Flower Pollination Algorithm Based Selective Harmonic Elimination PWM For An Eleven Level Inverter

Asian Journal
Asian Research Consortium of Research in

Social Sciences
and
Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities Humanities
Vol. 6, Issue 6, Special Issue June 2016, pp. 69-84.
ISSN 2249-7315 www.aijsh.com
A Journal Indexed in Indian Citation Index
DOI NUMBER: 10.5958/2249-7315.2016.00380.4
Category: Science and Technology
Flower Pollination Algorithm based Selective Harmonic

Elimination PWM for an Eleven Level Inverter
S. Srinivasan*; Dr. R. Ganesan**
*Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Sethu Institute of Technology,
Kariapatti, Tamilnadu, India.
**Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Sethu Institute of Technology,
Virudhunagar, Tamilnadu, India.
Abstract
Multilevel inverters are essential drives in industry as well as renewable energy power extraction schemes. Selective
harmonics based multilevel inverters are well suited for harmonic free electrical power applications. However
switching angles for SHE-PWM are hard to obtain since these involve solution of non-linear and transcendental
equations. This proposed work solved the switching angles for an eleven level inverter with unequal sources using
Genetic algorithm (GA) and Flower Pollination algorithm (FPA). The non-linear transcendental equations are made
into an optimization problem. The optimized switching angles provided by both GA and FPA are used to form the
look up tables for generating switching pattern off line for the hardware circuit. Both the hardware and simulation
results are compared. FPA provides better performance in the sense harmonic content present in the output voltage
is much lesser and speed of convergence is better in FPA than GA.
Keywords: Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Flower Pollination Algorithm
(FPA), Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), Cascaded H Bridge (CHB).
1. Introduction
Fossil fuels are not satisfying the needs of ever increasing electrical power demand. Depleting nature of fossil fuels
and environmental factors are making it in the backseat while considering the expansion of newer power generation
unit. Alternatively abundance of availability and environmental friendly nature of renewable energy such as photo
voltaic (PV), wind power generations sources is a lucrative alternative for fossil fuels. Multi-level inverters are most
sought after drive for renewable energy applications. High standard power quality requirements are mandatory for
numerous Industrial applications. Typical three-level inverters have difficulty in meeting these requirements of clean
69
Srinivasan & Ganesan (2016). Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities,
non polluted sinusoidal waveforms and a minimal distortion factor for renewable energy sources such as
photovoltaic; wind, and fuel cells. The main advantages of multilevel inverters are near-sinusoidal staircase output
voltage waveforms with lower harmonic distortion, lower EMI, reduced stress across the semiconductor switching
devices, and fault-tolerant operation, reduced dv/dt stress, operating with a lower switching frequency stress,
requirement of output filters [1-10] etc. Multilevel inverters are categorized three topologies i.e., neutral-point-
clamped inverters, flying capacitors, and Cascaded H-bridge (CHB) [3-5]. These topologies have their inherent
merits and demerits and are suitable for various applications. Apart from the aforementioned topologies, a number
of new topologies, including many hybrid multilevel configurations, have been proposed. An increase in the number
of levels further complicates the implementation, which in-turn increase the component count, including switches,
capacitors, and number of isolated dc sources requiring voltage balancing of capacitor and neutral point voltages [4].
The choice of the particular pulse width modulation (PWM) technique decides performance characteristics of
inverter/rectifier conversion systems. PWM techniques can be broadly classified as carrier-based sinusoidal PWM
(SPWM), space vector modulation (SVM) or selective harmonic elimination (SHE-PWM) [5]. The concept of
adding several switching angles in a square wave voltage to eliminate low order harmonics was introduced around
1960s. Fourier series was later used to mathematically express the harmonic contents of an output voltage
waveform. SHE-PWM technique is based on the decomposition of the voltage or current waveform of multilevel
using Fourier theory. These equations are non-linear and transcendental in nature. Finding the analytical solution of
the transcendental non-linear equation of SHE-PWM waveform is an uphill task [6-10]. The form and complexity
of the solution space depends on parameters such as symmetry, the number of voltage level and its amplitude.
Selection of a suitable solving algorithm or method highly relies on the formulation of the waveform. Various
solving techniques have been proposed for obtaining the switching angles for different SHE-PWM waveforms in the
past such as iterative approaches, several optimization techniques [1-5], [7-9] and resultant theory. Iterative methods
such as Newton–Raphson requires initial guess and no optimum solution is guaranteed, divergence problems are
likely to occur and produce only one set of solutions [1,3]. In contrast to iterative methods, elimination by the theory
of resultant, which depends on solving polynomials of the 22nd degree, produces all possible solutions. These
techniques are complicated and time consuming. In multilevel inverters the voltage levels are obtained using
multiple dc sources. These dc sources can be either interconnected or isolated depending on circuit topologies. The
advantages of SHE-PWM offsets the design complexity involved in this method. There are several characteristic
advantages of SHE-PWM which includes much lesser filtering components, elimination of low-order harmonics,
high voltage gain and wide converter bandwidth, high performance with low ratio of switching frequency to
fundamental frequency, low switching losses, ability to leave triplen harmonics uncontrolled to take advantage of
circuit topology in three-phase system, no harmonic interference such as resonance with external line filtering
networks, inverter power supplies, performance indices that can also be optimized for different quality aspects, such
as voltage/current total harmonic distortion (THD) [1-12]. This paper is organized as problem formulation followed
by algorithm for GA based SHE-PWM and FPA based SHE-PWM and results and discussion. The nonlinear
equation formed by Fourier series expansion of multilevel inverter is made into a cost function and the objective of
the cost function is to reduce THD with the optimum switching angle and improving the fundamental voltage profile
using an evolutionary based GA and FPA algorithm. The search space includes infinite solution and arrival of the
global solution needs large computational time. However the proposed algorithm reduces computational time
compared to the traditional approach. The switching angles thus obtained have reduced the THD much lesser than
the traditional method and previous solved algorithm [1] PSO. The detailed study of THD is presented in the results
and discussion section.
2. Problem Formulation
The staircase output voltage which represents approximate sinusoidal waveform of multilevel inverters with unequal
sources can be described as follows by applying Fourier series analysis:
𝑆 4𝑉 𝑑𝑐
𝑉 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑘=1,3,5 𝑛𝜋 (𝑘1 cos(𝑛𝛼1 )) + ⋯ + 𝑘𝑠 cos⁡
(n 𝛼𝑠 ) (1)
70
Switching angles α1–αs must satisfy the following condition:

