A Project Report On

“Study of Selective Harmonic Elimination Pulse Width

Modulation in Multilevel Inverter Using Evolutionary Algorithms”

Submitted to

Department of Electrical Engineering

National Institute of Technology,
Raipur

SESSION 2021-2022

SUBMITTED BY: GUIDED BY:

AZIZ HUSSAIN SHARIF - 18117019 Dr. Varsha Singh

SUMIT THAWAIT - 18117078 Assistant Professor
Electrical Engineering Dept.
 CERTIFICATE

We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the B.Tech. Major
Project Report entitled “Study of Selective Harmonic Elimination Pulse Width
Modulation in Multilevel Inverter Using Evolutionary Algorithms” in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Bachelor of Technology in
Electrical Engineering and submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering
of National Institute of Technology Raipur is an authentic record of our own work
carried out during a period from January 2022 to April 2022 under the supervision
of Dr. Varsha Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering,
NIT Raipur. The matter presented in this thesis has not been submitted by me for
the award of any other degree elsewhere.

AZIZ HUSSAIN SHARIF SUMIT THAWAIT

Roll No. - 18117019 Roll No. - 18117078

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidates is correct to the
best of my knowledge.
Date:

Signature: Signature of Supervisor:

Aziz Hussain Sharif
Sumit Thawait Dr. Varsha Singh

Head Of Department Assistant Professor

Electrical Engineering Electrical Engineering
National Institute of Technology, Raipur National Institute of Technology, Raipur
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our guide Dr. Varsha Singh,
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, NIT Raipur for giving
us continuous guidance, assistance, and inspiration to continue efficiently
working on our project and obtain promising results. We earnestly thank her for
her support and guidance that helped us to enhance our knowledge in this field.
We extend our sincere thanks to Dr. N.D. Londhe, HoD, Electrical Engineering
Department for constant help and encouragement during the entire period of our
project.
Finally, we thank the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of
Technology Raipur for providing us the facilities that were essential to carry out
our project.

AZIZ HUSSAIN SHARIF (18117019)

SUMIT THAWAIT (18117078)

8th SEMESTER
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
NIT RAIPUR
 CONTENT

 Abstract
 Introduction
 Multilevel Inverter
o Need of Modulation
o Selective harmonic elimination
o Need for harmonic minimization in mli
o Need for AI based optimization
 Optimization techniques
o Genetic algorithm (GA)
o Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO)
o Invasive weed algorithm (IWO)
 Multilevel Inverter Simulation
 Simulation results and discussion
 Conclusion
 References
 ABSTRACT

Inverter is a device that converts direct current into alternating current. But the
waveform generated by single-level inverter has low quality and contains more
power loss. To overcome this, multi-level inverters are used. Increasing the level
of inverter decreases the harmonic distortion in the waveform but to an extent.
Hence different modulation techniques are used to minimize total harmonic
distortion in the waveform. One of the efficient ways to minimize is to use Selective
harmonic elimination. To solve equations generated by SHE, different optimization
techniques are used to solve which is more efficient and less time consuming as
compared to analytical methods. Minimizing total harmonic distortion (THD) with
less system complexity and computation time is a tough constraint for some power
systems. The multilevel inverter can have low THD while switching angles are
chosen at the fundamental frequency. For low-order harmonic minimization,
selective harmonic elimination (SHE) is the most embraced and capable technique
yet it includes the non-linear transcendental equations which are extremely
challenging to tackle analytically and numerically. The principle objective in
selective harmonic elimination (SHE) methodology is to eliminate low-order
harmonics by tackling nonlinear equations and arriving at optimal arrangement,
while the fundamental component is fulfilled. This project makes sense of the three
best evolution-based nature inspired optimization techniques to limit the THD of
cascaded H-bridge seven-level inverter. The bio inspired evolution-based
optimization algorithm is the best approach for settling such complex equations by
getting optimized switching angles. The switching angles are determined with these
three algorithms by settling the nonlinear transcendental equations. This project has
displayed and simulated a seven-level inverter in MATLAB Simulink. The THD
examination is completed between three optimization techniques i.e., genetic
algorithm (GA), teaching-learning-based optimization (TLBO), invasive weed
optimization (IWO). The outcomes uncover that THD has been diminished from
12.85 to 11.69% while third fifth and seventh harmonics has been decreased from
1.38%, 3.23, 6.50% to 0.62%, 2.61 and 6.01%, separately. In this work, the IWO
considered as of late arisen bio-inspired plant-based algorithm to give improved
outcomes to the SHE in examination as compared to GA and TLBO optimization.
 CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION

