of the AGS can help reduce athletic awkwardness by incorporating specific aspects of training
into practice sessions‟ in paragraph 3 can best be restated as....
(A) without considering the physical changes undergone by children, trainers cannot prevent them from having difficulties when
training
(B) since identifying potential problems during children‟s phase of AGS is necessary to eliminate clumsiness, trainers can do this
before training begins
(C) by designing training founded on the knowledge of AGS, trainers can be more aware of possible difficulties in sports
(D) with practice that prevents children from performing awkwardly, trainers can assist children through this growth phase
(E) to help children perform with more ease, trainers should consider the effects of puberty when designing a training routine

8. Which of the following best connects sentence 4 and 5 in paragraph 2?

(A) Therefore, a teen may appear very energetic in many physical activities
(B) However, there are also many negative impacts of puberty on athletic performance
(C) Nevertheless, there may be a temporary decline in balance skills and body control during the AGS
(D) Because the growth processes are very fast, teens‟ physical changes tend to be surprising
(E) In addition, there is a relation between their physical changes, gravity and performances

TEXT 3
The ancient Egyptians firmly believed in the afterlife and spent their time on earth preparing for it. Elaborate burial rituals
included preparing the burial site, providing for all of the deceased‟s material needs (food, clothing, jewels, and tools of their trade),
and preserving the corpse so that it would not decay. This preservation was accomplished through a process of mummification. The
ancients left no written accounts as to the execution of this process, so scientists have had to examine mummies and establish their own
theories. The embalming process might have taken up to seventy days for the pharaohs and nobility and only a few days for the poor.
The embalmers spread a variety of compounds of salt, spices, and resins in and over the corpse to preserve it. They followed

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this with a prescribed wrapping, a procedure in which they would strips of fine linen around, over, and under the body while placing
various amulets within the wrappings to protect the deceased from harm on the long journey to the afterlife. They also painted resins
over the wrapped linen. Finally, a pharaoh or noble would have been encased in a wooden box before being placed in a sarcophagus.

9. How have we been able to learn about the mummification process?

(A) Accurate records have been handed down to us
(B) Interviews with embalmers who still use the process have revealed the secret
(C) After studying mummies, scientists have developed their own theories
(D) Chemicals analysis of the compounds has led to an explanation of the method used
(E) The mummification process uses variety tools

10. The word „they‟ in the second paragraph refers to….

(A) spices
(B) embalmers
(C) pharaohs
(D) the corpse
(E) the poor

11. The embalming process can be described as….

(A) short and simple
(B) strict and unfaltering
(C) wild and terrifying
(D) long and simple
(E) lengthy and complicated

12. The word „decay‟ in the first paragraph has closest meaning to….
(A) deteriorate
(B) embalm
(C) rejuvenate
(D) variety
(E) die

TEXT 4
Young adults who spend a lot of time on social media during the day or check it frequently throughout the week are more
likely to suffer sleep disturbances than their peers who use social media less, according to new research from the University of
Pittsburgh School of Medicine.
The study indicates that physicians should consider asking young adult patients about social media habits when assessing
sleep issues. The research was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
“This is one of the first pieces of evidence that social media use really can impact your sleep,” said lead author Jessica C.
Levenson, Ph.D., a postdoctoral researcher in Pitt‟s Department of Psychiatry. “And it uniquely examines the association between
social media use and sleep among young adults who are, arguably, the first generation to grow up with social media.”
In 2014, Dr. Levenson and her colleagues sampled 1,788 U.S. adults ages 19 through 32, using questionnaires to determine
social media use and an established measurement system to assess sleep disturbances.
The questionnaires asked about the 11 most popular social media platforms at the time: Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, Google
Plus, Instagram, Snapchat, Reddit, Tumblr, Pinterest, Vine and LinkedIn.
On average, the participants used social media a total of 61 minutes per day and visited various social media accounts 30
times per week. The assessment showed that nearly 30 percent of the participants had high levels of sleep disturbance.
The participants who reported most frequently checking social media throughout the week had three times the likelihood of
sleep disturbances, compared with those who checked least frequently and participants who spent the most total time on social media
throughout the day had twice the risk of sleep disturbance, compared to peers who spent less time on social media.

13. What is the topic of the passage?

(A) Social media habits among young adults
(B) The impact of sleep disruptions on social media use
(C) The relation between sleep disruptions and social media use
(D) Sleep disruption in young adults
(E) The use of social media by young adults

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14. The word evidence in paragraph 3 means….
(A) symptom
(B) indicator
(C) fact
(D) proof
(E) sign

15. The chance of getting sleep disruptions for subject who spends most of the time on social media during the day is….
(A) equal
(B) multiple
(C) quadruple
(D) double
(E) triple

TEXT 5
A common way of gaining knowledge is through experience, which relies on trial‐ and‐ error learning. One of the authors is
reminded of a time when he was interviewing an Old Order Amish farmer while their two 5‐ year‐ old sons played with a small
snapping turtle. As the Amish boy held the turtle in one hand he would reach out with the other and tap the turtle‟s beak with his
index finger, jerking it away as the animal (1) ……. in the air. Several times, the farmer interrupted his conversation to warn his son
that if he continued teasing the turtle, he would be sorry. Suddenly, the boy (2) ……. and dropped the turtle to the ground. As the
father retrieved a handkerchief from his pocket and attended to the young boy‟s bleeding finger, the man looked into his son‟s eyes
and said in German what is roughly translated into “Maybe the turtle has taught you what your father could not.” The author could
not help but feel that his son, who stood in horror (3) ……. his Amish friend‟s bleeding finger, had also learned something from the
experience.
An old adage claims, “experience is the best teacher.” If our knowledge is limited to personal experience, however, then it is
limited indeed, for experience is the best teacher only if we cannot also find other paths to knowledge. Because experience is very (4)
……. of gaining knowledge, it is influenced by our social and cultural backgrounds. (5) ……. is punctuated by diversity as people of
different racial, ethnic, gender, and socioeconomic backgrounds not only experience vastly different things in life, but, more important,
often interpret similar experiences quite differently.

16. (1) .......

(A) was harmlessly snapped
(B) was harmlessly snapping
(C) snapping harmlessly
(D) harmless snap
(E) snapped harmlessly

17. (2) …….

(A) squealed out in pain
(B) squealing out in pain
(C) squeals out in pain
(D) painfully squealed out
(E) painful squeal

18. (3) …….

(A) looked for
(B) looking for
(C) looked at
(D) looking out
(E) looking at

19. (4) …….

(A) personality and individuality of way
(B) personal way and individualistic
(C) personal and an individual way
(D) way‟s personal and individuality
(E) personal and individualistic way

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20. (5) …….
(A) experience from knowledge
(B) experiential knowledge
(C) experiencing knowledge
(D) experience of knowledge
(E) knowledge experience

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