ORAL COMMUNICATION

REVIEWER
Grade 11 - Mt. Kitanglad

Speech style - refers to the form of language that the speaker utilized which is
characterized by the level of formality (Martin Joos, 1976)

Speech Styles

Intimate

- Used between two very close individuals. Described by an economy of words,

with a high chance of nonverbal com. There is a free and easy participation
of both the listener and speaker.

Casual

- Known as an informal style that is usually used between friends or insiders

who have things to share. There is a free and easy participation of both the
listener and speaker. (Phone calls, daily convos w/ friends, chats, inside jokes)

Consultative

- Unplanned speech that uses the participation and feedback of the listener as
the speaker supplies background information. (classroom discussions,
doctor-patient)

Formal

- Uses formal words and expressions and is mostly seen in writing rather than
speaking. It disallows the use of ellipsis, contractions and qualifying modal
adverbials. (SONA, Announcements, Welcome Addresses)

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Frozen

- Highest form of communicative style that is also known as fixed speech.

Often used in respectful situations or formal ceremonies. It uses complex
grammatical sentence structure and vocabulary that are only known by
experts in that field. (Shakespearean plays, weddings, funerals, pledges,
anthems, laws, other ceremonies, etc.)

Principles of Speech Writing

- Conducting audience analysis

- Determining the purpose of speech
- Topic selection, topic narrowing, and Data Gathering

Audience Analysis

- Psychology (values, beliefs, attitude, preferences, cultural and racial

ideologies, needs)
- Demography (Age range, male-female ratio, educ. Background, nationality,
economic status, academic or corporate designation)
- Situation (Time, venue, occasion, size)

Purpose of Speech

Informative

- Provides the audience with a clear understanding of the concept or idea

presented by the speaker

Entertainment

- Provides amusement to the audience

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Persuasive

- Provides the audience with well-argued ideas that can influence their own
beliefs and decisions

Selecting a Topic

- Always choose a topic you are INTERESTED to.

Narrowing Down a Topic

- Making your main idea more specific

Data Gathering

- Collecting ideas, infos, sources, and references relevant and related to the
topic.

Writing Patterns

Biographical

- Presents descriptions of the life of a person

Categorical/Tropical

- Presents related categories supporting the topic

Casual

- Present cause-effect relationship

Chronological

- Presents the idea in time order

Comparison/Contrast

- Presents the comparison/contrast of two or three points.

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Problem-solution

- Presents an identified problem, its causes, and recommended solutions.

Outline

- An hierarchical list that shows the relationship of your ideas

● Introduction

> Foundation of the speech

> To catch the attention of the audience and present the subject or
main idea of your speech

● Body

> Provides explanations, examples, and details that can help in

delivering and explaining the purpose of your speech and its main
idea.

● Conclusion

> Restates the main idea of the speech

> A summarization and emphasizes the message, and calls for action

> Aims to leave the audience with a memorable statement

Editing/Revising

- Correcting errors in mechanics such as grammar, punctuation, capitalization,

unity, coherence and others.

Six Power Principles for Speech Editing (Andrew Dlugan, 2013)

- Edit for focus

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 > Ensures that everything you have written from intro to conclu is related to
the central message. (So, what’s the point? What’s the message of the
speech?)

- Edit for clarity

> Make all ideas in your speech clear by arranging them in logical order (main
idea - supporting detail or vice versa)

(I don’t understand the message because the examples or supporting details

were confusing)

- Edit for conclusion

> Keep your speech short, simple, and clear by eliminating unrelated stories
or sentences and use simple words only.

(The speech was all over the place; the speaker kept talking endlessly as if no
one was listening to him/her)

- Edit for continuity

> Keeps the smooth flow of your speech by adding transition words and
phrases

(The speech was too difficult to follow, I was lost in the middle)

- Edit for variety

> Add spice to your speech by shifting tone and style from formal to
conversational and vice-versa, moving around the stage, or adding humor

(I didn’t enjoy the speech because it was boring)

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 - Edit for impact and beauty

> By using strategies such as surprising the audience, use of vivid descriptive
images, well crafted and memorable lines, use of figures of speech can
definitely make your speech memorable.

(There’s nothing really special about the speech)

Rehearsing

- Gives you an opportunity to identify what works and what doesn’t for both
the audience and yourself
- Strategies are reading your speech aloud and recording for your own
analysis of peers to give you feedback.
- CONSTANT PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT

Guidelines

- Keep words short and simple; speech is meant to be heard, not read.
- Avoid jargon, acronyms, and technical words that can cause confusion
- Making your speech more personal. Use but don’t overuse the personal
pronoun “I” and use “We” if emphasizing collectivism is needed.
- Use acting verb and contractions because they add personal conversational
tone
- Be sensitive of your audience
- Using metaphors and other figures of speech
- Manage your time well; TIME LIMIT

PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH DELIVERY

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 - A good speaker has to have a clear voice and use words that are
understandable. A good speaker uses both the right facial expressions and
appropriate gestures.
- Speakers are liked when they talk directly to the audience, maintaining eye
contact with the listener, and their confidence to move on the stage.
- A speaker’s message has to be imparted to the listeners.

Articulation

- Pronunciation of words and speaking with clear diction that transmits the
message effectively
- Correct way of saying the words and proper breathing techniques
- Poor articulation will result to poor understanding of the speech

Modulation

- The adjusting and manipulation of the resonance and timbre of the vocal
tone
- Pleasant-sounding voices are more likely to be well listened and make the
message of the speech effectively delivered
- Voices should not bombard our eardrums.

Stage Presence

- The ability to OWN the stage projecting his/her personality to the audience
- Stage fright is the opposite of it and considered as the topmost fear in the
world of public speaking. Instead of trying to get rid of it, we should use all
our energy in making the speech more interesting and you yourself as the
speaker be capable of being heard and to move on the stage.

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Facial Expressions, Gestures and Movements (Nonverbal Communication)

- Nonverbal communication makes the message of any speech more

reinforced and clarified.
- This can make the speech not boring
- Gestures should emphasis only certain points; express emotion, release
tension, engage your audience
- Movements should allow the speaker to carry the speech around to the
audience, metaphorically speaking. This will keep the listeners hanging on
his/her every word; adds drama to your speech, break monotony of where
you are placed
- Facial expressions build connections with your audience, shows sincerity and
credibility to the message, conveys the feelings

Audience Rapport

- Your connection to your audience

- Using the data of audience analysis can make you a speech that would
appeal to the audience. The same data will let you know how you will deliver
the message to the listeners and CONNECT with them at a deeper level.