Objective of this class

To understand the basic concepts and language of Materials Science

Types of materials Different levels of structure in materials
 Metals
Engineering  Ceramics
 Polymers
 Atomic
 Microscopic
 (Mesoscopic)
Materials  Composites
 Semiconductors
 Macroscopic

 Biomaterials
Properties of materials Relation among…
 Mechanical  composition
 Thermal  material processing
 Electrical
 structure
 Optical
 Magnetic
 properties
 Deteriorative  performance

Chapter Outline

• Historical Perspective
Stone → Bronze → Iron → Advanced materials

• What is Materials Science and Engineering?

Processing → Structure → Properties → Performance

Chapter 1 • Classification of Materials

Metals, Ceramics, Polymers, Composites, Semiconductors

• From Structure to Properties

How does the mechanisms at the atomic/microstructure affect the properties of the material?

• Processing Materials
Nature of material and processing history of material.

• Selection of Materials
How should I choose the materials?

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 1.1 The Material World Historical Perspective

The three-age system

“The most popular way of naming the era of early human civilization is in
terms of the materials from which these tools and weapons were made.”
The Stone Age
The Bronze Age
The Iron Age
James L. Shackelford
Advanced Materials Age!!!

A system for classifying prehistoric artifacts according to successive stages of

technological development.

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 Stone Age Stone Age
(Start of the Stone Age about two million years ago)
Natural materials: stone, wood, clay, skins, etc.
Beginning of the Material Science - People began to make tools from stone

A stone that has been A man in the Stone Age using

sharpened to be used as a tool a stone to cut down a tree

Back to Bronze Age

Bronze Age Bronze Age

• The Stone Age ended about 5000 years ago with

introduction of Bronze in the Far East.

Bronze is an alloy (a metal made up of more than

one element), copper + < 25% of tin + other
elements.
Bronze Age copper ingot found in Crete.
Bronze: can be hammered or cast into a variety of
shapes, can be made harder by alloying, corrode
only slowly after a surface oxide film forms.

(*Copper Age: 4000-3000 BC)

The world, c. 2000 BCE. The area of bronze working is outlined in pink.
Alloy: is a metal composed of
more than one element. Bronze Age weaponry and ornaments (Romania) Earliest known Tin bronze were found in Iran and Iraq (Thailand)

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 Iron Age Iron Age
The Iron Age began about 3000 years ago and continues today.
Use of iron and steel, a stronger and cheaper material changed drastically the daily
life of a common person.

The world in 1000 BCE. Area of ironworking is indicated in red outline; bronze-
working areas indicated in pink outline.

Advanced Materials Age

Age of Advanced materials: throughout the Iron Age
many new types of materials have been
introduced…

Ceramic
The Material World
Semiconductors
Polymers
A Family Portrait
Peter Menzel
Composites
Understanding of the relationship among structure,
properties, processing, and performance of Pictures of families that closely matched the statistical average for their native
materials. country in terms of possessions.
Intelligent design of new materials.

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 USA Bhutan

Figure 1-1 The material possessions of a family matching the statistical average for the The Namgay family, 4pm June 7, 1993 Shingkhey, Bhutan
United States (San Francisco, 1994).

Samoa Mali

The Lagavzle family, 500pm October 8, 1993 Poutasi, Samoa The Natomo family, 630am March 27, 1993 Kouakourou, Mali

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 Thailand Japan

The Kuenkaew family, 530pm, May 31, 1993 Ban Muang Wa, Thailand The Ukita family, 430pm December 16, 1992 Tokyo, Japan

The evolution of engineering

materials with time

1.2 Material Science and Engineering

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 What is Materials Science
Structure
and Engineering?
• Subatomic level (Chapter 2)
Electronic structure of individual atoms that defines interaction
among atoms (interatomic bonding).
Includes:
Metallurgy • Atomic level (Chapters 2 & 3)
Ceramic Engineering Arrangement of atoms in materials (for the same atoms can have
Polymer Chemistry different properties, e.g. two forms of carbon: graphite and
Condensed Matter Physics diamond)
Physical Chemistry
• Microscopic structure (Ch. 4)
Arrangement of small grains of material that can be identified by
microscopy.
Mesoscopic
Material science is the investigation of the relationship among • Macroscopic structure
processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials. Structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye.

