Senior High School

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General Biology 1
Quarter 2 - Module 1
Energy Transformation

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

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General Biology 1- Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 - Module 1: Energy Transformation
First Edition, 2020

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Senior High School

General Biology 1
Quarter 2 - Module 1:
Energy Transformation

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Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Lesson
ATP-ADP
Cycle
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1
What I Need to Know

• Performance Standards:

Prepare simple fermentation setup using common fruits to produce wine or

vinegar via microorganisms.

• Introduction:

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency used throughout the

cell. ATP provides energy for the cell to do work, such as mechanical work,
transport substances across the membrane, and perform various chemical
reactions. ATP is composed of phosphate groups, a ribose and adenine. In
the structure of ATP, there are three phosphate groups attached to
adenosine. The last two bonds on the phosphate groups contain especially
high energy and are therefore very useful for doing work within living cells.
The bonds that hold phosphate groups are easily broken by hydrolysis
which results in the release of energy.

Fig. 1a. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) transformation

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 What I Know

Directions: Write the letter of the best answer on a separate sheet of paper.

_____1. A structure that composed of sugar ribose, nitrogen base adenine and a
chain of 3-phosphate groups.
a. ADP
b. ATP
c. NADH+
d. Nucleus

_____2. The process of breaking down bonds between the phosphate groups; this
happens when a water molecule breaks the terminal phosphate bond
a. Hydrolysis of ATP
b. Phosphorylation
c. Oxidation
d. Reduction

_____3. A separation technique used to identify various components of mixtures

based on the differences in their structure and/or composition.
a. Phosphorylation
b. Dephosphorylation
c. Hydrolysis
d. Chromatography

_____4. Are substances that absorb visible light; different pigments absorb light of
different wavelengths.
a. Chlorophyll
b. Photon
c. Pigments
d. Light energy

_____5. The greenish pigment found in the thylakoid membrane inside the
chloroplast of a plant cell.
a. Light energy
b. Chlorophyll
c. Photon
d. Pigments

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 What’s In

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

• Structure composed of: sugar ribose, nitrogen base adenine and a chain of
3phosphate groups
• Mediates most energy coupling in cells
• Powers cellular work • 3 main kinds of work of a cell: chemical work, transport
work and mechanical work. These are possible through energy coupling, where the
cells use and exergonic process to drive an endergonic reaction.
• chemical work: synthesis of polymers from monomers (pushing of endergonic
reactions)
• transport work: pumping of substances across membranes (against the direction of
spontaneous movement)
• mechanical work: beating of cilia, contraction of muscles
• also used to make RNA (since ATP is used as one of the nucleoside triphosphate

Hydrolysis of ATP

• process of breaking down bonds between the phosphate groups

• this happens when a water molecule breaks the terminal phosphate bond
• HOPO32-, abbreviated P I leaves ATP
• Forming Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
• Energy is released. This comes from the chemical change of the system state of
lower free energy and NOT from the phosphate bonds.
• Hydrolysis releases so much energy because of the negative charges of the
phosphate groups. These charges are crowded together and their mutual repulsion
contributes to the instability of that region of the ATP. The energy equivalent of the
triphosphate tail of ATP is compared to a compressed spring.

Fig. 1.b. The Hydrolysis of ATP

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How the Hydrolysis of ATP Perform Work

• Proof that ATP releases heat: in a test set up, the hydrolysis of ATP releases
energy in the form of heat in the surrounding water.
• Most of the time when an animal is exposed in a cold environment, the reaction of
the body is through shivering. In this reaction of the organism, shivering uses ATP
during muscle contraction to warm the body. Since it will also be a disadvantage for
organisms to generate heat during ATP hydrolysis, in order to maintain the living
conditions inside the cell, the energy released during ATP hydrolysis is used by
proteins to perform work: chemical, transport and mechanical
• Hydrolysis of ATP leads to change in the shape of protein and in its ability to bind
to another molecule. Phosphorylation (ADP to ATP) and dephosphorylating (ATP to
ADP) promote crucial protein shape changes during important cellular process

Fig. 1.c. Phosphorylation (ADP to ATP) and dephosphorylation (ATP to ADP)

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 The Fluidity of the membrane is due to temperature, the configuration of the
unsaturated fatty acid tails (some kinked or form a sharp twist by double bonds), the
presence of cholesterol embedded in the membrane, and the mosaic nature of the

The Regeneration of ATP

• ATP is a renewable it can be regenerated by the addition of phosphate to

ADP
• Catabolism (exergonic) provides the free energy to phosphorylate ADP.
• ATP formation is not spontaneous, so there is a need to use free energy for
the process to work. • ATP cycle is the shuttling of inorganic phosphate and energy.
• It couples the cell’s energy yielding processes (exergonic) to energy
consuming process (endergonic)
• ATP regeneration happens very fast (10M molecules of ATP used ad
regenerated per second)
• If ATP could not be regenerated by phosphorylation of ADP, HUMANS
would use nearly their body weight in ATP each day.

Fig. 1.d. The ATP cycle

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• As temperatures cool, membranes switch from a fluid state to state.
a solid
• The temperature at which a membrane solidifies depends on the types of lipids.
•Membranes rich in unsaturated fatty acids are more fluid than those rich in
saturated fatty acids. (Fig. 7.f.)

