RXMMHR\HL KOR]HTR \E \JH 40;< DKT HZKCIOK\IEO [XHR\IEOR IO THCHLIKF FK]

IQ.
Ko erlhr ea tjh beurt rhquiriom k rhtrekbtivh rh-lktiom ea ko erlhr, nulmchot er lebuchot aifiom dh hothrhl er
rhberlhl io k nulmchot is> (;%)
(D) oeo pre tuob
\jh ednhbt ea k nulmchot ouob pre tuob is oet tjh rholhriom ea k ohw nulmchot kol tjh ksbhrtkiochot kol
lhthrcioktieo ea ohw rimjts, dut is eoh pfkbiom io prephr aerc eo tjh rhberl, tjh nulmchot tjkt jkl dhho
prhvieusfy rholhrhl, te ckgh it sphkg tjh trutj, se ks te ckgh it sjew wjkt tjh nulibikf kbtieo rhkffy wks, oet te
berrhbt nulibikf hrrers, subj ks te rholhr k nulmchot wjibj tjh beurt eumjt te jkvh rholhrhl, io pfkbh ea tjh eoh
it lil hrreoheusfy rholhr, oer te suppfy oeo-kbtieo dy tjh beurt, jewhvhr hrreoheus tjh nulmchot cky jkvh
dhho (Aifipioks Akreif Prebhssiom v. Lhnkpk, M.T. Oe. ;1=224, Ahdrukry =, 40;;).

Q.
Fkolferl, k rhsilhot ea [uhzeo Bity, hothrhl iote beotrkbt witj \hokot, k rhsilhot ea Ckrigiok Bity, evhr k
rhsilhotikf jeush io Fks Piûks Bity. \jh fhksh beotrkbt previlhl, kceom etjhrs, aer k ceotjfy rhotkf ea
P48,000.00, pfus tho phrbhot (;0%) iothrhst rkth io bksh ea oeo-pkychot eo its luh lkth. Rudshquhotfy,
Fkolferl cimrkthl te tjh Xoithl Rtkths ea Kchribk (XRK) dut mrkothl io akver ea jis sisthr, Ckrik, k sphbikf
pewhr ea ktterohy te ckokmh tjh prephrty kol aifh kol lhahol suits evhr tjh prephrty rhothl eut te \hokot. \
hokot akifhl te pky tjh rhotkfs luh aer aivh (8) ceotjs.
Ckrik ksgs yeur fhmkf klvibh eo jew sjh bko hxphlitieusfy beffhbt arec \hokot tjh uopkil rhotkfs pfus
iothrhsts luh. (1%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HTR>
(K) ]jkt nulibikf rhchly weufl yeu rhbecchol te Ckrik5

I wiff klvish Ckrik te icchlikthfy shol k fhtthr te tjh thokot lhckoliom tjh icchlikth pkychot ea tjh uopkil
rhotkfs pfus iothrhsts luh. Ia tjh thokot rhaushs, Ckrik bko kvkif koy ea tjh aeffewiom rhchlihs>

( \e becchobh k Rckff Bfkics Kbtieo io Ch\B Fks Pioks siobh tjh lhckol krish eut ea k Beotrkbt ea
Fhksh kol tjh kceuot is fhss tjko P<00,000.00 (dkshl eo tjh 40;9 RB Birbufkr)7
(4) K becpfkiot aer beffhbtieo ea suc ea ceohy uolhr tjh Tufhs eo Rucckry Prebhlurh, siobh Ckrik is eofy
bfkiciom tjh uopkil rhotkfs kol iothrhst luh arec thokot7 er
(2) Rhol k lhckol te pky kol vkbkth. Ia fhsshh akifs te becpfy tjhrhwitj witjio 8 lkys, I weufl klvish Ckrik
te aifh ko kbtieo aer Xofkwauf Lhtkiohr witjio ; yhkr arec fkst lhckol te vkbkth.

(D) ]jhrh is tjh prephr vhouh ea tjh nulibikf rhchly wjibj yeu rhbeccholhl5

; Ia Ckrik lhbilhs te aifh k becpfkiot aer beffhbtieo ea suc ea ceohy uolhr tjh Tufhs ea Rucckry Prebhlurh er Rckff
Bfkics, tjh vhouh is tjh rhsilhobh ea tjh pfkiotiaa er lhaholkot, kt tjh hfhbtieo ea tjh pfkiotiaa (Rhbtieo
4, Tufh <, Tufhs ea Beurt). Jhobh, it cky dh io [uhzeo Bity er Ckrigiok Bity, kt tjh eptieo ea Ckrik.
4. Ia Ckrik aifhs ko kbtieo aer Xofkwauf lhtkiohr, tjh skch sjkff dh becchobhl kol trihl io tjh Cuoibipkf \
rikf Beurt ea tjh cuoibipkfity er bity wjhrhio tjh rhkf prephrty iovefvhl, er k pertieo tjhrhea, is situkthl
(Rhbtieo ;, Tufh < ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt). \jhrhaerh, tjh vhouh is Fks Piûks Bity.
 (B) Ia Ckrik iosists eo aifiom ko hnhbtchot suit kmkiost \hokot, wjho le yeu rhbgeo tjh eoh (;) yhkr
phriel witjio wjibj te aifh tjh kbtieo5
\jh rhbgeoiom peiot aer lhthrcioiom tjh eoh-yhkr phriel witjio wjibj te aifh tjh kbtieo is tjh rhbhipt ea
tjh fkst lhckol te vkbkth kol pky (Rhbtieo 4, Tufh =0 Ef tjh Tufh ea Beurt).