𝜋
0 ≤ 𝛼1 ≤ 𝛼2 … ≤ 𝛼𝑠 ≤ (2)
2
The non-linear transcendental equation is given in equation no. (1).Solving the equation for optimum switching
angles α1, α2 . . . αs in such way that the total harmonic distortion is minimum for a desired sinusoidal voltage
waveform and also eliminate low frequency harmonics, 5th, 7th, 11th, and 13th, are eliminated. „s-1‟ number of
harmonics can be eliminated from the output voltage of the inverter. To eliminate the fifth-order harmonic for an
eleven-level inverter, the expression given below must be satisfied. The switching angles should satisfy the
constraint as given in equation (2).
𝜋
𝑘1 cos(𝛼1 ) + 𝑘2 cos 𝛼2 + ⋯ + 𝑘5 cos 𝛼5 = ( )𝑀 (3)
2
𝑘1 cos(5𝛼1 ) + 𝑘2 cos(5𝛼2 ) + ⋯ + 𝑘5 cos(5𝛼5 ) = 0 (4)
Where, „M‟ is Modulation index defined as M = V1/ sVdc and V1 is the fundamental voltage.
The cost function for solving the optimized switching angle is
𝑉1 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 +⋯+ 𝑉3𝑠−2 𝑜𝑟 3𝑠−1