The Importance of Chlorophyll and Other Pigments

Terminology:

Chromatography
• is a separation technique used to identify various components of mixtures based
on the differences in their structure and/or composition.

Pigments
• are substances that absorb visible light. Different pigments absorb light of
different wavelengths.

Light, as it encounters an object, is either reflected, transmitted, or absorbed. Visible

light, with a wavelength of 380–750nm, is the segment in the entire range of
electromagnetic spectrum that is most important to life on earth. It is detected as
various colors by the human eye. The color that is not absorbed by pigments of
objects is transmitted or reflected and that is the color of the object that we see.

Fig. 1.e. The Electromagnetic Spectrum

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Pigments are the means by which plants capture sun’s energy to be used in
photosynthesis. However, since each pigment absorbs only a narrow range of
wavelength, there is usually a need to produce several kinds of pigments of different
colors to capture more of sun’s energy.

Chlorophyll
• is the greenish pigment found in the thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplast of
a plant cell.

Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light while it transmits and reflects green light. This
is why leaves appear green.

There are several kinds of chlorophyll. Among these, chlorophyll a plays the most
important role in photosynthesis. It directly participates in converting solar energy to
chemical energy.

Other pigments in the chloroplast play the part of accessory pigments. These
pigments can absorb light and transfer the energy to chlorophyll a. One of these
accessory pigments is chlorophyll b. Some carotenoids also contribute energy to
chlorophyll a. Other carotenoids, however, serve as protection for chlorophyll by
dissipating excessive energy that will otherwise be destructive to chlorophyll.

Structure of chlorophyll • Head—a flat hydrophilic head called porphyrin ring. It has a
magnesium atom at its center. Different chlorophylls differ on the side groups
attached to the porphyrin. • Tail—a lipid-soluble hydrocarbon tail.

How does photoexcitation of chlorophyll happen?

1. A chlorophyll molecule absorbs photon or light energy.
2. An electron of the molecule in its normal orbital, said to be in its ground state, will
be elevated to an orbital of a higher energy. The molecule is now in an excited
state. The molecule only absorbs photon that has the energy that is equal to the
energy needed for it to be able to elevate from the ground state to the excited
state.

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3. The excited state is unstable. Hence, excited electrons drop back down to the
ground state immediately after, releasing energy in the form of heat and photon.
This happens in isolated chlorophyll molecules. However, chlorophyll molecule
that is found in its natural environment in the thylakoid membrane forms a
photosystem together with proteins and other organic molecules to prevent the
loss of energy from the electrons.

Fig. 1.f. The Photoexcitation of Chlorophyll

Photosystem

A photosystem is an aggregate of pigments and proteins in the thylakoid membrane

responsible for the absorption of photons and the transfer of energy and electrons. It
is composed of:

• Light-harvesting complex— is also called the ‘antenna’ complex and is consisted

of several different pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids)
bounded with proteins. When a pigment molecule absorbs a photon, energy is
passed on from one pigment molecule to another pigment molecule until the
energy reaches the reaction center.

• Reaction-center complex—is composed of a pair of chlorophyll a and a primary

electron acceptor. The primary electron acceptor is a specialized molecule that is
able to accept electrons from the pair of chlorophyll a. The pair of chlorophyll a in
the reaction-center is also specialized because they are capable of transferring
an electron to the primary electron acceptor and not just boosting the electron to
a higher energy level.

There are two types of photosystem:

• Photosystem II—was discovered later after the discovery of Photosystem I, but

functions first in the light reaction of photosynthesis. The chlorophyll a in the
reactioncenter of Photosystem II effectively absorbs light with a wavelength of
680nm and thus called P680.
• Photosystem I—was discovered first. Its reaction-center has a chlorophyll a called
P700 because it is effective in absorbing light with a wavelength of 700nm.
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 What’s New

• Visual and Listening Activity:

1. Research videos on the Forms of Energy, Transformation of Energy, Free energy

and metabolism and ATP- structure and function.

2. Watch and Listen carefully to the video and be able to recognize and relate to
each attributes of the energy transformation.

3. Reflect on your life experiences and relate them to the lesson in the video so that
you will be able to make an analogy relating the concepts under ATP.

4. Write your answer on a long bond paper or newsprint.

What Is It

• Q & A Activity:

1. What are the different forms of energy?

2. What are the laws of energy transformation and cite examples?

3. How does the cell go about the continuous release of heat during ATP hydrolysis?

(Write your answers on a long bond paper or newsprint.)

What’s More

• Q and A Activity:

1. How do plants cope with the change in season? Give a detailed description and
explanation.

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2. How do plants capture the sun’s energy?

3. What happens to light when it hits an object?

What I Have Learned

• Learning Process Activity:

Provide the best answer in the blank.

1. What wavelength of light is most important to life on earth?

2. What color/s of light does chlorophyll absorb? What color does it reflect?
3. What composes a photosystem?
4. In what part of the photosystem does the first step of light reaction take place?
5. Differentiate the two types of photosystem.

What I Can Do

• Performance Activity:
Construct a final draft sketch on the photoexcitation of Chlorophyll. Write your sketch
on a long bond paper/newsprint.

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