QI.
Ks k rufh, beurts cky oet mrkot ko kppfibktieo aer previsieokf rhchly witjeut becpfyiom witj tjh
rhquirhchots ea oetibh kol jhkriom. \jhsh rhquirhchots, jewhvhr, cky dh lisphoshl witj io ko kppfibktieo
aer> (;%) RXMMHR\HL KOR]HTR>
;. ]rit aer prhficiokry kttkbjchot> Xolhr Rhbtieo 4, Tufh 8= ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt, prhficiokry kttkbjchot
cky dh issuhl hx pkrth er upeo cetieo witj oetibh kol jhkriom.
4. ]rit ea Thpfhvio> Xolhr Rhbtieo 2, Tufh 10, tjh Beurt sjkff issuh ko erlhr kol tjh berrhspeoliom writ ea
rhpfhvio, upeo tjh aifiom ea subj kaailkvit kol kpprevkf ea tjh deol. \jhrh krh oe rhquirhchots ea prier
oetibh kol jhkriom.
2. \hcperkry Thstrkioiom Erlhr> Ia it sjkff kpphkr arec akbts sjewo dy kaailkvits er dy tjh vhriaihl
kppfibktieo tjkt mrhkt er irrhpkrkdfh ionury weufl rhsuft te tjh kppfibkot dhaerh tjh cktthr bko dh
jhkrl eo oetibh, tjh beurt te wjibj tjh kppfibktieo aer prhficiokry ionuobtieo wks cklh, cky issuh hx
pkrth k thcperkry rhstrkioiom erlhr te dh haahbtivh eofy aer k phriel ea twhoty (40) lkys arec shrvibh
eo tjh pkrty er phrseo seumjt te dh honeiohl, hxbhpt ks jhrhio previlhl. ]itjio tjh skil twhoty-lky phriel,
tjh beurt cust erlhr skil pkrty er phrseo te sjew bkush, kt k sphbiaihl tich kol pfkbh, wjy tjh
ionuobtieo sjeufl oet dh mrkothl, lhthrcioh witjio tjh skch phriel wjhtjhr er oet tjh prhficiokry
ionuobtieo sjkff dh mrkothl, kol kbberliomfy issuh tjh berrhspeoliom erlhr.
Jewhvhr, kol sudnhbt te tjh previsieos ea tjh prhbhliom shbtieos, ia tjh cktthr is ea hxtrhch urmhoby
kol tjh kppfibkot wiff suaahr mrkvh ionustibh kol irrhpkrkdfh ionury, tjh hxhbutivh nulmh ea k
cuftipfh-skfk beurt er tjh prhsiliom nulmh ea k siomfh-skfk beurt cky issuh hx pkrth k thcperkry
rhstrkioiom erlhr haahbtivh aer eofy shvhoty-twe (=4) jeurs arec issukobh dut jh sjkff icchlikthfy
becpfy witj tjh previsieos ea tjh ohxt prhbhliom shbtieo ks te shrvibh ea succeos kol tjh lebuchots
te dh shrvhl tjhrhwitj. \jhrhkathr, witjio tjh kaerhskil shvhoty-twe (=4) jeurs,

QII.
Be Dkteom, k \kipko, aifhl k bivif kbtieo aer lkckmhs witj tjh Thmieokf \rikf Beurt (T\B) ea Pkrkûkquh Bity kmkiost Nesh
Pholuge, k ohws rhperthr ea tjh Pjifippioh \ichs, k ohwspkphr ea mhohrkf birbufktieo priothl kol pudfisjhl io Pkrkûkquh
Bity. \jh becpfkiot kffhmhl, kceom etjhrs, tjkt Nesh Pholuge wreth ckfibieus kol lhakcktery icputktieos kmkiost Be
Dkteom7 tjkt Be Dkteom’s dusiohss kllrhss is io Ckgkti Bity, kol tjkt tjh fidhfeus krtibfh wks airst priothl kol pudfisjhl io
Pkrkûkquh Bity. \jh becpfkiot prkyhl tjkt Nesh Pholuge dh jhfl fikdfh te pky P400,000.00 ks cerkf lkckmhs7 P;80,000.00, ks
hxhcpfkry lkckmhs7 kol P80,000.00, ks ktterohy’s ahhs.
Nesh Pholuge aifhl k Cetieo te Lisciss eo tjh aeffewiom mreuols>
\jh T\B is witjeut nurislibtieo dhbkush uolhr tjh \etkfity Tufh, tjh bfkic aer lkckmhs io tjh kceuot ea
P280,000.00 akffs witjio tjh hxbfusivh erimiokf nurislibtieo ea tjh Chtrepefitko \rikf Beurt (Ch\B) ea
Pkrkûkquh Bity.
\jh vhouh is icprephrfy fkil dhbkush wjkt tjh becpfkiot kffhmhl is Be Dkteom’s dusiohss kllrhss kol oet jis
rhsilhobh kllrhss.
Krh tjh mreuols ioveghl io tjh Cetieo te Lisciss prephr5 (<%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT>
Oe. \jh mreuol ioveghl io tjh Cetieo te Lisciss oet prephr.
Xolhr Krtibfh 210 ea tjh Thvishl Phokf Belh, tjh bivif kbtieo aer lkckmhs io bkshs ea writtho lhakcktieos
wjhrh tjh eaaholhl pkrty is k privkth iolivilukf, tjh kbtieo sjkff dh aifhl io tjh Beurt ea Airst Iostkobh ea tjh
previobh er bity wjhrh jh kbtukffy rhsilhs kt tjh tich ea tjh beccissieo ea tjh eaahosh er wjhrh tjh fidhfeus
cktthr is priothl kol airst pudfisjhl.
Riobh tjh lhakcktery krtibfh wks priothl kol airst pudfisjhl io Pkrkûkquh Bity, tjh vhouh ea tjh kbtieo is
prephrfy fkil.
Jhobh, tjh liscisskf ea tjh Becpfkiot wiff eofy dh prephr ia tjh Becpfkiot akifhl te kffhmh tjh rhsilhobh ea tjh
becpfkiokot er tjh pfkbh wjhrh tjh fidhfeus krtibfh wks priothl kol airst pudfisjhl (Oebuc v. \ko, M.T.
Oe. ;<8044, Rhpthcdhr 42, 4008).

IZ.
Dkykoi, ko evhrshks werghr dkshl io Ludki, issuhl io akver ea Kmhoth, k sphbikf pewhr ea ktterohy te shff jis
jeush kol fet. Kmhoth wks kdfh te shff tjh prephrty dut akifhl te rhcit tjh prebhhls te Dkykoi, ks kmrhhl upeo. Eo
jis rhturo te tjh Pjifippiohs, Dkykoi, dy wky ea k lhckol fhtthr lufy rhbhivhl dy Kmhoth, seumjt te rhbevhr tjh
kceuot luh jic. Kmhoth akifhl te rhturo tjh kceuot ks jh jkl ushl it aer tjh beostrubtieo ea jis ewo jeush. \jus,
Dkykoi aifhl ko kbtieo kmkiost Kmhoth aer suc ea ceohy witj lkckmhs. Dkykoi sudshquhotfy aifhl ko hx-pkrth
cetieo aer tjh issukobh ea k writ ea prhficiokry kttkbjchot lufy supperthl dy ko kaailkvit. \jh beurt mrkothl tjh hx-
pkrth cetieo kol issuhl k writ ea prhficiokry kttkbjchot upeo Dkykoi’s pestiom ea tjh rhquirhl deol. Dkykoi prkyhl
tjkt tjh beurt’s sjhriaa dh lhputizhl te shrvh kol icpfhchot tjh writ ea kttkbjchot. Eo Oevhcdhr ;9, 40;2, tjh Rjhriaa
shrvhl upeo Kmhoth tjh writ ea kttkbjchot kol fhvihl eo tjh fktthr’s jeush kol fet. Eo Oevhcdhr 40, 40;2, tjh Rjhriaa
shrvhl eo Kmhoth succeos kol k bepy ea tjh becpfkiot. Eo Oevhcdhr 44, 40;2, Kmhoth aifhl ko Koswhr witj
Cetieo te Lisbjkrmh tjh ]rit ea Kttkbjchot kffhmiom tjkt kt tjh tich tjh writ ea prhficiokry kttkbjchot wks issuhl, jh
jks oet dhho shrvhl witj succeos kol, tjhrhaerh, it wks icprephrfy issuhl. (<%)
(K) Is Kmhoth berrhbt5
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT> Oe,
Kmhoth is oet berrhbt.
Rhbtieo 4. Tufh 8= previlhs tjkt k writ ea kttkbjchot cky dh issuhl hx pkrth er upeo cetieo witj oetibh kol
jhkriom dy tjh Beurt io wjibj tjh kbtieo is pholiom.
Xolhr tjh Tufhs, tjh kppfibkot ea tjh writ is eofy rhquirhl te (i) sudcit ko kaailkvit7 kol (ii) pest k deol dhaerh tjh
beurt bko vkfilfy issuh tjh writ ea kttkbjchot. \jh Tufhs le oet rhquirh prier shrvibh ea succeos aer tjh prephr
issukobh ea k writ ea kttkbjchot (Reaik \errhs v. Oibkoer Rktsktio, M.T. Oe. ;11=89, Oevhcdhr 48, 4009).
Kbberliomfy, tjh issukobh ea tjh writ ea kttkbjchot is vkfil oetwitjstkoliom tjh kdshobh ea k prier shrvibh ea
succeos te Kmhoth.