These days, multilevel inverters (MLIs) are getting progressively famous in many
power applications, for example, active filters, electric vehicle drives, dc power
source, frequency link systems, utility interface of renewable energy resources,
voltage regulation, induction motor control, reactive power compensation, variable
speed motor drives, and high-voltage system interconnections. There are three
principle kinds of MLIs: cascaded H-bridge, diode-clamped, and flying capacitor.
The cascaded H-bridge topology has drawn huge interest on account of design isn't
just straightforward and modular, yet additionally requires a most un-number of
components. This modular design gives basic method for expanding it for higher
number of levels. What's more, extra bracing diodes or voltage it is not important
to adjust capacitors. The cascaded H-bridge topology is based on the cascaded
connection of a S number of single-stage full-bridge inverters to make a (2S + 1)
number of levels. Fundamentally, there are some control methods to arrive at better
execution and result nature of MLIs. These methods can be ordered into high
frequency and fundamental frequency switching techniques. Fundamental
frequency switching techniques like space-vector modulation and selective
harmonic elimination (SHE) draw in bunches of considerations lately which bring
about less power misfortunes, more power change productivity, and diminishing
expenses. The SHE method is a low switching frequency methodology that has as
an objective of the elimination of low-order harmonics, while the fundamental
harmonic is fulfilled. In this approach, by K variables acquired from K nonlinear
equations, K harmonic components can be impacted, where K-1 number of
harmonics can be eliminated and simultaneously, the fundamental is set to the ideal
result amplitude. Because of the nonlinear transcendental nature of the SHE
equations, tackling these equations is a significant issue. In the written works,
numerous methods have been proposed to take care of this issue and to arrive at
solution like Walsh functions that switching angles are acquired utilizing linear
equations rather than nonlinear transcendental equations, Newton Raphson method
which is quick however it profoundly relies upon beginning speculation, symmetric
polynomials, and resultants theory where transcendental equations are supplanted
by polynomial equations, is applied to address SHE equations. This theory is
complicated and time-consuming, additionally logical technique introduced in isn't
powerful in that frame of mind of MLIs same as. There are different methods called
evolutionary algorithms. These kinds of methods can accomplish SHE goals for all
modulation indices (MIs) for which a solution exists. Moreover, they can observe
optimum solution for MIs for which there is no solution. To different words, In the
event that SHE goals can't be gotten, evolutionary algorithms limit SHE equations
to the conceivable optimum qualities. In these writings, mostly three nature
inspired optimization algorithms like genetic algorithm (GA), teaching-learning
based optimization (TLBO), invasive weed optimization (IWO) techniques have
been utilized. These algorithms used to improve equations set to arrive at the
objectives area of most extreme significance. These algorithms have various ideas
and designs. Hence, there is different intermingling power to reach global minima.
In modern applications, picking a method to tackle SHE equations is one of the
principle issues of engineers, since there is no comprehensive concentrate on these
algorithms and their applications in the SHE technique. Obviously yield voltage
waveform of MLI relies upon switching angles and voltage level of dc sources,
while the above references just decide switching angles, yet voltage level of dc
sources are not thought of.
 MULTILEVEL INVERTER

CHB-MLI: The conventional CHB-MLI is shown in Fig.1.1. The MLI is consists

of several H-bridge cells and each cell requires separate DC source The cells shown
in this figure are connected in series to get the synthesised L level output.
For number of levels, S DC sources are required, where S is equal to (L-1/2).
Each cell in the CHB can generate -VDC, 0 and +VDC. Below figure shows the
staircase output voltage waveform of the seven-level inverter. The three separate
single-phase cascaded MLI can be connected in Δ or Y configuration to make the
three-phase system. Fig.1.2 shows the staircase output voltage waveform of seven-
level inverter [1].