𝑓 𝛼𝑘 = 100 𝑋 𝑀− + (5)
𝑠 𝑉 𝑑𝑐 𝑠 𝑉 𝑑𝑐
The THD is calculated using the following formula
2
13 𝑉𝑛
𝑇𝐻𝐷 = 𝑛=1 𝑉 2 (6)
1
Finding the solution of equation (1) to equation (4) is not a simple task. To avoid the computational complexity of
solving the nonlinear transcendental equations evolutionary based algorithms such as GA/FPA is proposed in this
work.
3. Genetic Algorithm
Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a population based evolutionary algorithm. It is a stochastic global search algorithm with
advantages of simple, powerful, general purpose, derivative free [13]. Genetic algorithms are gradient free. So, they
do not need functional derivative information to search for a set of solutions. The three important properties of GA‟s
such as reproduction, cross over, mutation, reduce the computational complexity and search time and also enable
them to solve complex objective functions. This paper presents a genetic algorithm based SHE-PWM for an eleven
level inverter and the results are compared with another evolutionary algorithm Flower pollination algorithm (FPA).
The cost function given in equation (5) in the form Fourier series expansion is nonlinear. Solving optimum
switching angle for this equation by conventional method is tedious and time consuming. GA with inherent
evolutionary features effectively solves this transcendental equation and obtains the optimum switching angles
which eliminate the selective harmonics in the output of the inverter.
3.1. SHE-PWM using GA Algorithm

1) Generating initial population of 𝛼1, 𝛼2, . . . ,𝛼s. Initialize population size and range of firing angles. Check the
𝜋
constraint 0 ≤ 𝛼1 ≤ 𝛼2 … ≤ 𝛼𝑠 ≤ .
2
2) Evaluation of Objective Function

71
Substitute the initial values of 𝛼1, 𝛼2 ,…, 𝛼s to evaluate harmonic components using equation (1) and (3) together
with average output voltage for initial population.
3) Evaluating the fitness function.
Each particle is evaluated using the fitness function of the harmonic minimization problem. The switching angles
𝛼1, 𝛼2,. . .𝛼s are minimized using the cost function given in equation (5).
4) Generating new offspring.
To produce Ns offspring from parents use selection, crossover, and mutation. In this work roulette wheel selection is
used. The crossover and mutation is then performed on the remaining chromosomes.
5) Current populations are replaced by new populations.
6) Go to step2.
4. Flower Pollination Algorithm

Flower pollination algorithm [14] is proposed by Xin-She Yang in 2012, is based on flower pollination behavior.
Based on the dependency of pollinators pollination can be divided into two types: abiotic in which pollen grains are
transferred by wind, water, and gravity as pollination agents and in biotic, pollen is transferred by a pollinator such
as insects and animals. An estimate of at least 200,000 varieties of pollinators such as insects, bats and birds exist in
nature. Two types of pollination occur namely self-pollination and cross-pollination. Self-pollination occurs when
pollen from one flower pollinates the same flower or other flowers of the same plant. On the other hand, cross-
pollination means pollination can occur from pollen of a flower of a different plant. Biotic, cross-pollination
occurring at long distance may be called as the global pollination initiated by the pollinating agents such as bees,
bats, birds and flies which could fly a long distance. Behavior such as jump or fly distance of bees and birds obey a
Levy distribution.
The following four idealized characteristics of pollination process, flower constancy and pollinator behavior made as
rules [14] of flower pollination algorithm.
1. Global pollination is assumed for biotic and cross-pollination process with pollen carrying agents such as bees
and birds performing the Levy flights.
2. Local pollination is assumed for abiotic and self-pollination.
3. Reproduction probability is assigned to flower constancy and is proportional to similarity of two flowers
involved.
4. Switch probability p ∈ [0, 1] controls the local pollination and global pollination.
Apart from the physical parameters and factors such as wind, water and gravity, the local pollination have
significant fraction of parameter p in pollination activities.
The pollinating mediators such as bees, birds and flies can carry pollen to long distance and forms the global
pollination. The global pollination process is given as
𝑣𝑖𝑡+1 = 𝑣𝑖𝑡 + 𝐿(𝑣𝑖𝑡 − 𝑑∗ ) (7)
72
µ𝛤(µ) sin (𝜋µ/2) 1