(D) ]ks tjh writ ea prhficiokry kttkbjchot prephrfy hxhbuthl5

RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT>
Oe. \jh writ ea prhficiokry kttkbjchot wks oet prephrfy hxhbuthl.
Kftjeumj k writ ea kttkbjchot cky issuh hvho dhaerh succeos is shrvhl upeo tjh lhaholkot, tjh skch, jewhvhr,
cky oet diol kol kaahbt tjh lhaholkot uotif nurislibtieo evhr jis phrseo is edtkiohl (Lkvke Fimjt kol Pewhr Be.,
Iob. v. Beurt ea Kpphkfs, M.T. Oe. 92414, Lhbhcdhr 49, ;99;, 40< RBTK 2<2).
\jus, tjh writ ea prhficiokry kttkbjchot cust eofy dh shrvhl sicuftkoheusfy er kt fhkst kathr tjh shrvibh ea
succeos te tjh lhaholkot (Reaik \errhs v. Oibkoer Rktsktio, M.T. Oe. ;11=89, Oevhcdhr 48, 4009).
Aurtjhr, tjh jeush (akcify jech) is hxhcpthl arec kttkbjchot kol hxhbutieo (Rhbtieo ;2, Tufh 29 ea tjh Tufhs ea
Beurt.

Z.
Priobh Bjeom hothrhl iote k fhksh beotrkbt witj Giom Geom evhr k becchrbikf duifliom wjhrh tjh aerchr beolubthl jis
jkrlwkrh dusiohss. \jh fhksh beotrkbt stipufkthl, kceom etjhrs, k ceotjfy rhotkf ea P80,000.00 aer k aeur (<)-yhkr phriel
becchobiom eo Nkoukry ;, 40;0. Eo Nkoukry ;, 40;2, Priobh Bjeom lihl. Gio II Bjeom wks kppeiothl klcioistrkter ea tjh
hstkth ea Priobh Bjeom, dut tjh aerchr akifhl te pky tjh rhotkfs aer tjh ceotjs ea Nkoukry te Nuoh 40;2 lhspith Giom
Geom’s writtho lhckols. \jus, eo Nufy ;, 40;2, Giom Geom aifhl witj tjh Thmieokf \rikf Beurt (T\B) ko kbtieo aer rhsbissieo
ea beotrkbt witj lkckmhs kol pkychot ea kbbruhl rhotkfs ks ea Nuoh 20, 40;2. (<%)
(K) Bko Gio II Bjeom cevh te lisciss tjh becpfkiot eo tjh mreuol tjkt tjh T\B is witjeut nurislibtieo siobh tjh
kceuot bfkichl is eofy P200,000.005
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT>
Oe, Gio II Bjeom bkooet cevh te lisciss tjh Becpfkiot.
Ko kbtieo aer rhsbissieo ea beotrkbt witj lkckmhs kol pkychot ea kbbruhl rhotkfs is beosilhrhl iobkpkdfh ea
phbuoikry hsticktieo kol tjhrhaerh bemoizkdfh dy tjh Thmieokf \rikf Beurt (Bhahriok Lh Xomrik v. Jeoerkdfh
Beurt ea Kpphkfs, M.T. Oe. ;18===, Nufy 48, 40;;).
Io lhthrcioiom wjhtjhr ko kbtieo is eoh tjh sudnhbt cktthr ea wjibj is oet bkpkdfh ea phbuoikry hsticktieo tjis
Beurt jks klepthl tjh brithrieo ea airst ksbhrtkioiom tjh okturh ea tjh priobipkf kbtieo er rhchly seumjt. Ia it is
prickrify aer tjh rhbevhry ea k suc ea ceohy, tjh bfkic is beosilhrhl bkpkdfh ea phbuoikry hsticktieo, kol
wjhtjhr nurislibtieo is io tjh cuoibipkf trikf beurts er io tjh beurts ea airst iostkobh weufl lhphol eo tjh kceuot
ea tjh bfkic. Jewhvhr, wjhrh tjh dksib issuh is sechtjiom etjhr tjko tjh rimjt te rhbevhr k suc ea ceohy, wjhrh
tjh ceohy bfkic is purhfy iobilhotkf te, er k beoshquhobh ea, tjh priobipkf rhfiha seumjt, tjis Beurt jks
beosilhrhl subj kbtieos ks bkshs wjhrh tjh sudnhbt ea tjh fitimktieo cky oet dh hstickthl io thrcs ea ceohy,
kol krh bemoizkdfh hxbfusivhfy dy beurts ;ea airst iostkobh (oew Thmieokf \rikf Beurts).

(D) Ia tjh rhotkfs kbbruhl luriom tjh fiahtich ea Priobh Bjeom, kol Giom Geom kfse aifhl tjh becpfkiot aer suc ea
ceohy luriom tjkt tich, wiff tjh kbtieo dh liscissidfh upeo Priobh Bjeom’s lhktj luriom tjh pholhoby ea tjh bksh5
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT>
Oe, tjh kbtieo wiff oet dh liscissidfh upeo Priobh Bjeom’s lhktj luriom tjh pholhoby ea tjh bksh.
]jho tjh kbtieo is aer rhbevhry ea ceohy krisiom arec beotrkbt, kol tjh lhaholkot lihs dhaerh hotry ea aiokf
nulmchot io tjh beurt io wjibj tjh kbtieo wks pholiom kt tjh tich ea subj lhktj, it sjkff oet dh liscisshl dut sjkff
iosthkl dh kffewhl te beotiouh uotif hotry ea aiokf nulmchot. K akverkdfh nulmchot edtkiohl dy tjh pfkiotiaa
sjkff dh hoaerbhl uolhr Tufh :1 aer preshbutiom bfkics kmkiost tjh hstkth ea tjh lhbhkshl.(Rhbtieo 40, Tufh
2 ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt).

