Colegio de la Purisima Concepcion

The School of the Archdiocese of Capiz

Roxas City

Self-Learning Kit in General Biology 1

Photosynthesis and Cellular
Respiration
(2ndQuarter – Week 8)

Prepared by

HEAVEN LEIGH N. DELA OSTIA, LPT

 _________________________________

Photosynthesis
And Cellular
Respiration
_________________________________

Prayer
“In the name of the Father and of the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Amen.”

Oh ineffable creator, deign to shed a ray of your brightness in our intellect,

taking from us the twofold darkness in which we are born, namely sin and
ignorance. Grant us a keen intellect, strong memory, method and facility in
learning, subtlety in interpreting, and elegance in our speech. Enlighten our
beginning, direct our progress and perfect our undertakings. This we ask through
Christ Our Lord. Amen.

“In the name of the Father and of the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Amen.”

Welcome my dear students! As we face the pandemic that marks the life of
the people that brought a great change to our new normal life, we are greatly
fortunate and safe in facing these challenges for we continue to learn and inspire
others.

I welcome you all to this subject that will motivate and encourage you to
strive more towards a brighter future through studying beyond your imagination by
starting with the general biology.

Today, I challenge you all that at the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

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 1. Explain coupled reaction processes and describe the role of
ATP in energy coupling and transfer.
2. Explain the importance of chlorophyll and other pigments.

Introduction
Last week we have discussed the different components of enzymes and its
oxidation/reduction reactions. For this week we will be discussing the coupled
reaction processes and the main role of ATP in energy coupling and transfer by
identifying the main importance of chlorophyll and other pigments. We will be
discussing it one by one for you to understand it clearly as possible. But before we
proceed we will have a short activity. Follow the following steps provided below.

Activity
Study the diagram below.
Food Energy ATP Cells

1. Describe briefly the diagram. _______________________________________

________________________________________________________________
2. Where does the energy come from? __________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. What is the role of ATP? ___________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
4. Why are ATP important? ___________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Living things depend on energy. Cells in the body need energy to perform
their functions. Adenosine triphosphate or ATP provides energy for the
mechanical functions of cells. ATP is a complex molecule that contains the
nucleoside adenosine and a tail consisting of three phosphates. ATP is composed
of the purine base adenine and the sugar ribose which together form the
nucleoside adenosine. The basic building blocks used to construct ATP are
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus.

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 ATP is sometimes called the energy currency of cells. All organisms from
the tiniest bacteria to humans use ATP as their primary energy currency. The
energy level it carries is just sufficient for most biological reactions. It is used to
build complex molecules, for the movement of cilia and flagella in bacteria, contract
muscles, generate electricity in nerves, and even light fireflies.

ATP transports chemical for cells energy within metabolism. It stores energy
within its chemical bonds and diffuses throughout the cell, transporting the energy
to the place where the energy is needed. Energy is usually liberated from the ATP
when it is broken down, removing one of the phosphate-oxygen groups, leaving
adenosine diphosphate (ADP).

Key Points in the ATP - ADP cycle

1. Energy is stored from the breakdown of food molecules. The phosphate
bonds in ATP are very helpful for storing energy.
2. Energy that is released during breakdown of chemical bonds linking the
phosphate groups in ATP is used by the cells to do their functions.
3. The used up energy, the ADP has a reduced amount of chemical energy
than ATP.
4. In making ATP, energy that is released during chemical processes and
series of reaction are used to bond a phosphate group to ADP.

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 Unlike glycogen and fats, adenosine triphosphate is a short-term energy-
storage molecule. Each cell approximately contains about one billion ATP
molecules. This amount is enough for that cell's needs for only a few minutes and
must be rapidly recycled. For instance, without rapid reconversion of ATP in the
cells, a marathon runner will only last a short distance.

ATP is linked to a process known as coupled reactions. It means the two

reactions occur at the same time and at the same place, usually utilizing the same
enzyme complex. All chemical reactions either give off (exothermic) or take in
(endothermic) energy. In a coupled reaction, an exothermic reaction supplies the
energy needed to drive an endothermic reaction. For example in plants, by the
aid of sunlight (exothermic reaction), high-energy glucose molecules are
synthesized (endothermic reaction) from carbon dioxide and water.

The exothermic and endothermic processes of coupled reactions happen

in various places within a cell, so there are some means to transfer the energy
from exothermic reactions that give off energy to the endothermic reactions that
need it. In coupled reactions, energy is transferred from one site to another by
energy-carrier molecules such as ATP The release of phosphate from ATP is
exothermic and the reaction it is connected to is endothermic. The terminal
phosphate group is then transferred by hydrolysis to another compound, a process
called phosphorylation, producing ADP phosphate (Pi) and energy. If this is
uncoupled, the energy merely transforms into heat. Since it is coupled, the energy
can be used to fuel other processes like in the case of ATP-ADP reaction to a
certain protein, the energy can be used to modify the shape of that protein.

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For Video Presentation open the link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=23ZzI6WZS28

Guide Question:
1. Explain the coupled reaction process. ___________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. Describe the role of ATP in energy coupling and transfer. ________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Photosynthesis
All cells need energy to live and survive. The sun is the ultimate source of
energy to the Earth. Almost all of the organisms derive their energies from sunlight
but the only organisms which have the ability to directly trap this energy source are
those that perform photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process where light
energy is converted into a form of chemical energy that can be stored and used

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later on. It is derived from two words: photo meaning light and synthesis meaning
putting together. It is a major process in synthesizing ATP.

