Industrial Training: Government Polytechnic Ahmednagar

By Suryawanshi harshal
Government Polytechnic Ahmednagar
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
REPORT
BY SURYAWANSHI HARSHAL SANTRAM (ROLL-NO 53, CE5i)

ENROLLMENT NO-2001300122
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PROJECT GUIDE – MRS.R.B.RAO
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
As it is often said, life is mixture of achievements, failures, experiences,

exposures and efforts to make your dream come true. There people
around you who help you realize your dream. Hence it’s my pleasure to
be indebted to various people, who directly or indirectly contributed in
the development of this work and who influenced my thinking,
behavior, and acts during industrial training.
1) First and foremost, we would like to thank the _________ who
enabled me to finish this industrial training and report
successfully and above all, for giving me the wisdom and energy
to execute the site works.
2) I would also wish to extend my sincere gratitude to my supervisor
___________ for his dedication and guidance during the industrial
training period.
3) Special thanks also goes to __________ my field supervisor for the
willingness to share knowledge and being there for consultation
when i needed him.
4) Appreciation goes to the_________________________________
in general for giving us this opportunity to go out there and learn
on our own in different sectors of civil engineering.
5) Finally, i appreciate all those who contributed to the success and
the preparation of this report and industrial training at large but
not mentioned here. May the good lord reward you all
abundantly.
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PREFACE
Internship is a field based practical training experience that prepares
trainees for tasks they are expected to perform on the completion of
their training. Training is a prerequisite in order to equip students with
skills for future demands
As part of Diploma in civil engineering, the department of civil
engineering under the college of Government polytechnic ahamdnagar
sends civil engineering students for industrial training/internship at
after 2nd academic year and this course is mainly intended to introduce
students to various technological skills in industries and provide on-the-
job training and exposure and thereafter at end of program come up
with a report on the summary of activities done.
This report is basically a presentation of what I did, observations made,
skills and different aspects learnt and discovered in my industrial
training with a construction firm called Sky developer construction
company during the construction of the residential building.
Chapter one basically covers the introduction, brief background about
industrial training and its objectives, organizational structure and an
overview about the project
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CONTENTS
Sr. No. Chapters Page no.
1. Introduction about site
2. Major and minor equipment
3. Buying guides for material
4.
5.
6.
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ABSTRACT
As part of curriculum, and for the partial fulfillment of the requirements
for completion of Diploma in civil engineering government polytechnic
ahamdnagar underwent an industrial training at the Sky developer, Site
for 6 weeks during the months july 2022 august 2022. The report
consist of brief study and description of materials, equipments and
procedures used at the site for construction.
The report contains my 6 weeks experience in the hosting company. All
the contents are broadly explained and it is constructed from the
practical basis of the site.
In the opening content I have given details of the company background
including its mission. The contents are written in such a manner which
give details of the company so that the reader can easily know and
access the company.
In the second content have explained my overall internship familiarity
in the last successive months. This content is the main content that I
have recorded and it contains overall work have been executing.
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Chapter No 1
Introduction about site
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Chapter No.2
MAJOR AND MINOR EQUIPMENT
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What is construction tools?

 The job of a civil engineer is an all-encompassing
job. With the pandemic, they have to overcome
remote work challenges in construction, adapt
to new trends in construction, and manage
projects like building different structures like
bridges, highways, and waterways.
 To do this, they use specialized construction
equipment, tools, and instruments to guide them.
 Civil engineering relies on survey equipment, earth-
moving equipment, heavy machinery, and other
tools to make their jobs more comfortable and
efficient.
 Without the heavy equipment they use, the
structures they build and design wouldn’t be safe.
 Civil engineers also use geographic information
systems and various drafting tools to map out and
plot specific locations.
 Civil construction also uses software to help them
design the structures that need to be built at that
location.
Construction Tools List for Building Construction
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Some important construction tools and their uses are listed

below:
1. Tape
2. Trowel
3. Plumb Bob
4. Hand pan
5. Hoe
6. Wooden float
7. Digging bar
8. Crow bar
9. Wheel barrow
10. Hammer
11. Chisel
12. Tamper
13. Right angle frame
14. Hand saw
15. Line level
16. Water level
17. Putty knife
18. Line and pins
19. Scratcher
1. Tape:-
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 A flexible ruler used to measure size or distance is a tape

measure. The design allows for a measure of great length
to be carried in a pocket or a toolkit and can be used to
measure around curves or corners.
Fig 2.1 Tape
How to read tape :
 Everyone should learn to use a measure tape because

sometimes we need to measure. That’s why it’s so
important to learn how to measure with a measuring tape.
 First, we will see how the marking is done on measuring

tape,
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 Let’s understand measuring tape reading with some

practical examples,
How To Read A Measuring Tape In Inches and Fee
How To Read A Measuring Tape In mm, cm & meter
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 Prices of tape:
Common 5M steel Tape Price is 70 to 100 rs.

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2. Trowel:-
 It is a hand tool used in brickwork, stonework, or

plastering for placing, leveling, shaping, and smoothing
mortar or concrete. They are available in various shapes
and sizes depending upon the work.
Fig 2.2 Trowel

 Purpose :
1. Any of various tools having a flat blade with a handle,
used for depositing and working mortar, plaster.
2. A similar tool with a curved, scooplike blade, used in
gardening for taking up plants, turning up earth, etc
3. To apply, shape, smooth, or dig with or as if with a
trowel
 Price: 150 rs per piece

3. Plumb Bob:-
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 A plumb bob, plumb bob level, or plummet, is a

weight, usually with a pointed tip on the bottom,
suspended from a string and used as a vertical
reference line, or plumb-line. It is a precursor to
the spirit level and used to establish a vertical datum.
It is typically made of stone, wood, or lead, but can
also be made of other metals .
Fig 2.3 Plumb Bob
 Purpose:
1. It’s used to establish a vertical reference (called a plumb
line)
2. it can also be used in surveying to establish the nadir
with respect to gravity at a specific point
Price: comman plumb bob price is 500 rs
4. Ghamela:-
 Ghamela” also known as “tasla” is a traditional Indian
labour tool .Ghamela is usually made up of galvanized iron,
PVC and other plastic. It is basically carried over head with
some weight on it.
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 Purpose:
Which is used in construction sites. To carry the bricks,
cement, concrete and other materials on the head.
 Price:
Glavanized Iron Ghamela, For Construction And Household,
Capacity: 15 Liter 106 / Kg
5. Hoe:-
 It is a long-handled tool with a sharp metal blade used
for digging, mixing concrete ingredients, placing
mortar/concrete in head pan etc.
 Hoe is also used to excavate the soil but in this case the
metal plate is provided with acute angle to the wooden
handle
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6. Wooden Float:-
 This tool has a plane surface used to make concrete surface
smooth during plastering and finishing.
 Price:- Wooden Float Price is depending upon it’s

sizes
7. Digging Bar:-
 A digging bar is a long, straight metal bar used for various
purposes, including as a post hole digger, to break up or
loosen hard or compacted materials such as soil, rock,
concrete and ice or as a lever to move objects.
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8. Crow Bar:-
 A crowbar is a tool consisting of a metal bar with a
single curved end and flattened points, often with a
small fissure on one or both ends for removing nails or
to force apart two objects.
 Purpose : Crowbars are commonly used to open nailed

wooden crates or pry apart boards.
 Price:- PYTHON Crow Bar 300mm X 12mm and 600mm X