Fig.1.1: Schematic diagram of single-phase CHB-MLI

 Fig.1.2: Staircase output voltage waveform of seven-level inverter

NEED OF MODULATION

 The inverter output voltage can be controlled in various ways. Modulation is

an internal method of controlling an inverter to generate the desired voltage
waveform.
 Compared to other methods of inverter control, modulation requires no
additional components. Let’s explore the different types of modulation used
to control inverters.
 Modulation involves adjusting the on and off duration of inverter switches
under constant input DC voltage to achieve controlled inverter output voltage.
 The most popular modulation technique used in inverters is selective-
harmonic elimination pulse width modulation (PWM).
MODULATION TECHNIQUES

To control the multilevel inverters, different modulation techniques have been

used. Amongst them multi carrier Sine Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM)
techniques are widely used for different multilevel inverter topologies. These
modulation techniques are derived from the conventional two-level inverter
SPWM technique [16].

1. Based on High Switching Frequency

 Single pulse width modulation - This modulation technique consists of one

pulse per half-cycle, and the width of the pulse varies from 0 to 𝜋. By varying
the pulse width, the output voltage is controlled.
 Multiple pulse width modulation - This modulation scheme is an extension
of single pulse modulation, where several equidistant pulses are present per
half cycle. The pulse width is equal in multiple pulse modulation.
 Sinusoidal pulse width modulation - This is a type of multiple pulse
modulation, where several pulses are present in each half-cycle. The pulse
width is the sinusoidal function of the angular position of the pulse in a
cycle.
 Space vector modulation - The space vector modulation scheme is
commonly used in inverters due to its ease of implementation. It is frequently
employed in multilevel inverters.

2. Based on Low Switching Frequency

 Selective Harmonic Elimination (SHE) - Selective harmonic elimination is

based on predefining sets of switching angles in order to determine locations
and widths of the switching pulses. This type of inverter has shown the
possibility of eliminating certain harmonics in the inverter output [17].
Essentially, to eliminate the same number of low order harmonics, PWM-SHE
requires the use of 50% less switching pulse over the conventional carrier
modulated SPWM method. This automatically implies less stress on the
switching device and hence less switching loss.
  Nearest level Modulation - The NLM utilizes a low switching frequency
approach to drive the MLI. The phenomenon of a sine wave is the basis of
operation of NLM. The NLM scheme helps in synchronizing the MLI output
with that of a sine waveform. The firing angle calculation to each switch
should be such that on overlapping a sine waveform and the multilevel output
waveform of equal peak voltage, the sine waveform cuts through the rising
edge of the multilevel output at exactly half of its magnitude [18].

Why we use SHE?

This method calculates switching angles in such a way to reduce harmonics.

Because SHEPWM is a low frequency modulation technique it greatly reduces
the switching losses in great amount in MLIs modulation techniques and also it
enables us to achieve the standards of IEEE, which states that the THD in MLIs
output should be less than 5%. Because of those reasons in today’s environment
selective harmonic elimination (SHE) is widely used for low order harmonic
eliminations in multilevel inverters.

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𝑚
𝑎0
𝑉𝑚(𝑡) =
2
+ ∑ (𝑉 cos (𝑛𝑤) + 𝑉 sin (𝑛𝑤))
𝑛=1
𝑛 𝑛

In this dc and even harmonic component becomes zero, therefore equation

becomes:
𝑉𝑚(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑛 sin (𝑛𝜃𝑖)

It is expressed in the form of:

𝑚
4 𝑉𝐷𝐶
𝑉𝑛 =
𝑛𝜋 ∑𝑘 cos (𝑛𝜃 )
𝑖=1
𝑖 𝑖

Only odd harmonics are present in waveform.

