SIMULATION

PRACTICAL EXAMPLES
 IDENTIFICATION OF CONCEPTS

SISTEMA ENTIDADES LOCACIONES ATRIBUTOS

BANCO CLIENTES CAJAS ESTADO DE CUENTA
TARJETAHABIENTES SALA DE ESPERA

FERROCARRIL VIAJEROS VAGONES ORIGEN

CARGAMENTO ESTACIONES DESTINO

ACTIVIDADES RECURSOS EVENTOS VARIABLES

DEPOSITAR CAJEROS (AS) LLEGADAS NÚMERO DE CAJEROS OCUPADOS
CAMBIO DE DIVISAS EJECUTIVOS (AS) SALIDAS NÚMERO DE CLIENTES EN ESPERA
RETIROS TIEMPO SERVICIO
VIAJAR BOLETERO PARTIDA VIAJEROS ESPERANDO EN ESTACIÓN
TRANSPORTAR CARGA LLEGADA A ESTACIONES
LLEGADA DESTINO FINAL
 IDENTIFY THE CONCEPTS

MANUFACTURING OF COMPUTERS
FREIGHT SERVICE COMPANY
 SIMULATION TABLE

Consider the case of a bank with one server where customers arrive to be serv
ed between 1 to 10 min, each arrival is equally probable. Service time goes fro
m 1 to 6 min, with the same probability of occurance. You are to simulate the
bank process until the 10th client leaves the place. You will also calculate som
e of the performance measurements. Build the following table:
 SIMULATION TABLE

CLIENTE T. ENTRE LLEGADAS TIEMPO LLEGADA T. SERVICIO SERVICIO INICIA SERVICIO TERMINA TIEMPO EN SISTEMA TIEMPO DE OCIO TIEMPO EN COLA
1- 2
2 5 2
3 1 6
4 10 5
5 6 6
6 2 4
7 9 3
8 1 4
9 10 1
10 3 3

CALCULATE:
AVG time in system, idle time percentage, AVG waiting time per customer, percentage
of queueing time.
 SIMULATION TABLE EX. 2

The arrival time between metallic rods to a cutting machine that manufactures tor-
ches goes from 1-10 min with equal probability of occurance. On the other hand,
the machining time can consume from 5-9 min. Build a simulation table consideri
ng the first 10 manufactured pieces.

CALCULATE:
AVG time in system, idle time percentage, AVG waiting time per customer, percentage
of queueing time.
 SIMULATION TABLE EX. 2

TUBO
ROD T. ENTRE
TIME LLEGADAS T. MAQUINADO
BTW ARRIVALS MACHINING TIME
1 0 1.99
2 3.87 5.56
3 3.44 6.76
TIME 15 MIN
4 1.93 7.52
5 3.54 4.02
6 10 2.51
7 9.75 8.99
8 9.21 7.83
9 5.63 6.03
10 6.92 2.92
 MODELING

A model is an abstracted representation of a real system.

Simulation of systems considers the building of models. The objective i

s to find out what would happen in the system if such assumptions too
k place.

For simplication purposes, all unnecessary details must be eliminated in orde

r to avoid further complications.
 TYPES OF MODELS

DYNAMIC: Used to represent systems whose state varies with time . The evolution
of a population.

STATIC: Used to represent systems whose state is invariable over time . E = mc²

MATHEMATICAL: They represent reality in abstract form in very different ways. K

epler's law .

PHYSICAL: Are those in which reality is represented by something tangible, built i

n scale or at least behaves in a manner analogous to that reality ( models, proto
- types, etc.)
 TYPES OF MODELS

CONTINUOUS: They represent systems whose state changes are gradual . The interveni
ng variables are continuous. Ohm‘s law.

DISCRETE: They represent systems whose state changes. The variables vary disconti-
nuously . Operating model of a motor.

DETERMINISTIC: Models which solution for certain conditions is unique and always the s
ame . Astronomical Calculations.

STOCHASTIC: They represent systems where the events happen randomly, which is not
repetitive. You can not ensure what actions occur in a given time. The likelihood and
probability distribution is known (for example , a person comes every 20 ± 10 secon
ds with an equiprobable distribution within the range ) .
 TYPES OF MODELS

Categorize the following examples of models according to what was

explained in the previous slides.