19mm set price is 710.00 rs
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9. Wheel Barrow:-
 A wheelbarrow is a small hand-propelled vehicle,
usually with just one wheel, designed to be pushed and
guided by a single person using two handles at the rear,
or by a sail to push the ancient wheelbarrow by wind.
 Purpose :
to distribute the weight of its load between the wheel
and the operator, so enabling the convenient carriage
of heavier and bulkier loads than would be possible
were the weight carried entirely by the operator.
 Price : 3500 rs
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10. Hammer:-
 The sledge hammer is a heavy-duty hammer used
for demolition jobs where high force is required. It has a
large, flat metal head attached to a long wooden handle. The
length of the handle allows the tool to gain momentum while
swinging, and the heavy metal head results in amplified force
compared to a usual hammer.
 Purpose :
While these hammers all feature a round head for
driving nails, the claw end is every bit as useful for
prying, splitting wood, tearing drywall and other small
demolition tasks.
 Price: 300 rs
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11. Chisel:-
 A chisel is a cutting tool that is widely used in fields such
as carpentry, masonry and other types of construction
works.
 Purpose : These tools are used to shape, carve, and

sharpen materials like wood, cement, bricks, stone,
and metal.
 Price : price of chisel is depending upon size and shape
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12.Tamper:-
 A hand tool made up of a heavy wooden head and a
handle fitted in the centre part that makes vertical
blows, by means of the tools rise and fall on the
surface for compressing.
 Purpose :A tamper is a tool with a long handle and a

heavy, square base used for leveling and firmly
packing materials such as dirt, clay, sand, and gravel.
 Price : Rs 7500/piece
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13.Right angle frame

 Square, in measurement, device consisting of two
straightedges set at right angles to each other. It is used by
carpenters and machinists for checking the correctness of
right angles, as a guide when drawing lines on materials
before cutting, or for locating holes.
 Purpose : It is used to check the right angle of

masonry or plastering work.
 Price : 250 rs
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14. Hand saw

 In woodworking and carpentry, hand saws, also known as
“panel saws”, . This is usually done in order to join the
pieces together and carve a wooden object. They usually
operate by having a series of sharp points of some
substance that is harder than the wood being cut. The
hand saw is a bit like a tenon saw, but with one flat, sharp
edge.
 Purpose: used to cut pieces of wood into different shape
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 Price:- price of common hand saw is 60 rs.
15.Line level
 The line level is a simple surveying instrument which
can be used to lay out contours and gradients, and
also to measure the slope of land. It is simple to
operate and is easier to transport than other similar
surveying tools such as the A-frame.
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 Purpose : It is a small tool that is used to check the

horizontal surface level in brickwork, plastering, flooring,
plumbing, electric, and tile works.
 Price :Line Level common Price is 200 rs.
16. Water level :

 A water level is any device utilizing the surface of
liquid water to establish a local horizontal plane of
reference; used to determine the apparent
inclination of an object or surface and for matching
elevations of locations that are too far apart for a
spirit level to span
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 Purpose :An U-shaped tube is used to check the

level by means of the surface of water.
 Price :PVC Water Level Pipe, Rs 10/meter
17.Putty knife
 The 2-edge putty knife is a putty and utility knife rolled
into one. This genius little combo knife is a big help for the
professional contractor, home-improvement buff and
weekend crafter alike.
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 Purpose : A putty knife is a hand tool used in putty

finishing to limit the thickness of the putty.
 Price : 30 rs
18.Line and pins
 Line pins are inserted into a brick course or staked
into the ground, and a brick line (string) is wrapped
around and stretched taut between the two points
and used as a reference or guide line.
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 Purpose: These are used by bricklayers to align the

brick courses.
 Price :50-100 rs
19) Stretcher
 Scratchers are used on the under coat of plaster,
where more layers are to be applied. They are used
to increase the surface area of the plaster, in order
to create a better adhesion between layers. This
process is called ‘keying in’.
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 Purpose :It is used to scratch first layer of plastering.
 Price : 150-200 rs
20) Straight edge brush
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 Purpose :It is used to provide good finishing to the

plastered surface especially at the corners and edges
of walls.
 Price : 169 per 3 set
Construction equipment for building construction
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 Some important construction equipment and their

uses are listed below:
1. Polisher
2. Drill
3. Circular saw
4. Jack hammer
5. Welding machine
6. Dewatering pump
7. JCB
8. Concrete mixer
1.Polisher:-
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 It is an electrically driven polishing machine used to

polish granite/marbles. This helps to provide a very
smooth surface of marbles.
 They are also used to polish a wooden floor and prepare it

for lacquering or varnishing. The floor is sandpapered
using these machines with abrasive discs to get a
completely even level. They are rotary polishers made up
of circular plates into which the abrasive discs are
incorporated. Polishing is the job done before painting the
final finishing coat. Other polishers using waxes are used
to shine surfaces. The polishing operation tries to refine
the surface until it appears glossy
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2.Drill
 Drills are commonly used in woodworking, metalworking,
construction, machine tool fabrication, construction and
utility projects. Specially designed versions are made for
miniature applications.
 A drill is a tool used for making round holes or

driving fasteners. It is fitted with a bit, either
a drill or driver chuck. with hand-operated types
dramatically decreasing in popularity and cordless
battery-powered ones proliferating.
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3 Circular Saw:-
 A circular saw is a power-saw using a toothed or
abrasive disc or blade to cut different materials using
a rotary motion spinning around an arbor. A hole
saw and ring saw also use a rotary motion but are
different from a circular saw. Circular saws may also
be loosely used for the blade itself.
 The circular saw is perhaps the most commonly used

saw today, used extensively in both professional
construction projects and DIY home improvement.
This power tool uses a round metal blade edged with
sharp teeth to cut an array of material such as woods,
metals, cement block, brick, fiberglass, plastics and
slate.
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4.Jack Hammer:-
 A jackhammer is a pneumatic or electro-mechanical
tool that combines a hammer directly with a chisel. It
was invented by William Mcreavy, who then sold the
patent to Charles Brady King. Hand-held
jackhammers are generally powered by compressed
air, but some are also powered by electric motors
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 Jackhammers are useful—but one of the most

challenging to manage—tools in the construction
industry. Jackhammers are used to demolish old
concrete, remove pavement, and demolish many
other surfaces in projects.
 The jackhammer itself is heavy, so, only appropriate

personnel should handle the tools to reduce the risk
of accidents. Jackhammers have different tips and
blades that should be installed depending on the type
of job being performed. Let’s go over the tips and
tricks that will help you use the jackhammer safely
and easier.
5.Welding machine
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 A welding machine is a device used to join materials