ZIQ.
]jho k Cuoibipkf \rikf Beurt (C\B), pursukot te its lhfhmkthl nurislibtieo, rholhrs ko klvhrsh nulmchot io ko
kppfibktieo aer fkol rhmistrktieo, tjh kmmrihvhl pkrty’s rhchly is> (;%) RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT>

(B) erliokry kpphkf te tjh Beurt ea Kpphkfs

Xolhr Rhbtieo 2<, Dktks Pkcdkosk Dfm. ;49, tjh nulmchot ea tjh C\B io tjh hxhrbish ea its lhfhmkthl
nurislibtieo io fkol rhmistrktieo bkshs sjkff dh kpphkfkdfh io tjh skch ckoohr ks lhbisieos ea tjh T\B. \jus. ko
erliokry kpphkf te tjh Beurt ea Kpphkfs is tjh kppreprikth rhchly.

ZQI.
Pfkiotiaa aifhl k becpfkiot lhoeciokthl ks kbbieo pudfibikok, kmkiost lhaholkot. Io jis koswhr, lhaholkot
kffhmhl tjkt jh jkl oe iothrhst evhr tjh fkol io quhstieo, hxbhpt ks fhsshh ea ^. Pfkiotiaa sudshquhotfy aifhl
ko kaailkvit ea ^, tjh fhsser ea lhaholkot, stktiom tjkt ^ jkl sefl te pfkiotiaa kff jis rimjts kol iothrhsts io tjh
prephrty ks sjewo dy k lhhl ea trkosahr kttkbjhl te tjh kaailkvit. \jus, pfkiotiaa cky ksg tjh beurt te rholhr> (;
%) RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT>
(D) nulmchot eo tjh pfhklioms
]jho tjh koswhr akifs te tholhr ko issuh, tjkt is, ia it lehs oet lhoy tjh ckthrikf kffhmktieos io tjh becpfkiot er
klcits skil ckthrikf kffhmktieos ea tjh klvhrsh pkrty’s pfhklioms dy klcittiom tjh trutjaufohss tjhrhea kol/er
ecittiom te lhkf witj tjhc kt kff, k nulmchot eo tjh pfhklioms is kppreprikth (Humhoie Dksdks v. Dhktk Rkyseo, M.T.
Oe. ;=4110, Kumust 4<, 40;;).
KF\HTOK\IQH KOR]HT>
(K) succkry nulmchot
K succkry nulmchot is prephr previlhl tjkt tjh issuh rkishl is oet mhouioh. K ‖mhouioh issuh– chkos ko
issuh ea akbt wjibj bkffs aer tjh prhshotktieo ea hvilhobh, ks listiomuisjhl arec ko issuh wjibj is aibtitieus er
beotrivhl er wjibj lehs oet beostituth k mhouioh issuh aer trikf (Humhoie Dksdks v. Dhktk Rkyseo, M.T.
Oe. ;=4110, Kumust 4<, 40;;).

ZZ
\ec ]kffis aifhl witj tjh Thmieokf \rikf Beurt (T\B) k Phtitieo aer Lhbfkrktieo ea Ouffity ea jis ckrrikmh witj Lhdi
]kffis eo tjh mreuol ea psybjefemibkf iobkpkbity ea tjh fktthr. Dhaerh aifiom tjh phtitieo, \ec ]kffis jkl tefl
Lhdi ]kffis tjkt jh wkothl tjh kooufchot ea tjhir ckrrikmh dhbkush jh wks kfrhkly ahl up witj jhr irrktieokf kol
hbbhotrib dhjkvieur. Jewhvhr, io tjh phtitieo aer lhbfkrktieo ea ouffity ea ckrrikmh, tjh berrhbt rhsilhotikf
kllrhss ea Lhdi ]kffis wks lhfidhrkthfy oet kffhmhl kol iosthkl, tjh rhsilhotikf kllrhss ea tjhir ckrrihl seo wks
stkthl. Rucceos wks shrvhl dy sudstituthl shrvibh kt tjh kllrhss stkthl io tjh phtitieo.
Aer akifurh te aifh ko koswhr, ]kffis wks lhbfkrhl io lhakuft kol \ec ]kffis prhshothl hvilhobh hx-pkrth. \jh T\B
rholhrhl nulmchot lhbfkriom tjh ckrrikmh ouff kol veil eo tjh mreuol ea psybjefemibkf iobkpkbity ea
Lhdi ]kffis. \jrhh (2) yhkrs kathr tjh nulmchot wks rholhrhl. Lhdi ]kffis met jefl ea k bepy tjhrhea kol wkothl
te jkvh tjh T\B nulmchot rhvhrshl kol sht ksilh.
Ia yeu krh tjh fkwyhr ea Lhdi ]kffis, wjkt nulibikf rhchly er rhchlihs wiff yeu tkgh5 Lisbuss kol sphbiay tjh mreuol
er mreuols aer skil rhchly er rhchlihs. (8%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT>
Lhdi ]kffis cky aifh k Phtitieo aer Kooufchot ea Nulmchot uolhr Tufh <= ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt, eo tjh
mreuols ea fkbg ea nurislibtieo, hxtriosib arkul kol lhoikf ea tjh rimjt te luh prebhss (Fhtibik Lieok v. Teche
Dkfkomh, M.T. Oe. ;=28:9, Nkoukry =, 40;2).
Ko kbtieo aer kooufchot ea nulmchot is k rhchly io fkw iolhpholhot ea tjh bksh wjhrh tjh nulmchot seumjt te dh
koouffhl wks rholhrhl. \jh purpesh ea subj kbtieo is te jkvh tjh aiokf kol hxhbutery nulmchot sht ksilh se tjkt
tjhrh wiff dh k rhohwkf ea fitimktieo. It is rhserthl te io bkshs wjhrh tjh erliokry rhchlihs ea ohw trikf, kpphkf,
phtitieo aer rhfiha arec nulmchot, er etjhr kppreprikth rhchlihs krh oe feomhr kvkifkdfh tjreumj oe akuft ea tjh
kpphffkot kol is dkshl eo tjh mreuols ea hxtriosib arkul, kol fkbg ea nurislibtieo (Kfkdko v. Beurt ea Kpphkfs, M.T.
Oe. ;8104;, Rhpthcdhr 42, 4008).
Thfktivh tjhrhte, tjh kbt ea \ec ]kffis io lhfidhrkthfy ghhpiom Lhdi ]kffis kwky arec tjh Beurt, dy iothotieokffy
kffhmiom k wreom kllrhss io tjh becpfkiot beostituths hxtriosib arkul.
Cerhevhr, tjh akifurh ea tjh Beurt te kbquirh nurislibtieo evhr tjh phrseo ea tjh rhspeolhot, dhiom ko
iolisphoskdfh pkrty, ohbhssitkths tjh kooufchot ea nulmchot ea tjh Thmieokf \rikf Beurt.
Fighwish, tjhrh is lhoikf ea tjh rimjt te luh prebhss wjho Lhdi ]kffis wks oet mivho ko eppertuoity te dh jhkrl
io tjh bksh. Jhobh, tjh nulmchot rholhrhl dy tjh T\B cky dh koouffhl dy tjh Beurt ea Kpphkfs uolhr Tufh <=
ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt.
Cerhevhr, it is hvilhot tjkt tjh erliokry rhchlihs ea ohw trikf, phtitieo aer rhfiha er etjhr kppreprikth rhchlihs
krh oe feomhr kvkifkdfh tjreumj oe akuft ea Lhdi ]kffis dhbkush sjh wks kdfh te edtkio k bepy ea tjh
Lhbisieo eofy tjrhh (2) yhkrs kathr tjh skch wks rholhrhl dy tjh \rikf Beurt.
Kt koy rkth, tjh Beurt hrrhl io lhbfkriom tjh lhaholkot io lhakuft dhbkush tjhrh is oe lhakuft io k Phtitieo aer
lhbfkrktieo ea ouffity ea ckrrikmh (Rhbtieo 2, Tufh 9, Tufhs ea Beurt). \jus, k Phtitieo aer Bhrtierkri uolhr Tufh 18
ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt beufl jkvh dhho ko kppreprikth rhchly witjio tjh rhmfhchotkry phriel kffewhl dy tjh Tufhs.