𝐿~ (s˃˃so˃0) (8)
𝜋𝜋 𝑠 1+µ
Where vti is the pollen i or solution vector vi at iteration t, and d* is the current best solution at tth iteration. L is the
strength of the pollination, which is a step size. Pollinators can move over a long distance with various distance
steps, Levy flight distribution is used to mimic this characteristic efficiently [14]. L > 0 is assumed for Levy
distribution.
4.1. Pseudo Code
Objective min or max f(v), v = (v1, v2, ..., vn)
Initialize a population of n flowers/pollen gametes with random solutions
Find the best solution d* in the initial population
Define a switch probability p ∈ [0, 1]
while (t <Maximum Generation)
for i = 1 : n (all n flowers in the population)
if rand < p,
Draw a (d-dimensional) step vector L which obeys a Levy distribution
Global pollination via vit+1 = vit + L(d − vit)
else
Draw ε from a uniform distribution in [0,1]
Randomly choose j and k among all the solutions
Do local pollination via vt+1
i = vit + ε (vjt− vkt)
end if
73
Figure1.Simulation Diagram for an 11 Level Inverter
Figure 2. Cascaded H Bridge with MOSFET Switches
74
5. Results and Discussion

The simulation diagram is given in figure 1 and 2.The figure 2 represents the subsystem of CHB module. For an 11-
level inverter the total circuit needs five CHB. Each CHB comprises of MOSFET switches. The switching angles for
various modulation index and its corresponding THD values for genetic algorithm is given table 1. It is obvious
from table 1 the modulation index 0.47 to 1.075 the THD values are decreasing gradually. Modulation index 1 and
1.075 the THD values are less than 5%.
The table 2 provides the results of harmonic voltages corresponding to the switching angles given in table 1. In a
Eleven level inverter the harmonics to be eliminated are 5 th, 7th, 11th and 13th .The triplen harmonics 3rd, 6th, and 9th
are deliberately left since these harmonics will be eliminated while in the three phase connection. They will cancel
each other in three phase connection. The fundamental voltage for M=0.47 is 47 volt, the 5 th, 13th harmonics are zero
and 11th harmonic voltage is in mili volts and 7th harmonics is only 2 percentage of fundamental voltage.
Table 1. Switching Angles and THD for Genetic Algorithm
S.No Modulation α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 Fitness THD THD

Index (M) value calculated simulated
1 0.47 38.9386 53.5025 66.2539 86.3410 89.5964 3.02387 10.6486 9.75610
2 0.50 36.6600 52.4959 64.5230 82.4575 89.9829 3.62487 8.30848 9.89870
3 0.70 6.79783 18.4256 33.0211 89.9127 89.9414 2.78289 6.40649 6.40262
4 0.80 8.76397 22.512 38.7624 59.0874 88.5343 1.72698 6.29955 6.33967
5 1.00 6.4860 15.699 25.3986 38.5002 57.9517 2.35183 3.63192 3.62269
6 1.075 3.1853 11.7398 20.6504 28.5225 42.9419 1.01736 3.20735 3.23604
Harmonic voltages versus modulation indices M is given in figure 18.b.The graph clearly shows that for modulation
index M=0.8 to M=1.075 all the order of harmonics are nearer to zero. Switching angle versus modulation index is
given in figure 18.a. The 5th order and 11th order harmonics are much lower for the entire modulation index
compared to other harmonics order. Modulation index M=0.5, 7 th and 13th order harmonics are relatively higher than
all other order harmonics .Similarly M=0.7, only 7 th order harmonics is relatively predominant. However harmonic
voltages for 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th order for the entire modulation index are negligible compared to fundamental
voltages from table 2.
Table 2. Harmonic Voltages for Genetic Algorithm
S.No Modulation Index (M) V1 V5 V7 V11 V13