together. Welding machines produce heat that melts metal
parts so that these parts can be joined. Thus, when it cools,
it becomes a fixed and resistant joint.
 Different materials can be welded, although the welding

machine generally works best with metals. Currently, the
most conventional is to find these welding machines in
industrial environments. In these environments, metallic
materials, parts, or tools are produced.
6.Dewatering pump
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 Dewatering pumps are centrifugal pumps installed in a

building that is situated below the groundwater level, to
reduce the water level and then maintain it at this level.
 One example is in underground mining in which water
penetrating into the adits is pumped up to the surface. In
open-cast mining, the groundwater level is reduced
through drainage well trenches until the pit is dry. The
groundwater level in construction pits in civil engineering
is reduced in a similar way.
 Dewatering pumps are used to remove water from a

construction site, building site, pond, and other areas.
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7. JCB
 JCB Tractor is used for heavy purposes and
substantial works. JCB manufactures equipment for
agriculture, construction, and demolition. It builds
over 300 types of machines like excavators, diggers,
excavators, tractors, and diesel engines, etc.
8) Concrete Mixer
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What is a concrete mixer?
 Traditionally, concrete mixtures were prepared

manually which consumed a lot of time as well as
lacked precision. With growing demand and
advances in technology, now, concrete mixture, even
in small scale applications, is prepared using concrete
mixers. Concrete mixers are devices capable of
preparing concrete mixtures of varying strength
precisely as well as quickly. Some concrete mixers
are even capable of dispensing the concrete mixture
directly on the location of the construction.
Depending on the requirement of the application,
concrete mixers of various sizes and types are
available. Portable concrete mixers can be used in
small and medium-sized applications whereas for
large scale applications concrete batching plants can
also be built at the construction site.
Types of concrete mixer:-
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 Needless to say, just like the requirements of various

applications, types of concrete mixers commonly
used are also quite versatile in nature. Here’s a list of
some of the most commonly used types of concrete
mixers and their applications in various construction
works.
Concrete mixers can be divided into two broad
categories:
1. Batch Mixer
 As the name suggests, this type of mixer produces
concrete one batch at a time. Batch mixers either
have a drum or a pan, consisting of blades, which
when rotated prepares the concrete mix. The speed of
rotation, angle of the blades and in some cases the
angle of inclination of the drum can be controlled.
These are the most commonly used concrete mixers
and are highly preferable to be used in small and
medium-sized construction sites.
 Batch mixers can be further divided into two types:
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2)Drum Mixer
 These mixers consist of a double conical frustum
shaped drum. Depending on its type, the drum either
has a single set of blade or multiple sets of blades
which are used to mix, prepare and discharge the
concrete mixture. Now, drum mixers are of three
different types:
 Tilting Drum Mixer: In this type of drum mixer, the
drum is capable of tilting upwards or downwards
until a certain angle. This allows the mixer to prepare
concrete more effectively by tilting upwards and to
pour the concrete mix out by tilting downwards once
it is prepared. The drum in these mixers is closed
from one end. Tilting drum mixers are most suitable
for preparing concrete with low workability and large
size of aggregates. These mixers are highly preferable
for large construction sites or applications where
construction work is carried out intensively.
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 Non-Tilting Drum Mixer: These drum mixers come

with a non-tilting drum which rotates on its
horizontal axis to produce concrete. They have
openings at both the ends. The ingredients required to
produce the mix are fed from one end and the mix is
collected from the other. The mix is collected by
attaching a chute to the opening of the drum. The
blades in these mixers also help in the extraction
process. Non-tilting drum mixers are not suitable for
preparing concrete with very large-sized aggregates
and for applications where rapid discharge of
concrete is required. This type of drum mixer is
generally used in small construction sites.
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 Reversing Drum Mixer: Quite similar to non-tilting

drum mixers, these mixers also have openings at both
ends and the constituents of the concrete mix are
poured in from one end and the final mix is collected
from the other. The factor that differentiates
reversing drum mixers from non-tilting drum mixers
is that these mixers have two sets of blades. One set
of blade facilitates the mixing process while the drum
is rotating in a certain direction and the other set of
blade facilitates the discharge process of the mix
while the drum is rotating in the opposite direction.
Reversing drum mixers are most suitable for
preparing dry mix concrete.
 Pan Mixer
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 This type of mixer has a cylindrical pan instead of a

drum in which concrete is prepared. Just like drum
mixers, these mixers also have blades which facilitate
the process of mixing. These blades are generally
shaped like a star to ensure optimum efficiency. They
also have scrapers attached to avoid sticking of
mortar to the surface of the pan.
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 Continuous Mixer:- These concrete mixers work

without any interruption and keep producing concrete
continuously as long as work is going on. They are
fed raw materials continuously and the concrete is
discharged and collected by construction workers as
soon as the mix is ready. Continuous mixer systems
are generally set up in the construction site itself.
They have a separate feeder unit for the intake of
constituent materials, a mixer unit for mixing
concrete and a discharge mechanism for dispensing
the concrete mix. These mixers are deployed while
constructing very large structures such as bridges,
tunnels for roads, dams, etc.
Safety equipment for building construction
Safety Tools:-
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Here I am including safety tools in the construction tools

list because safety should be first priority in any
construction work.
Some important equipment and their uses are listed

below:
1. Helmet
2. Hand gloves
3. Safety belt
4. Foot protection
5. Protective glass
6. Protective cloth
7. Safty netting
1.Helmet
 Safety helmet is must in construction works. Safety
helmets will protect the user’s head against impact from
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objects falling from height, or any fatal accident.
Codes of Helmet :
 Industrial plants and areas are usually prone to

unfortunate incidents of accidents or injuries. Safety
helmets are meant to be protective equipment for
such occurrences and avoid fatal injuries to your head
portion. Safety helmets are available in colors of all
hues. Thus, it makes the process of selecting these
helmets more exciting. There are specific standard
color codes pre-defined for these safety helmets
based on the working environments or job sites you
are present.
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 Purpose of choosing the right color for safty

helmet
It is proved in many companies that the color coding
system for safety helmets have made the working
process run smooth and fast. Also, it made the
workplace to be safer to work in. Although, the prime
factor that is to be considered while choosing the
safety helmet is the quality construction and proper
material from which it is made. As, if you got the
suitable color for your employees it can still be a
wrong choice for you, because the quality
construction and material used might not have the
right safety measures. Thus, it is recommended to
check the quality and material of the helmet before
the type of color while buying the one.
2.Hand Gloves:-
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Construction worker’s hands are exposed to many