ZZI.
Meelahktjhr Berperktieo, tjreumj its Prhsilhot, Kf pkgioe, aifhl witj tjh Thmieokf \rikf Beurt (T\B) k becpfkiot
aer sphbiaib phraerckobh kmkiost Tedhrt ]jith. Iosthkl ea aifiom ko koswhr te tjh becpfkiot, Tedhrt ]jith aifhl
k cetieo te lisciss tjh becpfkiot eo tjh mreuol ea fkbg ea tjh kppreprikth dekrl rhsefutieo arec tjh Dekrl ea
Lirhbters ea Meelahktjhr Berperktieo te sjew tjh kutjerity ea Kf Pkgioe te rhprhshot tjh berperktieo kol aifh
tjh becpfkiot io its dhjkfa. \jh T\B mrkothl tjh cetieo te lisciss kol, kbberliomfy, it erlhrhl tjh liscisskf ea tjh
becpfkiot. Kf Pkgioe aifhl k cetieo aer rhbeosilhrktieo wjibj tjh T\B lhoihl. Ks oetjiom cerh beufl dh leoh dy
Kf Pkgioe dhaerh tjh T\B, jh aifhl ko kpphkf dhaerh tjh Beurt ea Kpphkfs (BK). Tedhrt ]jith cevhl aer
liscisskf ea tjh kpphkf eo tjh mreuol tjkt tjh skch iovefvhl purhfy k quhstieo ea fkw kol sjeufl jkvh dhho aifhl
witj tjh Ruprhch Beurt (RB). Jewhvhr, Kf Pkgioe bfkichl tjkt tjh kpphkf iovefvhl cixhl quhstieos ea akbt kol
fkw dhbkush tjhrh cust dh k akbtukf lhthrcioktieo is, iolhhl, Kf Pkgioe wks lufy kutjerizhl dy Meelahktjhr
Berperktieo te aifh tjh becpfkiot.
]jesh pesitieo is berrhbt5 Hxpfkio. (<%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT>
Kf Pkgioe is berrhbt io bfkiciom tjkt tjh kpphkf iovefvhl cixhl quhstieos ea akbt kol fkw.
\jhrh is k quhstieo ea fkw wjho tjh leudt er liaahrhobh krishs ks te wjkt tjh fkw is eo k bhrtkio stkth ea
akbts. Eo tjh etjhr jkol, tjhrh is k quhstieo ea akbt, wjho tjh leudt er liaahrhobh krishs ks te tjh trutj er
akfshjeel ea kffhmhl akbts (Cirkot Pjifippiohs Berperktieo v. Rkrie, M.T. Oe. ;9=89:, Oevhcdhr 4;, 40;4).
Riobh tjh becpfkiot wks liscisshl luh te tjh kffhmhl fkbg ea kppreprikth dekrl rhsefutieo arec tjh Dekrl ea
Lirhbters ea Meelahktjhr Berperktieo, tjh kpphkf wiff ohsskrify iovefvh k akbtukf lhthrcioktieo ea tjh kutjerity te
aifh tjh Becpfkiot aer tjh skil Berperktieo. Jhobh, tjh kpphkf dhaerh tjh Beurt ea Kpphkfs is berrhbt.

KF\HTOK\IQH KOR]HT>
Kf Pkgioe kol Tedhrt ]jith krh ioberrhbt.
Ko kpphkf cky dh tkgho arec k nulmchot er aiokf erlhr tjkt becpfhthfy lispeshs ea tjh bksh, er ea k
pkrtibufkr cktthr tjhrhio wjho lhbfkrhl dy tjh Tufhs te dh kpphkfkdfh.
It is whff-shttfhl tjkt ko erlhr liscissiom ko kbtieo witjeut prhnulibh bkooet dh k sudnhbt ea kpphkf (Rhbtieo
;, Tufh <;, Tufhs ea Beurt).
Riobh k liscisskf dkshl eo kffhmhl fkbg ea kppreprikth dekrl rhsefutieo is beosilhrhl witjeut prhnulibh wjibj
bkooet dh k sudnhbt ea ko kpphkf, tjh kppreprikth rhchly is k sphbikf bivif kbtieo uolhr Tufh 18 ea tjh Tufhs
ea Beurt.

ZZII.
]jibj ea tjh aeffewiom lhbisieos cky dh kpphkfhl lirhbtfy te tjh Ruprhch Beurt (RB)5 (Kssuch tjkt tjh issuhs
te dh rkishl eo kpphkf iovefvh purhfy quhstieos ea fkw) (;%)
(K) lhbisieo ea tjh Thmieokf \rikf Beurt (T\B) rholhrhl io tjh hxhrbish ea its kpphffkth nurislibtieo
(D) lhbisieo ea tjh T\B rholhrhl io tjh hxhrbish ea its erimiokf nurislibtieo
(B) lhbisieo ea tjh Bivif Rhrvibh Beccissieo
(L) lhbisieo ea tjh Eaaibh ea tjh Prhsilhot
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT>
(D) lhbisieo ea tjh T\B rholhrhl io tjh hxhrbish ea its erimiokf nurislibtieo.
(b)Kpphkf dy bhrtierkri. ‒ Io kff bkshs wjhrh eofy quhstieos ea fkw krh rkishl er iovefvhl, tjh kpphkf sjkff
dh te tjh Ruprhch Beurt dy phtitieo ;0 bhrtierkri io kbberlkobh witj Tufh <8.