For Seven level inverter, the output voltage can be expressed in the form:
 4 𝑉𝐷𝐶
𝑉1 = + +
𝜋 [cos (𝜃1) cos (𝜃2) cos (𝜃3)
]
4 𝑉𝐷𝐶
𝑉3 = + +
3𝜋 [cos (3𝜃1) cos (3𝜃2) cos (3𝜃3)
]
4 𝑉𝐷𝐶
𝑉5 = + +
5𝜋 [cos (5𝜃1) cos (5𝜃2) cos (5𝜃3)
]
4 𝑉𝐷𝐶
𝑉7 = + +
7𝜋 [cos (7𝜃1) cos (7𝜃2) cos (7𝜃3)
]

 Modulation index (M)is defined as the ratio of the fundamental component

amplitude of the inverter output voltage to one-half of the available DC bus
voltage.
M = V₁/m 4 𝑉𝐷𝐶

NEED FOR HARMONIC MINIMIZATION IN MULTI-

LEVEL INVERTER

 Harmonics causes distortion which results in low-quality waveform.

 It causes power loss.
 It reduces the efficiency of waveform and inverter.

NEED FOR AI BASED OPTIMIZATION

 These equations are complex to solve and therefore requires some

optimization.
 To solve the equations to obtain switching angles, different methods include
a numeric method, algebraic and bio-inspired AI algorithms.
 Numeric methods are fast-iterative methods which focus only on one
variable and not several variables.
 Algebraic methods convert these equations into polynomial equations which
makes the calculations complex and time consuming.
 Due to this, the best optimization method is AL algorithm as it is easy to
implement and less time consuming.
 CHAPTER - 2
OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES

The best method for optimization is bio-inspired artificial intelligent algorithm that
is inspired by nature selection. This method is easy to implement and it decreases
the processing time for optimization. The best optimum solution can be obtained
from this method with fast iteration. Different Optimization techniques we used in
this paper are: -
 GA (Genetic Algorithm)
 TLBO (Teaching Learning Based Optimization)
 IWO (Invasive Weed Optimization)

“Evolutionary algorithms are heuristic optimization algorithms that use nature

inspired techniques for evolutionary processes. IWO as a new evolutionary swarm
intelligent optimization algorithm has received much attention in recent years.”

GENETIC ALGORITHM

GA which is introduced by John Holland is nothing but the abstraction of real

biological evolution. Genetic Algorithm (GA), inspired by the laws of natural
selection and genetics, has been widely discussed in the previous literatures for
harmonic elimination problem. Genetic Algorithm has simple structure and
converges to near optimum solution. It can solve complex problems, which cannot
Be solved by normal methods in a lifetime. It mainly focuses on optimization
means from population of possible solutions for a given problem, from a group of
individuals, the best will survive. It is frequently used to find optimal or near-
optimal solutions to difficult problems.
GA is a, search-based biological evolution technique that is basically used to solve
the nonlinear transcendental equations. It primarily relies on the initial random
population generation, which is then improved using selection, crossover and
mutation process. Which is taken from a natural process of evolution. These steps
are repeated through generations until the stopping condition is reached, usually
until the satisfactory good fitness value is achieved. The variables to be solved are
 collected in the form of vectors called chromosomes. These chromosomes undergo
the processes of crossover, mutation and selection to choose the fittest of all the
chromosomes. GA mostly follows the Roulette wheel selection process in which
the fittest chromosome occupies larger area and hence is the more probable
candidate to get selected.

Basic Terminology used in Genetic Algorithm:

 Population: It is a subset of all the possible (encoded) solutions to the given

problem. In our case the difficult to solve equations of selective-harmonic
elimination problem.
 Chromosomes: A chromosome is one such solution to the given problem.
 Gene: A gene is one element position of a chromosome.
 Selection: Two pairs of individuals (parents) are selected based on their
fitness scores. Individuals with high fitness have more chance to be selected
for reproduction.
 Crossover: One parent is selected and one or more-off springs are produced
using the genetic material of the parents.
 Mutation: It is used to maintain and introduce diversity in the genetic
population.

Flow Chart of for overall process of “Genetic Algorithm” is given in Fig.2.1.