Angstrom = 1Å = 1/10,000,000,000 meter = 10-10 m

Nanometer = 10 nm = 1/1,000,000,000 meter = 10-9 m The
Micrometer = 1μm = 1/1,000,000 meter = 10-6 m
Millimeter = 1mm = 1/1,000 meter = 10-3 m
Scale
of
Interatomic distance ~ a few Å
A human hair is ~ 50 μm Things
Elongated bumps that make up the data track on CD
~ 0.5 μm wide, minimum 0.83 μm long, and 125 nm high

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 Properties

Properties are the way the material responds to the environment

and external forces.

Mechanical properties – response to mechanical forces, strength, etc.

Electrical properties - response to electrical, conductivity, etc. 1.3 Types of Materials
Magnetic properties - response to magnetic fields, etc.
Thermal properties - are related to transmission of heat and heat capacity.
Optical properties - include absorption, transmission and scattering of light.
Chemical stability in contact with the environment - corrosion resistance.

The 1 million dollar question…

What materials are Metals

available to me?

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 Metals Metallic Elements

Valence electrons are detached from

atoms, and spread in an 'electron sea'
that "glues" the ions together.

Common example: Steel

Characteristics
 Strong
 Ductile
 Conduct electricity Figure 1-2 These examples of common metal parts are
characteristic of their wide range of engineering
 Heat well applications. (Courtesy of Elgiloy Company)
 Are shiny if polished Figure 1-3 Periodic table of the elements with those elements that are
inherently metallic in nature are shown in color.

State of the art in metalworking

Parts formed by
superplastic deformation
Ceramics and Glasses

Various aluminum parts fabricated by superplastic deformation. The unusually high degree of
deformability for these alloys is possible with a carefully controlled, fine-grained
microstructure. Superplastic forming uses air pressure to stretch a “bubble” of metal sheet
over a metal preform. (Courtesy of Superform USA)

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 Ceramics and Glass
I. Ceramics (like metals ) : crystalline  Atoms behave like either positive or
Ceramics : can be made in a noncrystalline form (Glass) by simple processing negative ions (bound by Coulomb forces).
techniques.  They are usually combinations of metals
or semiconductors with oxygen, nitrogen or
Crystalline : the constituent atoms are stacked together in a regular, repeating pattern. carbon (oxides, nitrides, and carbides).
Noncrystalline : the atoms are stacked in irregular, random patterns.

Common examples:
II. Glass : the general term for noncrystalline solids with Glass and Porcelain
compositions comparable to those of crystalline ceramics.
Characteristics
III. Glass-ceramics : can be transformed from the glassy state to the Hard
crystalline state. Brittle Some common ceramics for traditional
Insulators engineering applications.

Ceramic Compounds
These elements can be combined to form
an enormous range of ceramic materials!!!

Coulomb force:
The electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion exerted by one
charged particle on another, in accordance with Coulomb's law.

Coulomb attraction:
The electrostatic force of attraction exerted by one charged particle
on another charged particle of opposite sign. Also known as
electrostatic attraction.

Periodic table with ceramic compounds indicated by a combination of one or more metallic
elements (in light color) with one or more nonmetallic elements (in dark color).