ZZIII.
Cr. Jucpty aifhl witj tjh Thmieokf \rikf Beurt (T\B) k becpfkiot kmkiost Cs. Lucpty aer lkckmhs. \jh T\B, kathr
luh prebhhlioms, rholhrhl k lhbisieo mrkotiom tjh becpfkiot kol erlhriom Cs. Lucpty te pky lkckmhs te Cr.
Jucpty. Cs. Lucpty tichfy aifhl ko kpphkf dhaerh tjh Beurt ea Kpphkfs (BK), quhstieoiom tjh T\B lhbisieo.
Chkowjifh, tjh T\B mrkothl Cr. Jucpty’s cetieo aer hxhbutieo pholiom kpphkf. Xpeo rhbhipt ea tjh T\B’s
erlhr mrkotiom hxhbutieo pholiom kpphkf, Cs. Lucpty aifhl witj tjh BK koetjhr bksh, tjis tich k sphbikf bivif
kbtieo aer bhrtierkri ksskifiom skil T\B erlhr.
Is tjhrh k viefktieo ea tjh rufh kmkiost aeruc sjeppiom beosilhriom tjkt twe (4) kbtieos hckoktiom arec tjh
skch bksh witj tjh T\B whrh aifhl dy Cs. Lucpty witj tjh BK5 Hxpfkio. (<%) RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT>

Oe. \jhrh is oe viefktieo ea tjh rufh kmkiost aeruc sjeppiom.

\jh hsshobh ea aeruc sjeppiom is tjh aifiom dy k pkrty kmkiost wjec ko klvhrsh nulmchot jks dhho rholhrhl io
eoh aeruc, shhgiom koetjhr kol pessidfy akverkdfh epioieo io koetjhr suit etjhr tjko dy kpphkf er sphbikf bivif
kbtieo aer bhrtierkri7 tjh kbt ea aifiom ea cuftipfh suits iovefviom tjh skch pkrtihs aer tjh skch bkush ea kbtieo,
hitjhr sicuftkoheusfy er subbhssivhfy aer tjh purpesh ea edtkioiom k akverkdfh nulmchot. Aeruc sjeppiom
hxists wjhrh tjh hfhchots ea fitis pholhotik krh prhshot er wjhrh k aiokf nulmchot io eoh bksh wiff kceuot te rhs
nulibktk io tjh kbtieo uolhr beosilhrktieo (Tedhrte R. Dhohlibte v. Ckouhf Fkbseo, M.T. Oe. ;<;80:, Cky 8, 40;0).
Io Pjifippiohs Okifs kol ]irhs Berperktieo v. Ckfkyko Iosurkobh Becpkoy, Iob. (M.T. Oe. ;<2922, Ahdrukry ;<,
4002), tjh Ruprhch Beurt jhfl tjkt eoh pkrty cky vkfilfy quhstieo k lhbisieo io k rhmufkr kpphkf kol kt tjh skch
tich ksskif tjh hxhbutieo pholiom kpphkf vik bhrtierkri witjeut viefktiom tjh rufh kmkiost aeruc sjeppiom. \jis is
dhbkush tjh chrits ea tjh bksh wiff oet dh kllrhsshl io tjh phtitieo lhkfiom witj tjh hxhbutieo kol vibh vhrsk.
Riobh Cs. Lucpty chrhfy aifhl k sphbikf bivif kbtieo aer bhrtierkri, tjh skch wiff oet beostituth k viefktieo ea
tjh rufhs eo aeruc sjeppiom dhbkush tjh rhsefutieo er k akverkdfh nulmchot tjhrheo wiff oet kceuot te rhs
nulibktk io tjh sudshquhot prebhhlioms dhtwhho tjh skch pkrtihs (Tedhrte R. Dhohlibte v. Ckouhf Fkbseo,
M.T. Oe. ;<;80:, Cky 8, 40;0).

ZZIQ.
Refeceo kol Akitj met ckrrihl io 4008. Io 40;0, Refeceo beotrkbthl k shbeol ckrrikmh witj Jeph. ]jho Akitj
aeuol eut kdeut tjh shbeol ckrrikmh ea Refeceo kol Jeph, sjh aifhl k briciokf bksh aer dimkcy dhaerh tjh
Thmieokf \rikf Beurt (T\B) ea Ckoifk sechtich io 40;;.
Chkowjifh, Refeceo aifhl k phtitieo aer lhbfkrktieo ea ouffity ea jis airst ckrrikmh witj Akitj io 40;4, wjifh tjh bksh
aer dimkcy dhaerh tjh T\B ea Ckoifk is eomeiom. Rudshquhotfy, Refeceo aifhl k cetieo te susphol tjh prebhhlioms
io tjh dimkcy bksh eo tjh mreuol ea prhnulibikf quhstieo. Jh ksshrts tjkt tjh prebhhlioms io tjh briciokf bksh
sjeufl dh suspholhl dhbkush ia jis airst ckrrikmh witj Akitj wiff dh lhbfkrhl ouff kol veil, it wiff jkvh tjh haahbt ea
hxbufpktiom jic arec tjh brich ea dimkcy.
Lhbilh. (<%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT>
\jh cetieo aifhl dy Refeceo sjeufl dh lhoihl.
\jh hfhchots ea prhnulibikf quhstieo krh> (;) tjh prhvieusfy iostituthl bivif kbtieo iovefvhs ko issuh sicifkr er
iotickthfy rhfkthl te tjh issuh rkishl io tjh sudshquhot briciokf kbtieo7 kol (4) tjh rhsefutieo ea subj issuh
lhthrciohs wjhtjhr er oet tjh briciokf kbtieo cky prebhhl.
Io erlhr aer k prhnulibikf quhstieo te hxist, tjh bivif kbtieo cust prhbhlh tjh aifiom ea tjh briciokf kbtieo
(Lrhkcwerg Beostrubtieo, Iob. v. Nkoiefk, M.T. Oe. ;:<:1;, Nuoh 20, 4009).
Riobh tjh briciokf bksh aer dimkcy wks aifhl kjhkl ea tjh bivif kbtieo aer lhbfkrktieo ea ouffity ea ckrrikmh,
tjhrh is oe prhnulibikf quhstieo.
Kt koy rkth, tjh eutbech ea tjh bivif bksh aer kooufchot jks oe dhkriom upeo tjh lhthrcioktieo ea tjh muift er
iooebhobh ea tjh kbbushl io tjh briciokf bksh aer dimkcy dhbkush tjh kbbushl jks kfrhkly beccitthl tjh brich ea
dimkcy wjho jh beotrkbthl tjh shbeol ckrrikmh witjeut tjh airst ckrrikmh jkviom dhiom lhbfkrhl ouff kol veil.
Etjhrwish stkthl, jh wje beotrkbts ckrrikmh luriom tjh sudsisthobh ea k prhvieusfy beotrkbthl ckrrikmh ruos
tjh risg ea dhiom preshbuthl aer dimkcy.

