EUKARYOTIC ANIMAL CELL

Nucleus: The nucleus serves both as the repository of genetic information and as
the cell's control center. The nucleus serves both as the repository of genetic
information and as the cell's control center.

Mitochondria: The classic role of mitochondria is oxidative phosphorylation, which

generates ATP by utilizing the energy released during the oxidation of the food we
eat.

Endoplasmic reticulum: The endoplasmic reticulum can either be smooth or rough,

and in general its function is to produce proteins for the rest of the cell to
function.

Golgi apparatus: The Golgi apparatus, or Golgi complex, functions as a factory in

which proteins received from the ER are further processed and sorted for
transport to their eventual destinations: lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or
secretion.

Vesicle: A small sac formed by a membrane and filled with liquid. Vesicles inside
cells move substances into or out of the cell.

Vacuoles: A vacuole is a membrane-bound cell organelle. In animal cells, vacuoles

are generally small and help sequester waste products.
 EUKARYOTIC PLANT CELL

Chloroplast: Chloroplasts produce energy through photosynthesis and oxygen-

release processes, which sustain plant growth and crop yield.

Cell wall: The cell wall surrounds the plasma membrane of plant cells and provides
tensile strength and protection against mechanical and osmotic stress.

Plastids: Plastids are pivotal subcellular organelles that have evolved to perform
specialized functions in plant cells, including photosynthesis and the production and
storage of metabolites.

Central Vacuole: Among its roles in plant cell function, the central vacuole stores
salts, minerals, nutrients, proteins, pigments, helps in plant growth, and plays an
important structural role for the plant.

Nucleus: The nucleus serves both as the repository of genetic information and as
the cell's control center. The nucleus serves both as the repository of genetic
information and as the cell's control center.

Mitochondria: Mitochondria carry out a variety of important processes in plants. Their

major role is the synthesis of ATP through the coupling of a membrane potential to the
transfer of electrons from NADH to O2 via the electron transport chain.

Golgi Apparatus: In plant cells, the Golgi apparatus further serves as the site at which
the complex polysaccharides of the cell wall are synthesized. The Golgi apparatus is
thus involved in processing the broad range of cellular constituents that travel along the
secretory pathway.
 PROKARYOTIC BACTERIAL CELL

Ribosome: In prokaryotes, ribosomes are roughly 40 percent protein and 60

percent rRNA. In eukaryotes, ribosomes are about half protein and half rRNA.
Ribosomes are usually made up of three or four rRNA molecules and anywhere from
about 40 to 80 different ribosomal proteins.

Bacterial Flagellum: Flagellum is primarily a motility organelle that enables movement

and chemotaxis. Bacteria can have one flagellum or several, and they can be either
polar (one or several flagella at one spot) or peritrichous (several flagella all over the
bacterium).

Cell Wall: In bacteria, the cell wall forms a rigid structure of uniform thickness around
the cell and is responsible for the characteristic shape of the cell (rod, coccus, or spiral).
Inside the cell wall (or rigid peptidoglycan layer) is the plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane;
this is usually closely opposed to the wall layer.

Chromosomes: Like the eukaryotic chromosome, the prokaryotic chromosome helps to

store and transmit biological information to another cell. It replicates, transcribes and
translates to form DNA, RNA and protein, respectively.