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Instrumentation and Measurements

Lab

DATE : 17 th Oct , 2022

Lab : 1

NAME : ___Asad Iqbal___

ROLL NO : ___200401033_ _

Instructor : _Ma’am Zil-e-Huma_

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CONTENTS

1. BASIC TERMINOLOGIES…………………………………………
1.1 TRANSDUCER, SENSOR AND ACTUATOR……………
1.2 ACCURACY AND PRECISION……………………………
1.3 LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR DEVICES…………………

2. TYPES OF CONVERTERS………………………………

3. LAB SAFETY…………………………………………………

4. TRANSDUCER AND INSTRUMENT TRAINER ………………

5. PRACTICLE APPLICATIONS ……………………………………

1.1 TRANSDUCER, SENSOR AND ACTUATOR

 TRANSDUCER
A transducer is a device that converts energy from one form to another. Usually, a
transducer converts a signal in one form of energy to a signal in another.

 SENSOR
A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical
environment. The input can be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure or any number of
other environmental phenomena.

 ACTUATOR
An actuator is a device that produces a motion by converting energy and signals going
into the system. The motion it produces can be either rotary or linear. Linear actuators, as
the name implies, produce linear motion.

 ACCURACY AND PRECISION

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Accuracy is the degree of closeness between a measurement and its true value. Precision
is the degree to which repeated measurements under the same conditions show the same
results.

 LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR DEVICES

Linear devices include resistors, capacitors, and most inductors when driven with low
current. Nonlinear devices include semiconductor devices (transistors and diodes), ferrite
inductors driven at high current where magnetic saturation occurs, all amplifiers, and
almost all integrated circuits.

 TYPES OF CONVERTERS
 V/F Converter
A voltage-to-frequency converter (VFC) is an oscillator whose frequency is linearly
proportional to a control voltage. The VFC/counter ADC is monotonic and free of
missing codes, integrates noise, and can consume very little power.
 F/V Converter
F/V Converter is a frequency-to-voltage (current) converter that converts frequency signal
proportional to rotation speed, moving speed, etc. into voltage signal
 V/I Converter
A voltage to current converter or V to I converter, is an electronic circuit that takes
current as the input and produces voltage as the output.
 I/V Converter
A current to voltage converter or I to V converter is an electronic circuit that takes current
as the input and produces voltage as the output.

 LAB SAFETY:
 Don’t wear metal equipment’s.
 In case of any emergency, power off the circuit breaker.
 First aid should be placed in a lab.
 Placing bags on trainer is not allowed.

 TRANSDUCER AND INSTRUMENT TRAINER

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Transducers, Instrumentation and Control Trainer. The Transducers and Instrumentation

Trainer introduces students to input sensors, output actuators, signal conditioning circuits,
and display devices through a wide range of hands-on practical activities.

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 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS:
 Instrumentation used for measurements such as oscilloscope and multimeters have a
significant demand and value in industrial, commercial and military application. Sensors
are used in plethora of applications including industrial, medical and military setups.
Examples include sensors on an aircraft’s, ventilators, cement kiln and robotics etc. It
would not be an overstatement to say that almost every system contains sensors or group
of sensors.

 The Transducers, Instrumentation and Control Trainer has all the necessary power
supplies, light sources and compressed air supplies to carry out a wide range of hands-on
experimental work. It is possible to build and test complete closed loop control systems
for rotary speed and position, making the trainer ideal for use in control engineering
teaching.

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