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 Ceramic Crystal Structures Engineering Applications

Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Cesium Chloride (CsCl) Zinc Blende (ZnS)

Cutaway view of an advanced gas turbine design incorporating various ceramic components,
for example, silicon carbide forturbine rotors, vanes, and flow path walls, silicon nitride for
turbine rotors, and aluminum silicate for regenerator disks.
Diamond Fluorite (CaF2) (BaTi03)

High Temperature Advanced ceramic!!! World's First Maglev Train Utilizing High Temperature
Superconductors Superconducting Wire Tested Successfully

* MAGLEV train – MAGnetically LEVitated train

HTS - Are among the most interesting discoveries of recent decades.
Superconductivity - the disappearance of electrical resistance at very low temperatures
Properties of Superconductors
 Zero Resistance - current will flow without diminishment
 Perfect Diamagnetism - will exclude all magnetic fields
The maglev train attained speeds “as high as 500 km/h”
while levitated about 10cms “above its track."
Central Japan Railway Pavilion Features
HTS Electromagnet for MagLev
Superconductor magnet embedded
on the side of the maglev train car.

Low-Temperature Superconductors: Nb2Ge,

Nb3Si, Nb3Sn, Nb3Al, V3Si, Ta3Pb, V3Ga, Nb3Ga, V3In,
NbTi MgB2 - (needs LHe for cooling).

High-Temperature Superconductors:
Bismuth (Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O), Yttrium (Y-Ba-Cu-O),
Thallium (Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O), Mercury (Hg-Ba-Ca-
Cu-O) –(needs LN2 for cooling). Play

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 Glass Glass

Silicates (most common)

- Ordinary window glass (72% silica,
remainder: Na20 and CaO.)

Properties:
Brittle
Can transmit visible light
Chemically inert

Figure 1-8 Schematic comparison of the atomic-scale structure of (a) a ceramic

(crystalline) and (b) a glass (noncrystalline). The open circles represent a nonmetallic Coke bottle made of Figure 1-9 Some common silicate glasses
atom, and the solid black circles represent a metal atom. glass ceramic material for engineering applications.

Glass-ceramics Glass-ceramic

Lithium Aluminosilicate
 Can be transformed from the vitreous, or glassy, state to the crystalline state by an
appropriate heat treatment.
 By forming the product shape during the glassy stage, complex forms can be
obtained.

Properties:
 High-quality microscopic structure
(fine grained with no porosity)
Figure 1-10 Cookware made of a glass-ceramic provides good mechanical and thermal
 Low thermal-expansion coefficients
properties. The casserole dish can withstand the thermal shock of simultaneous high temperature
(impervious to thermal shock)
(the torch flame) and low temperature (the block of ice).
A glass-ceramic cooktop

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 Polymers

 also known as Plastics.

 are bound by covalent forces and also by
weak van der Waals forces, and usually
based on C and H.

Polymers  decompose at moderate temperatures

(100 – 400 C), and are lightweight.
Examples: plastics rubber.
 Engineered polymers are typically
inexpensive and characterized by ease of
formation and adequate structural
properties.
Figure 1-11 Miscellaneous internal parts of a
contemporary parking meter are made of an acetal
polymer.

Polymers Elements associated with Polymers

 A special branch of chemistry.

 “mer” in polymer - is a single hydrocarbon molecule.
 Polymers are long-chain molecules composed of many mers
bonded together.
Polyethylene (PE)

 Polyethylene is the most common commercial

polymer (C2H4)n ; (n can range from 100-1,000).

 Many important polymers, including polyethylene, are simply

compounds of hydrogen and carbon. Others include oxygen,
nitrogen, fluorine, and silicon. Figure 1-12. Periodic table with the elements associated with commercial polymers in color.

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 Mer and Polymer structures Mer and Polymer structures

Polyethylene (PE) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Polytetrafluoroethylene PET bottle

Polyhexamethylene adipamide (Nylon 6,6)
(PTFE)

Polypropylene (PP) Polysterene (PS) Polymethyl metacrylate Phenol formaldehyde Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Polycarbonate
(PMMA) (Bakelite)

Properties of Polymers Engineering application

Desirable properties
Ductile
Lightweight
Low-cost

Limitations
Lower strength (compared with metals)
Lower melting point (compared with ceramics and glasses)
Higher chemical reactivity (compared with ceramics and glasses)
Figure 1-13 The rear quarter-panel on this sports car was a pioneering application of an
engineering polymer in a traditional structural metal application. The polymer is an
injection-molded nylon.

