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COMMUNICATION STRATEGY 3 TURN-TAKING ACTS

Plan of action or a technique
COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES
NOMINATION
Opening or establishing a topic
RESTRICTION
Limiting what the participants can contribute
KEEP-TURN
Speaker must not stop until he fulfills his
purpose
RELEASE-TURN
Speaker is finished talking and is ready to
yield the floor to another person
May use signals or pauses in a conversation

2 FACTORS TAKE TURN

SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP
Specific role of the participants
HIGHER AUTHORITIES
Assigned to control the flow of the conversation
LOWER AUTHORITIES
Start as listeners and later on become speakers
May also use nonverbal cues
ENVIRONMENT
Setting of the conversation
ONE-ON-ONE COMMUNICATION
Only two participants
Interviews and tutorials are common settings
Another participant can take the role of the
speaker
SIGNALS & CUES INDICATE THAT A SPEAKER
WANTS TO KEEP, YIELD, OR TAKE HIS/HER TURN
INTONATION
Intends to keep or yield his or her turn
Asking the participants for clarification and
confirmation, or sometimes to express
disbelief
FALLING INTONATION
End his or her turn
RISING INTONATION
About to reach the climax of his or her point

GROUP COMMUNICATION VERBAL CUES

More than two participants Wants to yield or to keep his or her turn
Debates, panel discussions, class discussions, Calling the participants’ names indicate that a
and forums speaker is letting them take their turn.
Meanwhile, using sentence connectors such as
TURN additionally, on the contrary, furthermore,
Opportunity given to a speaker to talk consequently, or likewise suggests the
speaker has something more to say
TURN-TAKING
Participant stops speaking and yields the floor NONVERBAL CUES/GESTURES
to another participant Raising one’s hand, show that a participant
wants to take the floor or speak
Speaker points to or fixes his or her gaze on a
participant, it may mean that he or she wants
that participant to speak

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TOPIC TROUBLE IN SPEAKING, HEARING, OR
Main message UNDERSTANDING
Improper articulations, use of the wrong word,
2 TYPES OF TOPIC failing to hear or be heard, incorrect
understanding by the listener, and trouble on
SENTENCE TOPIC the part of the recipient to understand
Sentential topic
Main idea or focus of a sentence REPAIR
Specific Defined by Schegloff, Jefferson, and Sacks
(1977) as the set of practices whereby a
DISCOURSE TOPIC participant interrupts the ongoing course of
Topic of the conversation as a whole action
General
TERMINATION
TOPIC CONTROL Participants’ use of expressions to end the
Main or assigned speaker manipulates the conversation
discussion in order to maintain its flow without
moving away from or changing the topic TYPES OF CONSERVATION REPAIR
“Let’s focus on” or “Let’s discuss” to set the
topic of the conversation, or “As I was saying” or SELF-INITIATED SELF-REPAIR
“Going back to” to sustain or return to the Initiated and fixed by the speaker
original topic Speaker corrects himself or herself or when he
or she cannot find the right word but then is able
TOPIC SHIFTING to find it after a short pause
Intentionally or unintentionally changes the
direction of the flow of ideas in a conversation OTHER-INITIATED SELF-REPAIR
Initiated by another participant but is fixed by
2 WAYS TO SHIFT A TOPIC the speaker
Another participant could not hear the speaker
SPEAKING TOPICALLY or has misunderstood the speaker
Listener concentrates on some phrases from the
last statement mentioned by the speaker SELF-INITIATED OTHER-REPAIR
Initiated by the speaker of the trouble source
SPEAKING ON THE TOPIC but is fixed by another participant
Listener concentrates on a word, but the newly Speaker could not find the right word or phrase
introduced idea may not be related to the and another participant supplies it
context of the topic
OTHER-INITIATED OTHER-REPAIR
VIOLATIONS Both fixed and initiated by another participant
Unnecessary acts of participants Speaker misarticulated something or says
wrong information, which prompts another
COMMON VIOLATIONS participant to correct him or her

GRABBING THE FLOOR GUIDELINES ON HOW TO REPAIR/TERMINATE

Interruption
Speaker is not able to fulfill his or her purpose RECOGNIZING THE VIOLATION
because a participant takes over the role First step to repairing a conversation

OVERLAPPING SHIFTING BACK TO THE MAIN TOPIC

Both of them talk simultaneously Next step after recognition
Two or more participants start speaking at the May use verbal cues such as anyway, going
same time back, or as I was saying

HOGGING THE FLOOR ASKING LEADING QUESTIONS

Speaker continues speaking and ignores others Let other participants know that they have
returned to the original topic
BEING SILENT Yes-no questions are usually used
Dead air
No one wants to speak or take over the After disregarding unnecessary topics the
discussion conversation may already be terminated. This
can be done by taking a break, rescheduling the
discussion, or by simply using statements that
signal the end of the interaction

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PUBLIC SPEAKING GUIDELINES IN WRITING A PERSUASIVE
Speaking in front of a sizable number of SPEECH
people DETERMINE YOUR GOAL
Speaker and an audience KNOW YOUR AUDIENCE
Speaker is tasked to deliver a message or a ORGANIZE THE INFORMATION
speech of general interest PROVIDE STRONG EVIDENCE

TYPES OF SPEECHES ACCORDING TO ENTERTAINMENT SPEECH

PURPOSE
INFORMATIVE SPEECH
Convey information to the audience about
something they don 't really know
Intends to educate the audience
Amuse the audience
Series of humorous references
Does not need much of data gathering nor
clear-cut division
Cheerful air of optimism by planning to be
friendly and animated

TYPES OF INFORMATIVE SPEECH 4 KEY INGREDIENTS TO EFFECTIVELY

SPEECHES ABOUT OBJECTS DELIVERAN ENTERTAINMENT SPEECH
SPEECHES ABOUT EVENTS
SPEECHES ABOUT PROCESSES BE PREPARED
SPEECHES ABOUT CONCEPTS BE ADAPTIVE TO THE OCCASION
BE ADAPTIVE TO YOUR AUDIENCE
OTHER PURPOSES OF INFORMATIVE BE MINDFUL OF THE TIME
SPEECHES
SPEECH SPEECH TO SPEECH TO TYPES OF SPEECHES ACCORDING TO
TO DEMONSTRATE GIVE A DELIVERY
DESCRIBE LECTURE
MANUSCRIPT SPEECH
Mental How to perform Important Writing out the speech in full and then read
picture an action event or it aloud
figure in Word-for-word iteration of a written
history message

PERSUASIVE SPEECH MEMORIZED SPEECH

Most demanding Writing down a complete script for what you
Convince the audience to believe a certain want to say and then learning it by heart
view Elocution piece, committed to memory
Accept the speaker’s position or stand
EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH
COMPONENTS OF A PERSUASIVE SPEECH Speaker prepares point-form notes for the
ETHOS LOGOS PATHOS speech and then extrapolates on them
during the actual presentation
Most Logical Emotional
important appeals appeals that seek IMPROMPTU SPEECH
appeal and to make the Presentation of a short message without
arguments audience feel a advance preparation
Credibility certain way so
of the Show why that they will
speaker a accept a
conclusion conclusion
must
rationally
be true

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