The net process of photosynthesis is summarized by the formula:

6C02 + 6H20 + Light Energy = C6H1206 + 602

This formula simply means that carbon dioxide from the air and water
combine in the presence of sunlight to form sugars; oxygen is released as a by-
product of this reaction.

Photosynthesis in plants happens within an enclosed double-membrane

structure known as chloroplasts contained within leaf cells. Leaf surfaces are
flattened to have a larger surface area exposed in the sun, and are only few cells
thick in order for sunlight to penetrate and reach the light-trapping chloroplasts
inside, thus increasing the photosynthetic activity.

The upper and the lower surfaces of a leaf are made up of a single-cell
transparent layer called epidermis that serves as boundary between the plant and
the external environment. The walls of the epidermal cells contain cutin, and are
covered with a cuticle. The cuticle is a transparent and waxy covering that reduces
water loss to the atmosphere.

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 The chloroplast contains a semi-fluid medium, the stroma. It is made up
of mixture of enzymes and water. Embedded in the stroma is a complex network
of stacked sacs. Each stack is known as granum. A granum consists of disk-
shaped, interconnected membranous sacs knows as thylakoids.

Photosynthetic organs of plants always contain assortment of pigments.

Each pigment absorbs only certain rays of light. One of the most commonly known
pigments is chlorophyll which makes the plant green. Chlorophyll absorbs certain
wavelengths of light within the visible light spectrum. Green light is not absorbed
but reflected, making the plant appear green.

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 Chlorophyll is found in the chloroplasts of plants. There are three types of
chlorophyll: chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and chlorophyll c.

 Chlorophyll a is present in all photosynthetic plants including red,

brown, and blue-green algae except in photosynthetic bacteria. It
plays as active role in photosynthesis functioning as photoenzyme.
It also makes photosynthesis possible, by passing its energized
electrons on to molecules which will manufacture sugars. No plant
was found to be capable of photosynthesis without the presence of
chlorophyll a.
 Chlorophyll b is an accessory pigment and acts indirectly in
photosynthesis by transferring light it absorbs to chlorophyll-a. It is
present in higher plants and green algae.
 Chlorophyll c is found in certain marine algae, including the
photosynthetic chromista (ex. diatoms, brown algae) and
dinoflagellates.

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 Carotenoids or tetraterpenoids are plant pigments responsible for bright
red, yellow and orange colors in many fruits and vegetables. They help plants
absorb light energy for use in photosynthesis. It cannot transfer sunlight energy
directly to the Photosynthetic pathway, but must pass their absorbed energy to
chlorophyll. Carotenoids also protect chlorophyll from photodamage. They also
have an important antioxidant function of deactivating free radicals - single oxygen
atoms that can damage cells by reacting with other molecules. There are two
classes of carotenoids:
 Xanthophylls (which contain oxygen) and
 Carotenes (which are purely hydrocarbons, and contain no oxygen).
Carotene gives carrots their color.

Phycobilins are photosynthetic pigments efficient at absorbing red,

orange, yellow, and green light, wavelengths that are not well absorbed by
chlorophyll a. They are water-soluble pigments, and are found in the cytoplasm, or
in the stroma of the chloroplast. They occur only in Cyanobacteria and
Rhodophyta. Etymologically, its name came from the Greek words phykos
meaning alga and bilin meaning bile pigment.

For Video Presentation open the link:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xmfhKbmQhq0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3n6W-mJ6xgI

Guide Questions:
1. What makes the plants green? ________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. Why does some fruits or flowers have different colors?______________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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Challenge Yourself
A. Identification. Identify the following terms or concepts as described.

________1. The main site of photosynthesis.

________2. Building blocks to produce ATP.
________3. It provides energy for the mechanical functions of cell.
________4. Photosynthesis is essential to human life because it __.
________5. Plant pigments that are responsible for bright red, yellow, and orange
color in many fruits and vegetables.

B. Essay.

1. What is the importance of the following:

Chlorophyll - ________________________________________________
Carotenoids - ________________________________________________
Phycobilins - ________________________________________________
2. What is the chemical events in photosynthesis? Describe each.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

That’s all for today class. Have a nice day and stay safe! If you have any
suggestions or question please answer on the space provided. Thank you!

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

“In the name of the Father and of the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Amen.”

Glory Be to the Father:

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 Glory be to the Father and to the Son and to the Holy Spirit. As it was, in
the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end. Amen.

Mary seat of Wisdom, “Pray for us”

References/Links:

 General Biology 1 by Ruben E. Faltado III, Ed.D., Reneecilia B. Paz de

Leon, Ed.D., & Merle B. Lopez, Ed.D. (P-95-98)

 General Biology Combined Book 1 & 2 by Renato A. Dela Peña, Jr. , Daniel
E. Gracilla, Christian R. Pangilinan (P91-93)

 <iframe width="756" height="565"

src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/3n6W-mJ6xgI" frameborder="0"
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 <iframe width="1004" height="565"

src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xmfhKbmQhq0" frameborder="0"
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