1 0.47 47.00463 0.000611 1.351867 0.05033 0.000043
2 0.50 49.99413 0.182851 0.032762 0.088085 1.400034
3 0.70 70.25525 0.000226 1.700576 0.589306 0.235197
4 0.80 79.87678 0.003505 0.002165 0.142101 0.092572
5 1.00 100.0024 0.019011 0.280313 0.018102 0.004692
6 1.075 107.4936 0.002157 0.011999 0.129628 0.001102
Table 3. Switching Angles and THD for Flower Pollination Algorithm

S.No Modulation α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 Fitness THD THD
Index (M) value calculated simulated
1 0.47 38.0416 49.7486 72.7250 80.2761 89.5226 14.887 10.8191 10.7959
2 0.50 38.0864 56.4280 66.4394 81.3966 88.1220 10.0799 12.223 12.2565
3 0.70 12.2176 34.0445 50.5059 68.9479 90.0000 3.20727 7.8915 7.9416
4 0.80 8.24104 21.9950 38.3802 59.0196 88.8647 2.09575 6.5165 6.5389
5 1.00 3.20898 15.1245 20.7192 32.8598 51.8423 9.37900 3.4845 3.4734
6 1.075 3.97169 10.3359 23.4452 30.4267 42.6050 6.76970 3.1730 3.1967
75
Table 4. Harmonic Voltages for Flower Pollination Algorithm
S.No Modulation V1 V5 V7 V11 V13

Index (M)
1 0.47 48.5507 3.3474 1.5411 0.3318 1.1572
2 0.50 49.4587 0.8077 2.6442 2.6537 0.6433
3 0.70 68.6679 1.28362 0.1803 0.1598 2.4270
4 0.80 79.9993 0.5900 0.0000 0.0000 2.6171
5 1.00 100.023 0.2088 0.2947 0.1316 0.1170
6 1.075 106.1084 2.1272 1.9521 1.6280 0.5102
Table 3 gives the switching angle and THD values for flower pollination algorithm for various modulation index.
The THD values are in the falling order starting from M=0.47 to 1.075.For M=1 to 1.075 it is less than 5%.The
corresponding Harmonic voltages for the switching angles given in table 3 is provided in table 4. The fundamental
voltages V1 predominant over V5, V7, V11 and V13 for M=0.47 to 1.075 and M=0.8 V7, V11 are zero V5, V13 are
negligible.
Table 5. Comparison of THD Values for Genetic, Flower Pollination and Particle Swarm
Optimization Algorithms
S.No M GA FPA PSO*

THD THD THD THD THD THD
calculated simulated calculated simulated calculated simulated
1 0.47 10.6486 9.75610 10.8191 10.7959 10.90 9.822
2 0.7 6.40649 6.40262 7.8915 7.9416 5.67 5.416
3 1.075 3.20735 3.23604 3.1730 3.1967 4.782 4.717
THDs for various algorithms such as Genetic algorithm, Flower Pollination algorithm and Particle swarm algorithm
(PSO) are given in table 5.The results of PSO [1] are taken from Taghizadeh et al,. The table 5 shows that the THD
value for GA and FPA is far better than PSO except M=0.7. Modulation index M=1.075 [1] the calculated and
simulated values of THDs are 4.782 and 4.717 respectively using PSO algorithm however these values are 3.17 and
3.19 respectively. The output voltage for various modulation index and its corresponding FFT analysis for Genetic
Algorithm is given in Figure 3 – Figure 8.It is evident from the figures the peak to peak voltages is 220 volts. The
unequal voltage of Vdc1=26 V, Vdc2=24 V, Vdc3=22V, Vdc4=20 V and Vdc5=18 V is given as isolated voltages.
76
5.1. Genetic Algorithm
FFT analysis for modulation index m=0.47

