Name: Alonzo Angelo F. Teacher: Dra.

Dorlyn Billones
Course: BSN1-YA-41 Date: January 3, 2022

EXERCISE 15 A
VISUAL SENSE

I. OBJECTIVE:; To study the different parts of the eyeball

1. Draw and label the different parts of the eyeball.

2. Describe the different coats of the eyeball.

A. FIBROUS TUNIC
- which consists of the sclera and the cornea
B. VASCULAR TUNIC
-  responsible for nourishment, which consists of the iris, the choroid, and
the ciliary body
C. NERVOUS TUNIC
-  which consists of the retina.

II. OBJECTIVE : To study the visual pathway

1. Give the receptors for visual pathway.

- It passes through photoreceptors in the retina and into the occipital lobe's
visual cortex. Rods and cones are the two types of photoreceptor cells.
2. Trace the visual pathway from the retina to the cortex

3. Enumerate the different visual defects arising from injury at different levels
of the visual pathway
A. Right optic nerve lesion of right eye (anopsia)
B. Lesion of both parts of optic chiasm (binasal heteronymous
hemianopsia)
C. Lesion of medial part of optic chiasm (bitemporal heteronymous
hemianopsia)
D. Right optic radiation lesion
E. Right calcarine area lesion (left homonymous hemianopsia)
Name: Alonzo Angelo F. Teacher: Dra. Dorlyn Billones
Course: BSN1-YA-41 Date:January 3, 2022

EXERCISE 15 B
AUDITORY SENSE

OBJECTIVE: To study the auditory pathway.

1. Draw and label the different parts of the ear.

2. Give the receptor for the auditory pathway.

A. Crista Ampullaris
- For angular acceleration
- Found in the dilatations of semicircular ducts called ampulla
- Contains gelatinous substance called cupula
3. Give the termination of the auditory pathway
- The auditory nerve terminates in the cochlear nucleus complex at the
junction of the medulla and pons
4. Give the types of deafness.
a. CONDUCTION DEAFNESS
- Temporary or permanent
- Disease of external and middle ear
- E.g. impacted cerumen, otosclerosis (fusion of ossicles). Rupture of
eardrum, otitis media
b. SENSORINEURAL
- Degeneration or damage to receptor cells, to cochlear nerve or to neurons
of auditory cortex due to old age (presbycusis) extended listening to
excessively loud sounds, intake of ototoxic drugs.
5. Give the tests to distinguish conduction deafness from sensorineural deafness.
a. WEBER’S TEST
- Base of vibrating tuning for applied to the forehead in the midline
 NORMAL- SOUND- MIDLINE
 CONDUCTION- sound louder in the affected ear
 SENCORINEURAL -sound in the normal ear.
b. RINNES’S TESTS
- Base of tuning fork is placed over the mastoid process of the skull
- When it can no longer be heard, it is removed and when is held in front
of the ear
 NORMAL – air conduction – bone conduction
 CONDUCTION-DEAFNESS- bone conduction- air conduction
 SENSORINEURAL DEAFNESS- both are diminished but air
conduction remains better than bone conduction.
Name: Alonzo Angelo F. Teacher: Dra. Dorlyn Billones
Course: BSN1-YA-41 Date:January 3, 2022

EXERCISE NO. 15 C
VESTIBULAR SENSE
OBJECTIVE: To study the vestibular pathway

1. Draw and label the parts of the inner ear or labyrinth concerning with
vestibular sense.

2. Give the receptors for vestibular sense and its corresponding stimulus.
- The endolymph in that semicircular canal passes into the ampulla, which
is a canal extension. The crista ampullaris, a sensory organ within the
ampulla, includes hair cells, which are the vestibular system's sensory
receptors.
3. Enumerate the vestibular nuclei.
 Superior- vestibular nucleus of Bechterew
 Inferior- descending spinal
 Medial- vestibular nucleus of Schwalbe
  Lateral- vestibular nucleus of Deither.
4. Give the cranial nerves involved in the ascending fibers of the vestibular
pathway.
- The motor nuclei of the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens cranial
nerves, which supply the muscles of the eyes, receive ascending fibers
from the superior and medial vestibular nuclei. The vestibule-ocular
reflex, in which eye motions are automatically adjusted for changes in
head position, is likewise mediated by this system.

Name: Alonzo Angelo F. Teacher: Dra. Dorlyn Billones

Course: BSN1-YA-41 Date:January 3, 2022

EXERCISE NO. 15 D
OLFACTORY SENSE
OBJECTIVE: To learn about the sense of smell

1. Give the receptor for olfaction.

- Receptor: olfactory epithelium located in the upper 1/3 of each nasal
mucosa
= stimulated by chemicals (chemoreceptor) dissolved in the mucus, they
transmit impulses along olfactory nerve to olfactory center in the
temporal lobe (uncus – Brodmann’s Area 34)
= closely tied with the limbic system (emotional-visceral part of the
brain)
2. Give the location of transmission of the sense of olfaction in the brain.
- It is located in the temporal lobe of the brain
3. Give the cranial nerve involved in the sense of olfaction
- The olfactory nerve is the first cranial nerve (CN I). It is a sensory nerve
that functions for the sense of smell. Olfaction is phylogenetically
referred to as the oldest of the senses.
4. Define anosmia.
- You'll miss more than just a diversity of scents if you lose your sense of
smell. Food may taste bland and it may be difficult to distinguish
different dishes distinct if you don't have a good sense of smell.
Depending on the reason, loss of smell can be partial (hyposmia) or
complete (anosmia), and it can be transitory or permanent.
Name: Alonzo Angelo F. Teacher: Dra. Dorlyn Billones
Course: BSN1-YA-41 Date:January 3, 2022

EXERCISE NO. 15 E
GUSTATORY SENSE
OBJECTIVE: To learn about the sense of taste

1. Give the receptors for taste.

- TASTES BUDS/ TASTES RECEPTORS
2. Enumerate the 4 types of papillae.
A. Fungiform,
B. Circumvallate,
C. Foliate
D. Filiform papillae
3. Give the innervation for taste sensation on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
On the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
- chorda tympani nerve, a branch of the facial nerve for 2/3
- the glossopharyngeal nerve for 1/3
4. Give the 4 basic modalities of taste and the particular regions of the tongue
they are most acutely sensed.
 SWEET
 SOUR
 SALTY
 BITTER
5. Give the termination of the sense of taste
- Termination of the gustatory pathway is at the area located in the
opercular part of the post central gyrus ( Brodmann’s Area 43)