ZZQ.
Cr. Dekz aifhl ko kbtieo aer hnhbtchot kmkiost Cr. Nkbjio dhaerh tjh Chtrepefitko \rikf Beurt (Ch\B). Cr.
Nkbjio kbtivhfy pkrtibipkthl io hvhry stkmh ea tjh prebhhlioms goewiom auffy whff tjkt tjh Ch\B jkl oe
nurislibtieo evhr tjh kbtieo. Io jis ciol, Cr. Nkbjio wks tjiogiom tjkt ia tjh Ch\B rholhrhl nulmchot kmkiost jic,
jh beufl kfwkys rkish tjh issuh eo tjh nurislibtieo ea tjh Ch\B. Kathr trikf, tjh Ch\B rholhrhl nulmchot
kmkiost Cr. Nkbjio. ]jkt is tjh rhchly ea Cr. Nkbjio5 (;%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT>
(K) aifh ko kpphkf
Ko kpphkf arec k nulmchot er aiokf erlhr ea k Cuoibipkf \rikf Beurt cky dh tkgho te tjh Thmieokf \rikf Beurt
(Rhbtieo ;, Tufh <0, Tufhs ea Beurt).
Cerhevhr, uolhr Tufh <; ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt, lhbisieos ea tjh Chtrepefitko \rikf Beurt io tjh hxhrbish ea its
erimiokf nurislibtieo bko dh kpphkfhl te tjh Thmieokf \rikf Beurt.
Dhsilhs, k Cetieo aer Thbeosilhrktieo is prejidithl uolhr tjh Tufhs eo Rucckry Prebhlurh.

ZZQII.
Cr. Kvhomhr aifhl witj tjh Thmieokf \rikf Beurt (T\B) k Becpfkiot kmkiost Cs. Drimjt aer kooufchot ea lhhl ea
skfh kol etjhr lebuchots. Cs. Drimjt aifhl k cetieo te lisciss tjh becpfkiot eo tjh mreuol ea fkbg ea bkush ea
kbtieo. Cr. Kvhomhr aifhl ko eppesitieo te tjh cetieo te lisciss.
Rtkth kol lisbuss tjh kppreprikth rhchly rhchlihs uolhr hkbj ea tjh aeffewiom situktieos> (1%)
(K) Ia tjh T\B mrkots Cs. Drimjt’s cetieo te lisciss kol liscisshs tjh becpf kiot eo tjh mreuol ea fkbg ea bkush
ea kbtieo, wjkt wiff dh tjh rhchly/rhchlihs ea Cr. Kvhomhr5
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HTR>
Cr. Kvhomhr bko bjeesh koy ea tjh aeffewiom rhchlihs>
( Cr. Kvhomhr cky aifh k cetieo aer rhbeosilhrktieo. Ia LHOIHL>
k. jh beufl aifh ko kpphkf te tjh Beurt ea Kpphkfs uolhr Tufh <; siobh k liscisskf dkshl eo fkbg
ea bkush ea kbtieo (uolhr Tufh 22) is kpphkfkdfh.
d. jh beufl aifh k Phtitieo aer Bhrtierkri uolhr Tufh 18 dhbkush k liscisskf dkshl eo akifurh te
stkth k bkush ea kbtieo is beosilhrhl witjeut prhnulibh kol tjhrhaerh ko iothrfebutery erlhr
wjibj bkooet dh k sudnhbt ea ko kpphkf uolhr Tufh <; ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt.
b. jh bko sicpfy rh-aifh tjh becpfkiot dhbkush ko Erlhr mrkotiom k Cetieo te Lisciss dkshl eo
akifurh te stkth k bkush ea kbtieo is witjeut prhnulibh te tjh aifiom ea koetjhr Becpfkiot
(Rhbtieo 8, Tufh ;1, Tufhs ea Beurt).
(4) Cr. Kvhomhr cky kchol jis Becpfkiot, ks k cktthr ea rimjt, siobh k Cetieo te Lisciss is oet k
rhspeosivh pfhkliom (Irhoh Ckrbes Krkohtk v. Beurt ea Kpphkfs, M.T. Oe. ;8<091, Kumust 44, 400:).

(D) Ia tjh T\B lhoihs Cs. Drimjt’s cetieo te lisciss, wjkt wiff dh jhr rhchly/rhchlihs5

( Cs. Drimjt cky aifh k cetieo aer rhbeosilhrktieo. Ia tjh skch is lhoihl, sjh beufl aifh k sphbikf bivif
kbtieo aer bhrtierkri uolhr Tufh 18 ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt.
Ko Erlhr lhoyiom k cetieo te lisciss is iothrfebutery dhbkush it lehs oet aiokffy lispesh ea tjh bksh,
kol, io haahbt, lirhbts tjh bksh te prebhhl uotif aiokf klnulibktieo dy tjh beurt. Jhobh, k sphbikf bivif
kbtieo eo bhrtierkri is tjh kppreprikth rhchly (Rhbtieo ;, Tufh <;, Tufhs ea Beurt7 Ckrce v. Kokbky,
M.T. Oe.;:48:8, Oevhcdhr 4=, 4009).
(4) Cs. Drimjt cky aifh ko Koswhr witjio tjh dkfkobh ea tjh phriel arec tjh aifiom ea jis Cetieo te
Lisciss dut oet fhss tjko aivh (8) lkys, kol rkish kaaircktivh lhahoshs tjhrhio (Rhbtieos < kol 1,
Tufh ;1, Tufhs ea Beurt).

(B) Ia tjh T\B lhoihs Cs. Drimjt’s cetieo te lisciss kol, aurtjhr prebhhlioms, iobfuliom trikf eo tjh chrits, krh
beolubthl uotif tjh T\B rholhrs k lhbisieo io akver ea Cr. Kvhomhr, wjkt wiff dh tjh rhchly/rhchlihs ea Cs.
Drimjt5
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HTR>
Cs. Drimjt cky kvkif ea tjh aeffewiom rhchlihs dhaerh tjh aiokfity ea tjh
lhbisieo> ;. k cetieo aer rhbeosilhrktieo (Rhbtieo ; Tufh 2=)
4. k cetieo aer ohw trikf (Rhbtieo ; Tufh 2=)
2. kpphkf (Tufhs <0, <;, <4, <2 kol <8).
Kathr tjh aiokfity ea tjh Lhbisieo, Cs. Drimjt bko kvkif ea tjh
aeffewiom> ;. phtitieo aer rhfiha (Tufh 2:)
4. kooufchot ea Nulmchot (Tufh <=)
2. phtitieo aer Bhrtierkri (Tufh 18)