50
45
40
35
Peak Magnitude,V
30
25
20
15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Order of harmonic
Figure 3.a.FFT analysis for M=0.47 Figure 3.b.Voltage Magnitude vs Time M=0.47

50
45
40
35
Peak Magnitude,V
30
25
20
15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Order of harmonic

80
70
60
Peak Magnitude,V
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Order of harmonic
77

80
70
60
Peak Magnitude,V
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Order of harmonic

120
100
80
Peak Magnitude,V
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Order of harmonic
It is clear from figure 3a – 8a the harmonic voltages for GA algorithm wipes out the selective harmonics of order V 3,
V5, V7, V9, V11 and V13 to zero for modulation index M above 0.5 but for M=0.47 ,V 3= V7= V13=0 V and the
remaining are negligible.

120
100
80
Peak Magnitude,V
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Order of harmonic
78
5.2. Flower Pollination Algorithm

50
45
40
35
Peak Magnitude,V
30
25
20
15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Order of harmonic

50
45
40
35
Peak Magnitude,V
30
25
20
15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Order of harmonic

80
70
60
Peak Magnitude,V
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Order of harmonic
79

80
70
60
Peak Magnitude,V
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Order of harmonic
FFT analysis for modulation index m=1

120
100
80
Peak Magnitude,V
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Order of harmonic

120
100
80
Peak Magnitude,V
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Order of harmonic
80
5.3. Hardware Results
Figure 15.a. Voltage Magnitude vs Time M=0.47 Figure 15.b.FFT analysis for M=0.47
Simulation results for Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) for various modulation indices is given in figure 9-
figure 14. The peak to peak output voltage magnitude is 220 V, the isolated dc input voltage same as GA.FPA
algorithm wipes out selective harmonic order of V3, V5,…, V13 to zero for all modulation index except M=0.5, and
M=0.47 only V5 is little bit considerable voltage magnitude. For M=0.5 the scenario is not poor the harmonic
content is negligible.
The hardware results for both GA and FPA algorithm is given in figure 15 – figure 18. The output voltage
magnitude for M=0.47 for GA algorithm is given in figure 15.a and its FFT wave form is given in 15.b.Figure 16.a
shows voltage magnitude and 16.b its corresponding FFT waveform for FPA algorithm with modulation index M=1.
Figure 17.a & b gives voltage magnitude its corresponding FFT waveform for M=1.075 respectively for FPA
algorithm. The unequal voltage of Vdc1=20 V, Vdc2=18 V, Vdc3=16V, Vdc4=15 V and Vdc5=12 V is given as isolated
voltages. Comparing the simulation results with hardware results harmonic content are reduced similar manner as
already described. The calculated and simulated value of THDs is given in figure 19. There is smaller deviation in
these values for modulation index 0.5 and 0.7.
81
Modulation index Vs Harmonic Voltages

1.8
th
5
1.6
7 th
th
1.4 11
th
13
1.2
Harmonic Voltages
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1
Modulation index
Figure 18.a. Modulation Index vs Switching Angles Figure 18.b. Modulation Index vs Harmonic Voltages
12
10
THD calculated
8 THD simulated
0
0.47 0.5 0.7 0.8 1 1.075
Figure 19. THD Calculated vs THD Simulated

82
Figure 20. Hardware Circuit for an 11 Level Inverter
5.4. Hardware Description
AVR Atmega16a Processor for generating switching pulses for the inverter module. Fourier based transcendental
equations are solved using GA and FPA algorithms for various modulation indices. These switching angles are used
to form a look up table and consequently programmed in AVR to produce switching pulses for an eleven level
inverter. Figure 20.shows the hardware circuit for an11 Level inverter. IRF 840 MOSFET is used in the Cascaded H
Bridge and IR2110 for driver circuits.
6. Conclusion
The difficulty of solving the nonlinear transcendental equation formed from Fourier component of output voltage is
made into a constrained optimization problem which is solved using Genetic algorithm (GA) and Flower Pollination
algorithm (FPA) for finding switching angles. This switching pattern thus derived from GA and FPA algorithms are
simulated in the Matlab2010Ra and used offline for generating switching pattern for hardware circuit. Both
simulation and hardware results were given for an eleven level inverter, especially for modulation index 1 and 1.075
the THD values are less than 5%. GA algorithm reduces THD for all modulation index gradually but FPA is
uniquely far better for modulation index greater than 0.8. The proposed work has reduced the THD values to 3.1 for
modulation index 1.075 compared to the best result produced by 4.7 in PSO algorithm in the past and hence the
elimination of required low-order harmonics using SHEPWM strategy is investigated.
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Flower Pollination Algorithm Based Selective Harmonic Elimination PWM For An Eleven Level Inverter