Fig.2.1: Flow chart of Genetic Algorithm
 TLBO ALGORITHM

Teaching–learning-based optimization is also an evolutionary algorithm, which is

come under the heuristic optimization algorithms, that use nature inspired
techniques for evolutionary processes. TLBO as a new intelligent optimization
algorithm has received much attention in recent years. TLBO algorithm was
introduced by R. V. Rao. It is based on the effect of influence of a teacher on the
output of learners in a class. The main idea behind TLBO is the process of
teaching–learning of a traditional classroom and therefore, this algorithm consists
of two main phases: teacher phase and learner phase, and these are the two vital
components of the algorithm. In the teacher phase, learners learn from teachers and
in the learner phase, learners learn through interaction between learners. TLBO has
drawn increasing interests because of its excellent characteristics such as less
parameters number, simplicity, less computational effort, high reliability, and
fewer mathematical formulations. In this optimization algorithm, the learners are
assumed as population which are nothing but the solution to our SHE problem and
variables as subjects accessible to the learners.
In each iteration, the best solution is known as the teacher. In the initial stage, the
initial population is randomly generated, and the size of population is equal to the
number of learners and the number of subjects is equal to the variables of the
problem which we have to find out. After the initial stage, two main phases begin
as follows:
 Teacher phase: This is the first step of TLBO and its objective is to improve
the knowledge of learners. This phase simulates the learning of the students
(i.e., learners) through teacher. In this phase, the teacher conveys knowledge
among the learners and puts effort to increase the mean result of the class.
This mean value of class is very important to continue the path to improve the
grades of the class and in each stage, best learner will be a teacher. Actually,
learners’ grades and teacher are solution and best solution of objective
function minimized by TLBO, respectively.
 Learner phase: This is the second step of TLBO, in this phase the learning
of the students is done by interacting among themselves and in this way, they
improve their knowledge. The student or learner can also gain the knowledge
by discussing and interacting with other learners randomly and get new
information from another learner if they are having more knowledge than him
or her. There are two ways of interacting the pth learner with the qth learner.
If the objective function of the pth learner becomes lower than that of the qth
learner, (1) is used, otherwise (2) applies as follows:
Xi,new = Xi,old + ri · (Xp − Xq ) ……………….(1)
Xi,new = Xi,old + ri · (Xq − Xp ) ………………..(2)
where p, q ∈ {1, 2, 3, . . ., population size} and i = 1, 2, 3, . . ., population
size.
Flow Chart of for overall process of “Teaching–learning-based Optimization”
Algorithm is given in Fig.2.2:
Fig.2.2: Flow chart of TLBO Algorithm
 INVASIVE WEED ALGORITHM (IWO)

Invasive weed optimization is a metaheuristic algorithm, which is a population-

based optimization algorithm that finds the general optimum of a mathematical
function through imitating compatibility and randomness of weeds colony [8, 9].
Weeds which are unwanted plants or plant in wrong place, are powerful herbs that
their offensive growth habits are a serious threat to crops. They can change their
behaviour according to environment and gets fitter. Weeds plant can be easily
found in, parks, fields, garden and lawns. They are carrying a resistive behaviour.
Therefore, considering their characteristics of such an agricultural resistivity, a
powerful optimization algorithm is obtained. This algorithm tries to imitate
robustness, adaption, and randomness of a colonizing weed in a sample. This
method is inspired by a phenomenon in agriculture space called colonies of
invasive weeds, is used to solve different real world optimization problems.
According to a common definition, weed is a plant that grows unintentionally.
Although weeds may have many uses and benefits in some regions, if the same
plant grows in a region that interferes with human needs and activities, it is called
a weed. IWO is a simple numerical optimization algorithm, which is based on
colonized weed called the ‘‘The Invasive Weed Optimization Algorithm”. This
algorithm is simple but effective in convergence to optimal solutions using basic
features such as seeding, growth, and competition in a weed colony.
To simulate the habitat behaviour of weeds, some basic features of the process are
considered as follows:
 Initialization Phase: Initialize all important parameters.
 Initialize Population: Initial population is created by spreading finite number
of seeds randomly in the search space.
 Compute Fitness Values: Every seed will grow into flowering plant and
produce seeds. (Reproduction).
 Select Best, Worst values among all: Every seed will grow into flowering
plant and produce seeds. [Reproduction]
Seed production is based on fitness values so compute:
o Individual Fitness Value
 o Best Fitness Value
o Worst Fitness Value
 Random distribution of germinated seeds: Determine new positions of
seeds in the search space. For Randomness and Adaption, the germinated
seeds are normally distributed random numbers with mean equal to zero.
Seeds are normally distributed near to their parent pant.