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 Composites

 made up of combinations of metals, ceramics and polymers.

 involve virtually the entire table elements except for the noble gases.
 Fiberglass
 best example of composite.
Composites  glass fibers embedded in a polymer matrix.
 has the best properties of each component, producing a product
that is superior to either of the components separately.
 The high strength of the small-diameter glass fibers is combined
with the ductility of the polymer matrix to produce a strong material
capable of withstanding the normal loading required of a structural
material.

Composites Engineering Application

Compared with conventional equipment:
 Stronger
 Stiffer
 Lighter

Allows the golfer to

drive the ball farther
with greater control!!!

Figure 1-15 Golf club head and shaft molded of a

Figure 1-14 Example of a fiberglass composite composed of
Bundle of fiberglass graphite fiber-reinforced epoxy composite.
microscopicscale reinforcing glass fibers in a polymer matrix.

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Wood is an excellent example of a natural material with useful
mechanical properties because of its fiber-reinforced structure.
Concrete is a common example of an aggregate composite. Both
rock and sand reinforce a complex silicate cement matrix.
Semiconductors

Semiconductors

 are neither good electrical conductors nor good electrical

Technology has clearly revolutionized society, but solid-state
electronics has revolutionized technology itself.
James Shackelford
insulators.
 Their ability to conduct electricity is intermediate.
 Do not fit into any of the four structural material categories
based on atomic bonding.
the bonding is covalent (electrons are shared between atoms).
 their electrical properties depend strongly on minute proportions
of contaminants.
 Examples: Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Gallium Arsenide
(GaAs).

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 Elemental semiconductors Microcircuit

 Precise control of chemical purity allows

precise control of electronic properties.
 Sophisticated electronic circuitry has been
produced in exceptionally small areas.
 This microcircuitry is the basis of the
current revolution in technology.

Figure 1-16 Periodic table with the elemental semiconductors in dark color and those
elements that form semiconducting compounds in light color. The semiconducting
compounds are composed of pairs of elements from columns III and V (e.g., GaAs) or Figure 1-17 (a) Typical microcircuit containing a complex array of semiconducting
from columns II and VI (e.g., CdS). regions. (b) A microcircuit viewed with a scanning electron microscope.

More Applications

1.4 From Structure to Properties

Si wafer for computer chip devices
Micro-Electrical-Mechanical
Systems (MEMS)

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 Effect of Atomic Structure on
the Major Properties

(Mechanical)
To understand the properties or observable characteristics of engineering
materials, it is necessary to understand their structure on an atomic and/or

Tension
microscopic scale.

Figure 1-19 Contrast in mechanical behavior of

Comparison of crystal structures for (a) aluminum (relatively ductile) and (b)
(a) aluminum and (b) magnesium. magnesium (relatively brittle) resulting from the
atomic-scale structure shown in Figure 1-18.

Transparent ceramics Transparent ceramics

Figure 1-20
 Porous microstructure in polycrystalline
To make traditionally opaque ceramics, such as aluminum
Al2O3 (a) leads to an opaque material (b).
oxide (Al203), into optically transparent materials require a
 Nearly porefree microstructure in
fundamental change in macroscopic-scale architecture.
polycrystalline Al2O3 (c) leads to a
translucent material (d).

Traditional ceramics, made by heating crystalline powders to

high temperatures until a relatively strong and dense product
Figure 1-21
results, contain a substantial amount of residual porosity.
High-temperature sodium vapor lamp made
possible by use of a translucent Al2O3
cylinder for containing the sodium vapor.
(The Al2O3 cylinder is inside the exterior
glass envelope.)