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Flower Pollination Algorithm Based Selective Harmonic Elimination PWM For An Eleven Level Inverter

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Asian Journal

Asian Research Consortium of Research in

Flower Pollination Algorithm based Selective Harmonic

S. Srinivasan*; Dr. R. Ganesan**

Switching angles α1–αs must satisfy the following condition:

𝑘1 cos(5𝛼1 ) + 𝑘2 cos(5𝛼2 ) + ⋯ + 𝑘5 cos(5𝛼5 ) = 0 (4)

The cost function for solving the optimized switching angle is

𝑉1 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 +⋯+ 𝑉3𝑠−2 𝑜𝑟 3𝑠−1

The THD is calculated using the following formula

3.1. SHE-PWM using GA Algorithm

2) Evaluation of Objective Function

3) Evaluating the fitness function.

4) Generating new offspring.

5) Current populations are replaced by new populations.

4. Flower Pollination Algorithm

2. Local pollination is assumed for abiotic and self-pollination.

𝑣𝑖𝑡+1 = 𝑣𝑖𝑡 + 𝐿(𝑣𝑖𝑡 − 𝑑∗ ) (7)

µ𝛤(µ) sin (𝜋µ/2) 1

4.1. Pseudo Code

Objective min or max f(v), v = (v1, v2, ..., vn)

Initialize a population of n flowers/pollen gametes with random solutions

Find the best solution d* in the initial population

Define a switch probability p ∈ [0, 1]

while (t <Maximum Generation)

for i = 1 : n (all n flowers in the population)

Draw a (d-dimensional) step vector L which obeys a Levy distribution

Global pollination via vit+1 = vit + L(d − vit)

Draw ε from a uniform distribution in [0,1]

Randomly choose j and k among all the solutions

Do local pollination via vt+1

i = vit + ε (vjt− vkt)

Figure1.Simulation Diagram for an 11 Level Inverter

Figure 2. Cascaded H Bridge with MOSFET Switches

5. Results and Discussion

Table 1. Switching Angles and THD for Genetic Algorithm

S.No Modulation α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 Fitness THD THD

Table 2. Harmonic Voltages for Genetic Algorithm

S.No Modulation Index (M) V1 V5 V7 V11 V13

Table 3. Switching Angles and THD for Flower Pollination Algorithm

Table 4. Harmonic Voltages for Flower Pollination Algorithm

S.No Modulation V1 V5 V7 V11 V13

S.No M GA FPA PSO*

5.1. Genetic Algorithm

FFT analysis for modulation index m=0.47

FFT analysis for modulation index m=0.5

FFT analysis for modulation index m=0.7

FFT analysis for modulation index m=0.8

FFT analysis for modulation index m=1.0

FFT analysis for modulation index m=1.075

5.2. Flower Pollination Algorithm

FFT analysis for modulation index m=0.47

FFT analysis for modulation index m=0.5

FFT analysis for modulation index m=0.7

FFT analysis for modulation index m=0.8

FFT analysis for modulation index m=1

FFT analysis for modulation index m=1.075

5.3. Hardware Results

Modulation index Vs Harmonic Voltages

Figure 19. THD Calculated vs THD Simulated

Figure 20. Hardware Circuit for an 11 Level Inverter

5.4. Hardware Description

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