Flow Chart of for overall process of “Invasive Weed Optimization

Algorithm” is given in Fig.2.3:

Fig.2.3: Flow chart of IWO Algorithm

 CHAPTER - 3
MULTILEVEL INVERTER SIMULATION

The multilevel inverter is designed based on the literatures discussed in the above
parts. In which three H-Bridges are connected in cascaded manner to form a seven-
level inverter. And also, the three dc sources used are equal in rating. And also, a
switching circuit is whose output is connected to the gate of switches used in
inverter circuit. Fig.3.1 shows the simulation of seven-level inverter and Fig.3.2
shows the switching circuit.

Fig.3.1: Seven-level Inverter

Fig.3.2: Switching circuit

The output of a seven-level inverter which is obtained after simulation of the above
model is given in Fig.3.3:

Fig.3.3: Output of seven-level Inverter

CHAPTER - 4
 SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In above discussion it is illustrated that how different optimization algorithms are

used to find the Optimum solution to solve the equation set of selective-harmonic
elimination problem. To validate the algorithms for calculating switching angles,
simulation is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink for seven-level cascaded H-bridge
multilevel inverter. Simulation is carried out for all i.e., GA, TLBO and IWO based
selective harmonic elimination algorithm. Different applications have different
optimization aims such as minimization of total harmonic distortion of inverter
output voltage for PV system, minimization of low odd order harmonics such as
third, fifth, and seventh, for different applications. Different methods are available
for the calculation of switching angles, for our purpose the nonlinear equations of
SHE is used. Results obtained through all algorithms based SHE are discussed in
the following sections.

The results obtained from the above process in terms of harmonic elimination or
THD reduction has been compared for seven-level multilevel inverter. The number
of iterations for all algorithms used in this project is 200 and assumed as a
termination criterion in the above mention algorithms. And population size is taken
as 100. The goal of this project is to compare optimization algorithms in reaching
global minima in terms of THD minimization. In this project, for better
investigation of goal, seven-level inverter is chosen. The fitness function in general
case, is the nonlinear equations of SHE problem, solution for this problem comes
out in the form of switching angles.

Seven-level inverter consists of three H-bridge modules. In this section, first,

switching angles are optimized such that lower order harmonics are eliminated and
the magnitude of the fundamental component reaches its desirable value while k1
= k2 = 1. Fig 4.1 shows the values of the THD for different M is for the three
different algorithms based SHE used in this paper. MI is varied from 0 to 1 with
steps of ‘0.1’.
It can be seen from Fig.4.1, and Table 4.1 that THD are less to modulation index
range from 0.6 to 0.8. Above all the THD value obtained through IWO is less in
comparison to the other two methods. In this work for better comparison of
algorithms efficiency, each algorithm is run for five times and then best solutions
which are nothing but the switching angles, are selected to reduce THD. The results
related to the fundamental harmonic using all algorithms is demonstrated below as
shown in Fig.4.2, Fig.4.3, Fig.4.4. These three FFT analysis for algorithms shows
us that the IWO gives us the better result in reducing the harmonic distortion in the
output voltage of multilevel inverter than the other methods. Because GA and
TLBO have the inherent drawback of slower convergence and convergence to only
local minima, therefor IWO algorithms come out as a best optimization algorithm
for solving the selective-harmonic elimination problem of multi-level inverter.