different hazards on the job site. Whether it be a threat
from chemicals, cuts, or burns there is a glove that can
protect your hands while still allowing you to effectively
do your job. Let’s take a look at some of the available
types of gloves according to the National Safety Council
 Cotton and fabric gloves: The simplest glove that can
keep your hands clean and protect against minor cuts
and abrasions, might not be tough enough for the
majority of construction work
 Coated fabric gloves: Protection against some
moderate chemicals and liquids.
 Rubber, plastic or synthetic gloves: These types of
glove can be used when cleaning or working with
oils, solvents and other chemicals.
 Leather gloves: One of the most versatile gloves,
protects against heat, cuts and abrasions, perfect for
welding and general construction
 Kevlar gloves: These have a wide variety of
industrial applications. They are cut- and abrasion-
resistant and provide protection against both heat
and cold.
 Chemical/liquid-resistant gloves: There are several
types of gloves used to protect against specific
chemicals. It is best to refer to MSDS sheets and
glove manufacturer recommendations when
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selecting a glove which is right for the chemical or

liquid you are dealing with.
3.Safty belts
 A safety belt is a device that is worn around a
person’s waist to serve as a direct connection point to
a lifeline or elevated structure. It is worn to arrest a
fall and protect a worker from a sudden descent and
associated hazards when working at an elevated
height.
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4.Foot protection
 Foot protection is any piece of personal protective
equipment protecting one’s foot from any injury
while at work or during movement. The foot is a vital
part of our body and since we are on our feet
constantly from day to day, they are more susceptible
to injury. If a foot is injured, our movement may be
temporarily or permanently restricted.
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5.Protective glass
 Construction workers face many workplace hazards. One
such issue that continues to plague construction
companies and their employees: poor eye protection.
 If you operate a construction company, you need to offer

safety glasses to your workers. Construction safety glasses
can help your employees guard against dirt, debris, and
other foreign particles. They can even help you avoid on-
the-job accidents, injuries, and fatalities.
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6.Protective Cloth:
 Personal Protective Clothing refers to any clothing and
work-related accessories that protect employees from
harmful situations while at work. This equipment can be
high visibility clothing, eye protection, and other items that
ensure the employees don’t suffer any injuries while
dealing with damaging substances. It includes items like
safety jackets, safety shoes, etc. That is made from material
that offers protection against chemical splashes, asbestos,
grease, etc. This sort of clothing is designed for auto
workers, construction workers, chemists and any other
industry that exposes you to potential hazards.
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7.Safety net
 Safety nets installed below a high level work area reduce
the distance a person can fall.
 Safety nets are designed to deflect and absorb the energy of
a fall so they reduce the likelihood of a person being
injured.
 There must be enough clear space below the net so that as
the net deflects, the person who has fallen does not strike
an obstacle or the ground.
 Safety nets allow people to work at height without
restricting their movement.
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Chapter 3
Buying guides
58
 Buying guide for Building Materials.:-
The construction of the house involves more than 100 different

types of materials. This is not to scare you but you will be
spending a lot of time towards buying all materials. And to
make this a little easy knowing more than just a name or what
your builder is telling you about the different materials is
always a great idea. Buying building materials also involves
various stages like selection of the right product, search for the
right supplier, right quality or specifications and finally
negotiating a fair deal. But that‘s not it. The second phase starts
from the delivery of the materials at the site, verifying the
quantity and quality delivered at the site, checking the bills of
material delivered and ultimately payments and settling
accounts. We know all this is overwhelmingly time-consuming
and demanding. For sure it is not as easy as one may think if
one is buying all the materials for the house. Sometime you will
be even tempted to leave all these decisions to the builder but
that could be little tricky depends how much you want to trust
some stranger for your dream house. Here we have tried to
provide a basic buying guide which will help you while buying
building materials.
 check out some amazing specific tips for all different types
of materials
 Need or Desire of Material
 Warranty/ Guarantee and Study of Product Literature
 Quantity, Cost and Budget of Material
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 Estimate the Quantity of Buying Materials

 From Where to Buy Building Materials
 Brand, Quality, Testing and Certification
 Testing of Building Materials
 Certification like IS/ANSI/ASTM
 Life of Material
 Right Selection of Material and Supplier.
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1.Buying guide for cement.
1.Cement:-
A cement is a binder, a substance used for construction
that sets, hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind
them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but
rather to bind sand and gravel together. Cement mixed
with fine aggregate produces mortar for masonry, or
with sand and gravel, produces concrete. Concrete is the
most widely used material in existence and is behind only
water as the planet's most-consumed resource.
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PRECAUTIONS WHILE PURCHASING CEMENT:
Cement is the most important raw material used in a building.

You should ensure the quality of ‘Cement’ using the following
guidelines.
1. The cement should be factory manufactured instead of plant

manufactured.
2. The cement should be packed in the bags of synthetic jute or
polypropylene bags.
3. The cement bags should not be hand stitched.
4. The cement bag should bear manufacturer’s name or his
trade mark on it if any.
5. The cement bag should bear the grade and type of cement.
6. The cement bag consignment must have identification mark
on package.
7. The cement bag should indicate the date of manufacturing.
8. One cement bag should have 50 Kg. Weight.
9. The cement bags should not be older than six weeks from
the date of manufacturing.
10. Do not purchase cement bags which are partially set due to
moisture. Do not purchase if there are small lumps in the bags.
11. Do not purchase cement bags which are pressed or have
lumps due to high pressure of stack having more than 10 to 12
bags.
12.Do not take cement bags which are torn by side and stitched
in later.
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1. Points to Check on a Cement Bag Before Buying:-
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Point 1). Properly read the manufacturer’s name and their

registered trademark. If the trademark and name is not
properly printed or there is any spelling mistake, then the
cement bag may be a duplicate version.
Point 2). The ISI mark should be printed on the cement bags in
black colour. The ISI mark confirms that the cement packed in
the bag has fulfilled every requirement of the specifications
Point 3). The grade and type of cement is an important point

to check on a cement bag. A cement bag of OPC 53 must carry
the following words – Ordinary Portland Cement, 53 Grade or
Ordinary Portland Cement, 53-S Grade whichever is applicable.
Point 4). The net weight of cement in kilogram i.e. 25 Kg, 50 Kg

etc. must be mentioned on the cement bag.
Point 5). Check the brand of cement. It is important that the

cement is of a reputed brand. One must also check the cut-
sheet provided by the brand, to gain an understanding
regarding the technical details of the product.
Point 6). MRP (Maximum Retail Price) is an important point to

check on a cement bag. The retailer or seller can fool us by
selling the cement bag at a price higher than the MRP. Hence
checking the MRP before buying the cement bag will help the
consumer to avoid any kind of fraud.
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Point 7). Ascertain that the phrase – ‘Use no Hooks’ or an

equivalent symbol is printed on the cement bag.
Point 8). The batch/control unit number in terms of week,

month and year of packing must be mentioned on the cement
bag. It is advisable to use a cement bag which is recently
packed, usually less than 3 months.
Point 9). The address of the manufacturer must be mentioned

on the bag to facilitate contacting him for future enquiries.
Point 10).The type and percentage of performance improver(s)

added, if added must be mentioned on the cement bag.
Point 11). Particular IS code number should be printed on the

cement bag. i.e. if you have ordered OPC 53 grade cement,
then “IS-12269-1987”should be printed on the cement bag; and
if you have ordered Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), “IS 1489
– 1 -1991″ & “IS 1489 – 2 -1991” should be printed on the
cement bags. It is essential to check if the aforementioned
points are mentioned on a cement bag, prior to purchasing it.
This will ensure that – the cement bags are from a reputed
manufacturer; their quality is standardized; and chances of loss
to the customer are minimized or nullified. After buying cement
bags, it is critical to properly store them and use them within a
few days.
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8 Tips for buying cement:
Tip 1) Types and Grades of cement

(i) Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) – Grade 43 and
Grade 53
The numbers 43 and 53 indicate the compressive strength of
cement in Mega Pascals (MPa). For instance, Grade 43 OPC
attains strength of 43 MPa after a curing period of 28 days.
Which cement is better, 43 grade or 53 grade?