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These examples show typical and important demonstrations of how
properties of engineering materials follow directly from structure.
1.5 Processing Materials

Our use of materials in modern technology ultimately depends on

our ability to make those materials. How do I produce a material
with optimal properties?
James Shackelford

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 Traditional method

In part II and III of this text, the five types of materials processing
are discussed.

The topic of materials processing serves two functions…

• It provides a fuller understanding of the nature of each type of material.
• It provides an appreciation of the effects of processing history on properties.

Figure 1-22 Pouring molten iron into molds for casting. Even this traditional form
of materials processing is becoming increasingly sophisticated.

Contemporary technique

1.6 Selection of Materials

Figure 1-23 The modern integrated circuit fabrication laboratory represents the
state of the art in materials processing.

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 Materials selection is the final, practical decision in the engineering
Which material do I now select design process and can determine that design’s ultimate success or failure.

for a particular application? James Shackelford

Materials Selection Materials Selection

Actually, there are two separate decisions to be made.

Considerations:
1) one must decide which general type of material is appropriate Strength
(e.g. metal or ceramic). Ductility
Cost
2) the best specific material within that category must be found
(e.g. is magnesium alloy preferable to aluminum or steel?)

Figure 1-24 (a) Sequence of choices leading to selection of metal as the appropriate type of
material for construction of a commercial gas cylinder. (b) Commercial gas cylinders.

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 Composition, Bonding, Crystal Structure and
Microstructure DEFINE Materials Properties Future of Materials Science
Design of materials having specific desired characteristics
Composition directly from our knowledge of atomic structure.
 Miniaturization: “Nanostructured" materials, with microstructure that has length
scales between 1 and 100 nanometers with unusual properties. Electronic
components, materials for quantum computing.
Bonding Crystal Structure  Smart materials: airplane wings that device themselves, buildings that stabilize
themselves in earthquakes…
 Environment-friendly materials: biodegradable plastics, advances in nuclear waste
processing, etc.
Thermomechanical  Learning from Nature: shells and biological hard tissue can be as strong as the
Processing most advanced laboratory-produced ceramics, molluscs produce biocompatible
adhesives that we do not know how to reproduce… (Biomimetics)
 Materials for lightweight batteries with high storage densities, for turbine blades
that can operate at 2500°C, room-temperature superconductors? chemical sensors
Microstructure (artificial nose) of extremely high sensitivity, cotton shirts that never require
ironing…

Biomimetics:
Biomimetics???
Learning from nature…
Learning through Biology: is the science which is concerned with the study of living things.
Learning? inspiration from: Molecular biology: is the study of the structure and function of the complex chemicals that are
- Design (structure) found in living things.
HOW??? - Function Mimetic: Mimetic movements or activities are ones in which you imitate something…
- Combination of both Mimicry: is the action of mimicking someone or something…
Features from nature which inspired designs and functions for new materials:
a) Silk proteins used by spiders and silkworms
 to construct composite encasements (cocoons) or strong and functional webs to entrap prey
Biology + Mimetics
(taut cable, kevlar vest)
b) Organic-inorganic composite structures found in sea shells
 to form highly engineered, hard, tough materials (armor plating for tanks)
c) Surfaces such as shark skin
 to reduce hydrodynamic friction (swimwear)

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 Summary

Biomimetics Types of materials

 Metals
 Ceramics Distinct types of atomic bonding.
 Polymers
 Composites Involve 2 or more materials.
 Semiconductors Intermediate electrical conductivity
OBSERVE ABSTRACT APPLY Biomaterials

Summary Summary

Different levels of
structure in materials Relation among…
 Atomic  material processing
 Microscopic  structure
 (Mesoscopic)  properties
To understand the properties of these
 Macroscopic  performance
various materials, we should examine the
structure (microscopic or atomic scale).
Properties of materials The selection of materials is done at two levels:
 Mechanical And then we could process the materials
 Thermal based on the desired output. - There is a competition among the various categories of materials.

 Electrical - There is a competition within the most appropriate category for the optimum
 Optical specified material.

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End

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