Table 4.1 THD for different Modulation Index (M)

S.No. Modulation Index THD (%)

(M)
GA TLBO IWO
1 0.05 76.66 75.12 73.50
2 0.15 64.25 64.10 63.85
3 0.25 48.81 46.22 44.12
4 0.35 26.54 26.52 19.41
5 0.45 29.22 28.56 26.78
6 0.55 22.58 21.32 18.45
7 0.65 15.21 14.55 12.11
8 0.75 13.06 12.85 11.69
9 0.85 18.35 16.15 15.95
10 0.95 20.12 18.27 16.22
Fig.4.1: THD vs MI graph for IWO, TLBO and GA

Fig.4.2: FFT Analysis for GA Algorithm

Fig.4.3: FFT Analysis for TLBO Algorithm

Fig.4.4: FFT Analysis for IWO Algorithm

 Table 4.2 Comparison between GA, TLBO and IWO algorithms

S.NO. PARAMETER GA TLBO IWO

1. Algorithm Type Bio Inspired Nature Inspired Bio Inspired
2. Converges to Local Minima Local Minima Global Minima
3. Lower Bound [0 0 0] [0 0 0] [0 0 0]
4. Upper Bound [22/14_22/14 [22/14_22/14 [22/14 22/14 22/14]
_22/14] 22/14]
5. Population Size 100 100 50
6. No. of Iteration 200 200 200
7. Modulation 0.7301 0.7301 0.7301
Index (MI)
8. Optimum [0.4072_0.72 [0.3872_0.703_1.5 [0.3578_0.8963_1.49
Angles 3_1.5913] 713] 16]
9. THD (%) at MI 13.06 12.85 11.69
10. Third Harmoni 2.06 1.38 0.62
(%)
11. Fifth Harmonic 3.56 3.23 2.61
(%)
12. Seven 6.89 6.50 6.01
Harmonic (%)
In the Table 4.2, the comparison has been done between GA, TLBO and IWO
optimization techniques. The comparison is carried out in terms of switching
angles, THD, low-odd order harmonics and many other parameters. It can be seen
that total harmonic distortion along with low order odd harmonics, i.e., third and
fifth and seventh harmonics reduces when IWO optimization method is applied.
The Table 4.2 shows that all three methods have different switching angles. The
optimization aim is to get best switching angles to minimize the total harmonic
distortion is also the three variables, i.e., θ1, θ2 and θ3 which we have taken in
invasive weed optimization technique is reduced. Therefore, the same reduction
has been observed in total harmonic distortion and low-odd order harmonics. We
have shown the switching angles calculated for different modulation index (M) in
Fig 4.4 and Table 4.3 for IWO optimization.

Table 4.3 Switching Angles for different Modulation Index (M)

S.No. Modulation Index (M) IWO

Alpha 1 Alpha 2 Alpha 3
1 0.05 1.0694 0 0.6750
2 0.15 1.5696 1.5714 1.5714
3 0.25 1.2400 0.1088 0
4 0.35 0.7945 1.4892 1.5284
5 0.45 0.8096 1.4482 1.5624
6 0.55 0.7187 1.1680 1.5714
7 0.65 0.3991 0.9645 1.5695
8 0.75 0.3028 0.7826 1.4838
9 0.85 0.3591 0.9882 1.5714
10 0.95 0.2823 0.6955 1.0900
Fig.4.4: Switching Angle vs MI graph for IWO Optimization

CONCLUSION
In this work, the influence of different evolutionary based optimization algorithms
on the SHE technique was investigated in seven-level cascaded H-bridge inverters.
And the three evolutionary algorithm-based approach is implemented to solve the
nonlinear transcendental equations of selective harmonic elimination of cascaded
H-bridge multilevel inverter and the total harmonic distortion (THD) comparison
is carried out between these three optimization techniques. IWO as a recently
emerged nature-inspired algorithm was used to find optimum switching angles
gives better result in comparison with GA, and TLBO. The results showed
superiority, higher precision, and convergence and relatively low total harmonic
distortion of IWO-based SHE over other algorithms mentioned. The simulation is
done in MATLAB/Simulink and the optimum solution is provided subsequently
due to its fast iterative method. The results reveal that THD has been reduced from
12.85 to 11.69% while third fifth and seventh harmonics has been reduced from
1.38%, 3.23, 6.50% to 0.62%, 2.61 and 6.01%, respectively.

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