 Grade 43 cement’s setting time is slower than Grade 53
which results in less micro-cracking and long term
strength. It is usually used in general Civil Engineering
construction work i.e. brick masonry, plastering, flooring,
RCC work etc.
 Grade 53 cement attains the strength early compared to
Grade 43 because of its quick setting time. But this may
also lead to micro-cracking. It is usually used in the
scenarios where high early strength is required, like high-
rise buildings and RCC structural works.
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(ii) Portland Pozzolona Cement (PPC)

 PPC gives long term strength and enhances the durability
of structures. PPC is usually used in scenarios where extra
durability is required and preferred in mass construction.
 Because of its resistance to moisture and other aggressive

environments, PPC is typically used for construction works
in and nearby coastal areas
Tip 2) Packaging
 Cement older than 90 days from the date of
manufacturing is not recommended and should be
retested as per IS code requirements. Always check the
date of manufacturing and make sure the cement is fresh
and the bags are machine stitched and not tampered.
 Each cement bag should have manufacturer brand logo,

cement type (OPC or PPC), weight of the cement bag,
manufactured date, license no., ISI mark for meeting
quality standards printed on it.
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Tip 3) Fineness
Cement should be in fine powder form and feel smooth upon
touch, and should be free of granular lumps. Presence of hard
lumps indicates moisture in the cement bag.
Tip 4) Colour
Cement is ideally in greenish grey color and the color spread
should be uniform.
Tip 5)Drop test

Cement when dropped in a bucket of water settles down and
does not float on the water surface
Tip 6) Pricing
Cement prices fluctuate daily and you should check prices of
cement across brands and outlets thoroughly for best prices
before ordering
Tip 7) Storage
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Cement bags should be arranged in a stack in header-and-

stretcher position i.e. alternately length-wise and cross-wise.
This is done to reduce the air circulation as much as possible
and to avoid toppling of the bags in the stack.
Bags should not be let in contact with water and moisture to
avoid lumps.
Tip 6) Delivery
Upon arrival of ordered cement, it’s always a good practice to
check the number of bags delivered and if the number matches
the quantity ordered.
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PRECAUTIONS WHILE TRANSPORTING THE CEMENT

BAGS
1. Care should be taken to carry the bags in a clean vehicle
which is not dustier or on earth etc. It will reduce the strength
of the cement.
2. During monsoon season the cement should be carried under
covered Polythene or ‘Tarpaulin’.
3. Care should be taken that the labor should not tear the bags
while loading and unloading the cement bags.
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WHILE STACKING CEMENT AT SITE

Store cement in a moist proof storage area other wise quality
of cement will be affected.
1. Cement should be stacked in a shed/fumes which is dry, leak
proof and moisture proof.
2. Cement should be placed on dry brick floors, on wooden
crates or on the planks.
3. In any case the cement bags should not be stored on the
earth.
4. The stack should not be higher than 10 bags to avoid lumps
under pressure.
5. The cement bags should not be stacked with outer wall.
6. Cement from different manufacturers should be stacked
separately.
7. The cement should be used on first come first used basis.
8. During monsoon season cement bags should be covered with
polythene.
9. The cement bags should be kept close together to reduce air
circulation.
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How to Check the Quality of Cement at Site?
Following are the various easy site tests which are carried out
by every concrete expert on construction site. Even a normal
person can effortlessly perform these tests and can comfortably
find out whether the cement is of good quality or not.
1. Checking the manufacturing Date of cement
2. Checking the Presence of Lumps Inside the Cement
Bags
3. Float Test
4. Colour Test
5. Temperature Test
6. Test to Check Addition of Another Substance
7. Testing the Odour:
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1. Checking the Manufacturing Date of Cement:-

The manufacturing date of cement should be checked on the
cement bag. As discussed above, fresh cement will have good
quality but under the effect of environment, and with respect
to time, the quality is affected and so is its efficiency. Hence, as
a general practice, first check the age of cement by checking
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the printed manufacturing date on cement bags before you use

it on construction site. To know more, read.
2.Checking the Presence of Lumps Inside the Cement Bags:-
Open the bag and take a good look at the cement. Ensure that
you do not see any lumps over. Lumps are formed when the
packed cement bag comes in contact with the moisture. If
lumps are visible in the cement bags, it indicates that the
strength of cement is being compromised. Hence necessary
precaution must be taken while staking the cement on site. In
order to know how to protect the cement from moisture,
please refer the following: Precautions while Storing Cement
Bags in Godown.
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3.Float Test:-
The excess amount of dust present in the cement reduces the
strength of cement. Hence cement is tested by throwing small
quantity of cement in a bucket of water. If the cement floats on
the water for a few minutes before it sinks, such cement should
be considered as good quality cement. The immediate sinking
of cement indicates the presence of impurities in the cement
which indicates the bad quality of cement. Such cement will
reduce the strength of cement.
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4.Colour Test:-
Ordinary Portland cement has normally dark greenish-grey
colour. Hence, check the colour of cement before you use it on
the construction site. The light grey colour of cement indicates
that the cement may be an older one or it may be under the
attack of moisture.
However, one should not get confused with different shades of
cement. Nowadays, various types of cement are available in the
market with different shades, depending upon the raw
materials used in the manufacturing of cement.
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5.Temperature Test:-
Cement has a tendency to remain cool while it is in bag. This
means, when you touch it, you feel cool. Hence insert your
hand into the cement bag to check the temperature of cement.
If the inside temperature of cement is less, the cement should
be considered of good quality.
6.Test to Check Addition of Another Substance:-

Cement is a very fine material. Hence when you rub the cement
between your fingers, it gives a smooth feeling. Such cement
should be considered good cement. However, if you feel gritty
or feel rough, it means that other substances like silt are
present in the cement which may lower the strength of it.
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7.Testing the Odour:-

The presence of clay or silt also can be evaluated by smelling
the cement. If the cement contains too much of pounded clay
and silt as an adulterant, the paste will give an earthy smell.
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8) Setting time
 Take 100g of cement and a small quantity of water.
Now make a stiff paste of it. Prepare a cake with
sharp edges and put on the glass plate and slowly
take it underwater in a bucket. See that the shape of
the cake is not disturbed while taking it down to the
bottom of the bucket. After 24 hours, the cake
should retain its original shape, and at the same it
should set and attain some strength.
 As per ‘Portland Cement Association’, cement is
manufactured through a closely controlled chemical
combination of calcium, silicon, aluminium, iron and
other ingredients.
 Though the cement is produced in a controlled
environment and carefully packed, somehow it
becomes impossible to maintain the quality of
cement due to the various reasons. In such cases,
the structure does not perform well.
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Best cement companies in india and prices
80
2. Buying guide for TMT steel:-