BLUEPRINTS AND MAPS

DEMAND CURVES

GRAVITATIONAL LAW

ROLLING A DIE

MENTION AL LEAST 3 MORE EXAMPLES

 SIM STUDY STAGES
PROBLEM FOR
MULATION

OBJECTIVES AND
GENERAL PLAN

MODEL CO DATA COL

NCEPTUALIZATI LECTION
ON
MODEL TRA
NSLATION

VERIFIED

VALIDATED

EXPERIMENTAL DE
SIGN

RUNS AND A
NAL.

MORE RUNS

DOC. & REP

ORTS

IMPLEMENTATION
PROBLEM FORMULATION

IT MAY BE MADE BY THE CUSTOMER OR THE

ANALYST. THE ANALYST MUST ESTABLISH A SE
RIES OF CASES THAT MUST BE AGREED WITH
THE CLIENT. IT IS COMMON THAT THE PROBL
EM SHOULD BE REFORMULATED ACCORDIN
G TO THE STATEMENT BY THE CLIENT.
 OBJECTIVES AND GENERAL PLAN

ALSO KNOWN AS “PREPARING A PROPOSAL”. THE OBJEC-TIVES INDICAT

E THE QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED THROUGH THE SIM STUDY.
THE GENERAL PLAN MUST INDI-CATE THE REQUIRED TIME, THE STAFF T
O BE USED, HARD-WARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS, RESEARCH
STAGES, RESULTS OF EACH STAGE, STUDY COST, ETC.
MODEL CONCEPTUALIZATION

EL SISTEMA REAL ES ABSTRAIDO POR UN MODELO C

ONCEPTUAL, UNA SERIE DE RELACIONES MATEMÁTIC
O-EMÁTICAS Y LÓGICAS EN CUANTO A LOS COMPON
ENTES Y LA ESTRUCTURA DEL SISTEMA. ESQUEMA IN
ICIAL DE LAS LLEGADAS, COLAS, SERVIDORES, ETC.
ESTÁ ESTABLECIDO.
CONTINUOS: Representan sistemas cuyos cambios de
estado son graduales. Las variables que intervienen so
n continuas. Ley de Ohm. DISCRETOS: Representan sis
temas cuyo estado cambia. Las variables varían de for
ma discontinua. Modelo de funcionamiento de un moto
r.
 DATA COLLECTION

AFTER THE PROPOSAL IS ACCEPTED, A DATA GATHERING STRATE

GY MUST BE PLANNED. THIS STAGE CAN TAKE PLACE ALONG WIT
H THE MODEL CONCEPTUA- LIZATION AS THE DIAGRAM SHOWS
.
 MODEL TRANSLATION

THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL BUILT IN STEP 3 IS ENCODED IN A COMPU

TATIONALLY RECOGNIZED FORM , I.E. IN AN OPERATIONAL MODEL.
 VERIFIED, VALIDATED?

VERIFICATION ANSWERS THE QUESTION : DOES THE OPERATIONAL M

ODEL WORK WELL? IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT VERIFICATION BE
A CONTINUOUS PROCESS .

VALIDATION REFERS TO DETERMINING IF THE CONCEPTU-AL MODEL IS

A REPRESENTATION OF A REAL SYSTEM.
 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

FOR EACH SIMULATED SCENARIO DECISIONS MUST BE TAKEN ABOU

T THE LENGTH OF THE SIM RUNS, NUMBER OF RUNS, REPLICATIONS
AND THE WAY THEY ARE TO BE PERFORMED.
 RUNS AND ANALYSIS

THEY ARE USED TO ESTIMATE PERFORMANCE MEASURES FOR THE SCEN

ARIOS THAT ARE BEING SIMULATED.
 MORE RUNS?

BASED ON THE RUN ANALYSIS THAT HAS BEEN COMPLE-TED, THE SIM
ANALYST DETERMINES IF SUBSEQUENT RUNS ARE REQUIRED OR A
FURTHER SIM IN A DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENT IS NEEDED.
 DOCUMENTATION & REPORTS

IT IS USED FOR HAVING A BASIS FOR SUBSEQUENT SIM OR IF THE SI

MS ARE MODIFIED. IT IS ALSO ESSENTIAL TO COMPLETE THIS STAG
E WHEN PRESENTING THE SIM TO THE CUSTOMER.
 IMPLEMENTATION

IT REFERS TO THE STARTING UP OF THE SIMULATION. IT IS IMPOR

TANT TO CONSIDER THE CLIENT THROUGHOUT THE COMPLETE SI
M PROCESS IN ORDER TO ENSURE THE SUCCESS OF THE IMPL
EMENATION.