 Construction of house needs different materials and hence
needs study. The general guide points have been discussed
by us in Material Buying Guide In General. Here we discuss
buying guide for steel.
 One need to do adequate research when you plan to buy
steel bars. The steel bars are important for the life of the
structural system. They are known as rebars in short form.
They are also known as reinforcing bar or reinforcement
steel.
 Steel bars and cement are the most important materials
used in the building. The strength of building is directly
related to the strength of steel bars.
 The strength of the structure depends upon several factors
such as design, quality of building materials, etc. Therefore
it is very important to choose good quality TMT steel bars
for construction, whether you are constructing your dream
home or a commercial building
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There are two types of steel bars in the market

1)Mild Steel Bars:
Mild steel bars are plain in surface and are round sections
of diameter from 6 to 50 mm. They can be manufactured
in long length and can be cut quickly and bend easily
without damage.
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2)High Strength Deformed Steel Bars

 High strength deformed steel bars are provided with
lugs, ribs or deformation on the surface of the bar to
improve the bond with the concrete. They are also
twisted to improve the bond with the concrete.
 Cold twisted deformed bars (Ribbed or Tor Steel Bars)
are recommended as best quality steel bars for
construction work.
 They are available in Grade Fe415, Fe415D, Fe500,

Fe500D, Fe550, Fe550D, and Fe600.Fe indicates the
specified 0.2 percent proof stress or yield stress in
Newton per square millimeter.You will have to spend
a lot of time towards reviewing types, brands and its
grade while buying
01. Why do You Want to Buy Steel Bars?
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 Steel bars are needed as reinforcement in RCC

structure. Concrete is the materials that is very weak in
tension but strong in compression. To compensate for
this imbalance of concrete, we provide steel bars in
concrete to increase its tensile strength.
 You therefore have to select the right type and grade
of steel bars depending on your requirement or as
considered in structural design/structural drawing by
the structural engineer.
 First you have to decide why and where do you need
steel? i.e. for foundation, slab, and beam, column or
for water tank and where is your area located? I.e.
near the sea shore is It in corrosion prone area? You
may than need CRS steel.
02. Quality and Specification of Steel Bars:

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You can check the quality of steel bars by following steps
 Buy only that grade of steel, as prescribed in drawing.

 Check the identification mark on the bars from the
manufacturing company. Identification mark will be
marked at every running meter of the bar length.
 There should not be any rust film on bars. Always buy
steel bars, which are rust free.
 Check the diameter of the bar by vernier calliper and
it should be the same as specified in drawing.
a) Steel Rolling Margin:

 Check the percentage of deviation (Rolling Margin) in
weight of reinforcement steel.
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 Rolling margin is very important when you buy in

tonnes, and you get paid in lengths.
 Avoid using steel from those rolling mills which use
“rerolled or scrap steel” as a row material. These are
likely to have higher carbon content, which are prone
to high corrosion.
b) Always ask for “chemical composition” test from the

supplier. Apart from other material, the content of carbon
is very important. It should not be more that 0.25 percent
as it would accelerate corrosion and which will not only
reduce the life of building but also will increase periodical
repairing work.
c) Readymade Cut Bars:

Normally in advanced countries, people don’t buy steel,
but they buy “Readymade cut bars” as per designed length
and shape i.e. as per bar bending schedule.
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They have to be simply placed in position. But here also

you need to exercise many of the above points.
When you buy “Readymade Cut bars”, check the

following
 Check the shape and length of each type of bar as per

bar bending schedule.
 Check nos and stack each bar separately.
 Always check the hooks, its shape and length.
 Check the quantity.
d) Certification:
Check whether the steel bars you buy bears a national

certification like ASTM A706, JIS G3112, BS4449, ASTM
A615, JIS G3109 and IS 432 (Mild Steel Bar), IS 1786 (High
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Strength Deformed Steel Bar) etc. The certification assures

you about its quality as well as the reputation of the
manufacturer.
03. Study of Product Literature:
When you buy steel bars, you should read all the technical
specifications which are either described in the product
literature or on the manufacturer’s website. We have to
check whether the product specification represented by
sales persons and the literature confirms or not. Try to
understand and follow all the cautions of use and advice
for use, etc. As per the written specifications in the
literature. It is also necessary to read the terms and
condition of warranty, guarantee, etc.
04. Finance
 Budget:
You may economise and save on each and every individual
item, but you should not save on steel bars. They are the
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definite requirement of your house and directly related to

safety and stability of your house.
It is advisable to provide steel bars as specified in drawing
or as instructed by the structural consultant. Some people
avoid consulting the structural consultant and providing
the steel as per thumb rule to save the fees of the
structural consultant. They forgot that every structure has
carried different behaviour and one cannot use the same
thumb rule for different structures. Do not get away by
idiotic thumb rule of using this 2 to 3 kg of steel per Sq.ft.
One thing we can tell you that thumb rules will raise your
budget in future as they ultimately increase the cost of
repairing work. They either excess your budget by over
design or reduce the lifespan of the structure by under
design.
 The Quantity You Want to Buy:
You should also estimate the exact quantity of steel
diameter wise. The wastage of steel bars will cost you high.
You need to work out quantity in advance so you can
bargain with the supplier or distributor
 Where is it Available, From Where to Buy Steel Bars?
You must search for the right supplier or distributor and
their location. You should also find out whether it is
directly available from the manufacturers or distributors or
retailers etc. The price will definitely depend on from
whom you buy the steel bars.
 The Cost of Transport/Taxes
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The cost of transportation, taxes and duties including the

cost of loading and unloading at the site are the necessary
point to remember as they also affect your budget while
buying steel bars. Steel being heavy material, they form
substantial weight and hence higher cost of the
transportation.
05. Brand:
Always use the popular brand of steel bars as they may

have a certain quality. It is advisable to use the brand
suggested by your structural consultant or use the
government-approved brand or ISI brand.
The Price of steel bars vary between Rs 30 to Rs 60 per kg.
Kamdhenu, Thermax, Tata Tiscon, Jindal, Essar, Vizag and
Electro are the popular brands of steel bars in India who
make different types of steel with different grade.
06. Buy Steel Bars after Testing:
a) Hardness Test:
 Take 1 m length from each diameter of bars
belonging to different lots. Bend the bar by applying
pressure at both ends with your hands.
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 Observe the bend portion. It should be smooth.

 If the steel is not of good quality, it may break or
develop cracks on the surface. Such steel should be
rejected.
b) Weight Checking:
 Take the exactly 1-meter length of each diameter of
the bars on the random basis.
 Weigh each sample on a weighting scale.
 Compare the weight with the theoretical weights
given in codes and assume rolling margin.
 The difference in weight which is called rolling margin
should not be more than 5%.
07. Life of Material:

 The steel bars are generally one-time purchase, and it
has a long lasting service life when embedded in
concrete. If we leave them in open environment, they
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get corroded fast. Hence try to use them as early as

possible or store steel bars in warehouse.
 You can buy steel bars in 8 mm (18 nos per bundle),
10 mm (12 nos per bundle), 12 mm (8 nos per
bundle), and 16 mm (5 nos per bundle) sizes. They are
commonly used for house construction. You can also
buy steel bars with the bigger diameter of 20 mm (3
nos per bundle), 25 mm, 28 mm, and 32 mm, which
are used for high-rise buildings only. They are
generally packed in the bundle, and above 20 mm
diameter, they are available in the single piece.
3. Buying guide for Brick:-
Bricks are building blocks of a structure. Brick is most
extensively used materials of the building construction.
As an Engineer, you must know how to check the quality of

bricks on site. A good quality of brick should be chemically inert
that means it won’t show any reaction when it mixed with any
material.
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Brick is the simplest and most ancient of all building materials.

It is a very popular building material used in the construction of
residential and commercial buildings. Brick is basically used in
the construction of brick walls. It is also used in flooring,
partition wall, retaining walls, etc. Bricks are used as per its
different colours, sizes and orientations to get different surface
designs. As an aesthetic material, bricks can be used as facing
bricks, cladding, architectural purposes known exposed
brickwork.
Buying guide
1. Uniform Colour, Size, and Shape:

Colour & shape of Brick:-
A good quality of bricks should be well burnt and have a colour
of rich red or Copper colour, any other colour other than above
resembles that brick is under burnt or over-burnt. If bricks are
over or under-burnt, then it loses it shape.
Size of Brick:-
Brick should be uniform in size it shouldn’t have any bulks on
edges. More the bulking in brick needs more mortar. It
ultimately increases the cost of a building. A good brick should
be sharp at edges.
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A good quality of bricks should have an accurate dimension

whereas +/- 3 tolerance is allowed
2. Hardness of brick:-
Best quality of brick should resist the scratches against sharp
things. Scratch the brick using your fingernail or sharp tool. A
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good brick should not show any impression or scratch of a

fingernail on the brick.
3. Homogeneity:-
Break the brick and examine it. A good quality brick should
be homogeneous, compact and with zero lumps.
4.Water absorption:-
A good brick should absorb less than 20% of water when it is
immersed in water for 24hrs. If the brick absorbs more than the
allowable limit. It absorbs water from cement mortar during its
bonding. This eventually affects the brick bonding strength.
Water absorption test on brick:-
To test the water absorption follow the below procedure:
Take a brick and weight it as (W1)
Now immerse the brick in water for 24 hrs. and then weight it
as (W2)
Find out the percentage increase of brick weight by adopting
below formula
Water absorption in the brick formula:
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5.Brick Earth:-
The composition of Brick should be free from stones,
kankare and other chemicals.
6.Soundness of Brick:-
Take two bricks one in each hand and stuck it each other a
good brick hears a metallic sound or ringing sound. If brick
breaks without sound then it isn’t suitable for
construction.
Throw the brick at the height of 1.5m to the ground. A

good quality brick won’t break when it is fallen from the
1.5m height.
7.Examine frog in brick:-

Check the size of the frog and it should be 100mm x
40mm x 10mm. Any other lesser size of frog leads to
improper motor filling and requires more amount of mortar
96
if the frog dimensions are more than above which makes

structure uneconomical.
4.Buying guide for Sand:-

Sand is a major component of concrete and without the sand,
concrete will not function as intended. Its main purpose is to fill
the voids between the Coarse Aggregate (popularly known as
Stone Chips), while Cement and water bind together sand and
stone chips to get concrete as the product. Sand increases the
workability of concrete. It even indirectly increases the strength
of concrete. Therefore we have listed here some buying tips for
sand to be used in construction works. For procurement of
sand, following things to be carefully noticed.
1) Sand shall be hard, strong, dense, and durable, clean
with uncoated grains.
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2) The maximum size of the particles shall be 4.75 mm

(3/l6 in) and shall be graded down.
3) The sand shall not contain any harmful materials such
as iron, Pyrites, coal, mica, silt, clay, alkali, sea shells
organic impurities, loam etc. Or in case of reinforced
concrete work, any materials which might attack the
reinforcement or detrimental to concrete.
4) The silt content shall be within 8%.
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Before so much as beginning to lay a foundation, property

owners and contractors new to their professions should take
the time to familiarize themselves with the different sizes and
shapes of sand available. They range from fill sand to frac sand,
mason sand, and beyond. Read on to find out about frac sand
and other available options and get some helpful tips for
choosing the right one.
Tip #1: Learn the Types of Sand

Sand is a fine aggregate derived from natural sources such as
the beach or created by crushing rock into tiny granules. Each
type of sand is derived from different source materials, with
frac sand on the finer end of the spectrum usually composed
primarily of quartz, which produces a durable, uniform grain
and concrete sand from a combination of gneiss, trap rock,
granite, and limestone.
The types of sand used in construction are typically coarser and
slightly larger. Pit sand, river sand, and concrete sand all play
important roles in construction in that they are all frequently
used for concrete foundations and pads. Their non-uniform
shape and larger size create stronger cement.
Tip #2: Understand the Applications
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Don’t just buy a bunch of sand and assume that it will be a good
fit for any project. Determine exactly which building
applications will require sand in advance and purchase one or
more of the varieties of sand described above to meet the
project’s unique needs.
Mixing concrete is just one application for sand in a building
project. Fill sand, an aggregate composed of grains of many
shapes and sizes is perfect for raising areas that need filling in
since it can be compacted and it drains better than many other
varieties. For finishing work that requires plastering, mason’s
sand offers a consistently fine grit and uniform shape that
provides a smoother finish.
Tip #3: Choose a Reputable Supplier

The best way to ensure that the sand being used in a building
project is the right coarseness and size is to find a reliable
supplier. Work with a company that offers a variety of different
sands and will offer detailed information about each of its
products.
Some suppliers produce their own sand, while others purchase
it from mines or manufacturers. Don’t be afraid to ask about
the source of the sand and what kinds of testing its
manufacturer uses to ensure consistent quality.
This is especially relevant when buying manufactured sand, or
M-sand, which comes in a wide variety of gradations, colors,
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and levels of purity. Even natural sand should undergo batch

testing for potential impurities and careful screening to ensure
that it meets buyers’ specifications.
There are a lot of different varieties of sand out there and each
has a different intended application. When choosing sand for a
new construction project, project managers should be
particular about where their sand is coming from and how its
manufacturer has tested its quality. They should work with a
supplier that has representatives available to answer questions
they may have and should be confident they’re working with
the right materials to produce the best possible results.
There are different methods for testing of sand quality at
construction site for concrete construction. Quality of sand is as
much of importance as other materials for concrete.
Aggregate most of which pass through 4.75 mm IS sieve is
known as fine aggregate. Fine aggregate shall consists of
natural sand, crushed stone sand, crushed gravel sand stone
dust or arable dust, fly ash and broken brick (burnt clay).
It shall be hard, durable, chemically inert, clean and free from
adherent coatings, organic matter etc. And shall not contain
any appreciable amount of clay balls or pellets and harmful
impurities e.g. iron pyrites, alkalis, salts, coal, mica, shale or
similar laminated materials in such form or in such quantities as
to cause corrosion of metal or affect adversely the strength, the
durability or the appearance of mortar, plaster or concrete.
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The sum of the percentages of all deleterious material shall not

exceed 5%. Fine aggregate must be checked for organic
impurities such as decayed vegetation humps, coal dust etc
Following are the tests for sand at construction site:

Organic impurities test – this test is conducted at the field, for
every 20 cum or part thereof.
Silt content test – this is also a field test and to be conducted
for every 20 cum.
Particle size distribution – this test can be conducted at site or
in laboratory for every 40 cum of sand.
Bulking of sand – this test is conducted at site for every 20 cum
of sand. Based on bulking of sand, suitable water cement ratio
is calculated for concrete at site.
1. Test for Silt Content Test of Sand
The maximum quantity of silt in sand shall not exceed 8%.
Fine aggregate containing more than allowable percentage
of silt shall be washed so as to bring the silt content within
allowable limits.
2. Test for Grading of sand
102
On the basis of particle size, fine aggregate is graded into

four zones. Where the grading falls outside the limits of
any particular grading zone of sieves, other than 600
micron IS sieve, by a total amount not exceeding 5
percent, it shall be regarded as falling within that grading
zone.
3. Test for Deleterious materials in sand

Sand shall not contain any harmful impurities such as iron,
pyrites, alaklies, salts, coal or other organic impurities,
mica, shale or similar laminated materials, soft fragments,
sea shale in such form or in such quantities as to affect
adversely the hardening, strength or durability of the
mortar.
The maximum quantities of clay, fine silt, fine dust and
organic impurities in the sand / marble dust shall not
exceed the following limits:
(a) Clay, fine silt and fine dust when determined in
accordance within not more than 5% by mass in IS
2386 (Part-II), natural sand or crushed gravel sand
and crushed stone sand.
(b) Organic impurities when determined in colour of
the liquid shall be lighter in lighter in accordance with
IS 2386 (Part –II) than that specified in the code.
4. Test for Bulking of sand
103
Fine aggregate, when dry or saturated, has almost the

same volume but dampness causes increase in volume. In
case fine aggregate is damp at the time of proportioning
the ingredients for mortar or concrete, its quantity shall be
increased suitably to allow for bulkage.
Table below gives the relation between moisture

content and percentage of bulking for guidance only.
Moisture content (%) Bulking percentage (by
volume)
2 15
3 20
4 25
5 30
104
105
Buying guide for granite

 Granite is in high demand due to its durability and long-
lasting quality. However, not all the granite you see in the
market is identical – whether physically or in terms of
quality. Consequently, you should consider using a granite
buying guide for that purpose.
 Granite is a natural stone composed of igneous rocks like
mica, feldspar, and quartz. It has been used for various
construction purposes in buildings, monuments, and
homes from times immemorial. Today, we use it for
different purposes like flooring, kitchen countertops,
building blocks, tiles, staircases, and many more.
 However, once chosen, your granite floor or kitchen
countertop can last for years and serve you well. There are
several variants of granite differing in looks, texture,
patterns, porosity, and more. You should consider all these
features and their pros and cons before making a decision.
106
What Is The Cost Of Granite?
Sr no. Name of granite Price of Image

granite(average
)
1 Telephone black ₹144/sq.feet

granite
2 Black pearl ₹71/sq.feet

granite
3 Black galaxy ₹152/sq.feet

granite
4 Pearl white ₹75/sq.feet

granite
5 Steel gray ₹58/sq.feet

granite
107
6 Dark steel grey ₹71/sq feet

granite
7 Kashmir white ₹82/sq.feet

granite
8 Alaska White ₹212/sq feet

granite
9 Blue pearl ₹112/sq feet

granite
10 Jet black granite ₹120/ sq feet
108
109
110

Industrial Training: Government Polytechnic Ahmednagar

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Industrial Training: Government Polytechnic Ahmednagar

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By Suryawanshi harshal

Government Polytechnic Ahmednagar

BY SURYAWANSHI HARSHAL SANTRAM (ROLL-NO 53, CE5i)

PROJECT GUIDE – MRS.R.B.RAO

As it is often said, life is mixture of achievements, failures, experiences,

1. Introduction about site

2. Major and minor equipment

3. Buying guides for material

Introduction about site

MAJOR AND MINOR EQUIPMENT

What is construction tools?

Construction Tools List for Building Construction

Some important construction tools and their uses are listed

 A flexible ruler used to measure size or distance is a tape

Fig 2.1 Tape

How to read tape :

 Everyone should learn to use a measure tape because

 First, we will see how the marking is done on measuring

 Let’s understand measuring tape reading with some

How To Read A Measuring Tape In Inches and Fee

How To Read A Measuring Tape In mm, cm & meter

Common 5M steel Tape Price is 70 to 100 rs.

 It is a hand tool used in brickwork, stonework, or

Fig 2.2 Trowel

 Price: 150 rs per piece

 A plumb bob, plumb bob level, or plummet, is a

Fig 2.3 Plumb Bob

 This tool has a plane surface used to make concrete surface

smooth during plastering and finishing.

 Price:- Wooden Float Price is depending upon it’s

 Purpose : Crowbars are commonly used to open nailed

 Price:- PYTHON Crow Bar 300mm X 12mm and 600mm X

 Purpose : These tools are used to shape, carve, and

 Price : price of chisel is depending upon size and shape

 Purpose :A tamper is a tool with a long handle and a

13.Right angle frame

 Purpose : It is used to check the right angle of

14. Hand saw

 Purpose: used to cut pieces of wood into different shape

 Price:- price of common hand saw is 60 rs.

 Purpose : It is a small tool that is used to check the

 Price :Line Level common Price is 200 rs.

16. Water level :

 Purpose :An U-shaped tube is used to check the

 Price :PVC Water Level Pipe, Rs 10/meter

 Purpose : A putty knife is a hand tool used in putty

 Purpose: These are used by bricklayers to align the

 Purpose :It is used to scratch first layer of plastering.

20) Straight edge brush

 Purpose :It is used to provide good finishing to the

 Price : 169 per 3 set

Construction equipment for building construction

 Some important construction equipment and their

 It is an electrically driven polishing machine used to

 They are also used to polish a wooden floor and prepare it

 A drill is a tool used for making round holes or

 The circular saw is perhaps the most commonly used

 Jackhammers are useful—but one of the most

 The jackhammer itself is heavy, so, only appropriate

 A welding machine is a device used to join materials

 Different materials can be welded, although the welding

 Dewatering pumps are centrifugal pumps installed in a

 Dewatering pumps are used to remove water from a