έέΙέ.
Hstrhffk wks tjh rhmisthrhl ewohr ea k jumh pkrbhf ea fkol febkthl io k rhceth pkrt ea tjhir dkrrie io Dhomuht.
Jewhvhr, wjho sjh visithl tjh prephrty kathr sjh teeg feom vkbktieo kdrekl, sjh wks surprishl te shh
tjkt jhr bjifljeel arihol, Nejo, jkl hstkdfisjhl k vkbktieo jeush eo jhr prephrty. Detj Hstrhffk kol Nejo whrh
rhsilhots ea tjh skch dkrkomky.
\e rhbevhr pesshssieo, Hstrhffk aifhl k becpfkiot aer hnhbtchot witj tjh Cuoibipkf \rikf Beurt (C\B), kffhmiom
tjkt sjh is tjh truh ewohr ea tjh fkol ks hvilhobhl dy jhr bhrtiaibkth ea titfh kol tkx lhbfkrktieo wjibj sjewhl tjh
ksshsshl vkfuh ea tjh prephrty ks P4;,000.00. Eo tjh etjhr jkol, Nejo rhauthl Hstrhffk’s bfkic ea ewohrsjip kol
sudcitthl io hvilhobh k Lhhl ea Kdsefuth Rkfh dhtwhho jic kol Hstrhffk. Kathr tjh aifiom ea Nejo’s koswhr,
tjh C\B edshrvhl tjkt tjh rhkf issuh wks eoh ea ewohrsjip kol oet ea pesshssieo. Jhobh, tjh C\B liscisshl tjh
becpfkiot aer fkbg ea nurislibtieo.
Eo kpphkf dy Hstrhffk te tjh Thmieokf \rikf Beurt (T\B), k auff-dfewo trikf wks beolubthl ks ia tjh bksh wks
erimiokffy aifhl witj it. \jh T\B rhkseohl tjkt dkshl eo tjh ksshsshl vkfuh ea tjh prephrty, it wks tjh beurt ea
prephr nurislibtieo. Hvhotukffy, tjh T\B rholhrhl k nulmchot lhbfkriom Nejo ks tjh ewohr ea tjh fkol kol,
jhobh, hotitfhl te tjh pesshssieo tjhrhea. (<%)

(K) ]ks tjh C\B berrhbt io liscissiom tjh becpfkiot aer fkbg ea nurislibtieo5 ]jy er wjy oet5
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT>
Oe. \jh Chtrepefitko \rikf Beurt wks oet berrhbt io liscissiom tjh becpfkiot aer fkbg ea nurislibtieo.
It is whff shttfhl tjkt nurislibtieo is lhthrciohl dy tjh kffhmktieos beotkiohl io tjh becpfkiot. \jh beothotieo ea
lhaholkot io jis cetieo te lisciss jks oetjiom te le io tjh lhthrcioktieo ea nurislibtieo. Etjhrwish, nurislibtieo
weufl dhbech lhpholhot kfcest hotirhfy upeo tjh wjics ea tjh lhaholkot (Chlibkf Pfkzk Ckgkti Beolecioiuc v.
Buffho, M.T. Oe. ;:;<;1, Oevhcdhr ;;, 40;2).
Thfktivh tjhrhte, tjh Cuoibipkf \rikf Beurts jkvh hxbfusivh erimiokf nurislibtieo evhr bkshs ea aerbidfh hotry
kol uofkwauf lhtkiohr (Rhbtieo 22 ea Dktks Pkcdkosk Dfm. ;49). Jhobh, tjh Chtrepefitko \rikf Beurt is oet
berrhbt io liscissiom tjh becpfkiot aer fkbg ea nurislibtieo.
Dhsilhs, tjh rufhs kffew previsieokf lhthrcioktieo ea ewohrsjip io hnhbtchot bkshs wjho tjh lhaholkot rkishs
tjh lhahosh ea ewohrsjip io jis pfhklioms kol tjh quhstieo ea pesshssieo bkooet dh rhsefvhl witjeut lhbiliom
tjh issuh ea ewohrsjip (Rhbtieo ;1, Tufh =0. Tufhs ea Beurt).
Kbberliomfy, tjh ioahrier beurts jkvh nurislibtieo te rhsefvh quhstieos ea ewohrsjip eofy wjhohvhr it is
ohbhsskry te lhbilh tjh quhstieo ea pesshssieo io ko hnhbtchot bksh (Rhrrkoe v. Rpeushs Mutihrrhz, M.T.
Oe, ;14211, Oevhcdhr ;0, 4001).

(D) ]ks tjh T\B berrhbt io rufiom tjkt dkshl eo tjh ksshsshl vkfuh ea tjh prephrty, tjh bksh wks witjio its
erimiokf nurislibtieo kol, jhobh, it cky beolubt k auff dfewo trikf ea tjh kpphkfhl bksh ks ia it wks erimiokffy
aifhl witj it5 ]jy er wjy oet5
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT>
Kssuciom tjkt Hstrhffk’s kbtieo wks rhkffy aer ewohrsjip kol oet aer pjysibkf pesshssieo, tjh Thmieokf \rikf
Beurt is berrhbt io rufiom tjkt it wks tjh Beurt ea prephr nurislibtieo.
Ia ko kpphkf is tkgho arec ko erlhr ea tjh fewhr beurt liscissiom tjh bksh witjeut k trikf eo tjh chrits, tjh
Thmieokf \rikf Beurt cky kaairc er rhvhrsh it, ks tjh bksh cky dh. Io bksh ea kaairckobh kol tjh mreuol ea
liscisskf is fkbg ea nurislibtieo evhr tjh sudnhbt cktthr, tjh Thmieokf \rikf Beurt, ia it jks nurislibtieo tjhrh
evhr, sjkff try tjh bksh eo tjh chrits ks ia tjh bksh wks erimiokffy aifhl witj it. Io bksh ea rhvhrskf, tjh bksh
sjkff dh rhckolhl aer aurtjhr prebhhlioms (Rhbtieo :, Tufh <0, Tufhs ea Beurt).
Riobh tjh T\B kaairchl tjh liscisskf dy tjh C\B ea Hstrhffk’s becpfkiot eo tjh mreuol ea fkbg ea nurislibtieo
evhr tjh sudnhbt cktthr, witjeut beolubtiom k trikf eo tjh chrits, tjh T\B cky beolubt k auff-dfewo trikf ea tjh
kpphkfhl bksh arec tjh C\B ks ia tjh skch wks erimiokffy aifhl witj it.
 RXMMHR\HL KOR]HTR \E \JH 40;8 DKT HZKCIOK\IEO [XHR\IEOR IO THCHLIKF FK]

I.
Fholhr hxtholhl te Derrewhr k P;00,000.00 feko bevhrhl dy k precissery oeth. Fkthr, Derrewhr edtkiohl koetjhr
P;00,000.00 feko kmkio bevhrhl dy k precissery oeth. Rtiff fkthr, Derrewhr edtkiohl k P200,000.00 feko shburhl
dy k rhkf hstkth certmkmh eo jis fkol vkfuhl kt P800,000.00. Derrewhr lhakufthl eo jis pkychots wjho tjh fekos
ckturhl. Lhspith lhckol te pky tjh P800,000.00 feko, Derrewhr rhaushl te pky. Fholhr, kppfyiom tjh tetkfity rufh,
aifhl kmkiost Derrewhr witj tjh Thmieokf \rikf Beurt (T\B) ea Ckoifk, k beffhbtieo suit aer P800,000.00.
(K) Lil Fholhr berrhbtfy kppfy tjh tetkfity rufh kol tjh rufh eo neiolhr ea bkushs ea kbtieo5 (4%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
(K) Yhs. \jh Fholhr berrhbtfy kppfihl tjh tetkfity rufh kol tjh rufh eo neiolhr ea bkushs ea kbtieo dhbkush
wjhrh tjh bfkics io kff tjh bkushs ea kbtieo krh priobipkffy aer rhbevhry ea ceohy, tjh kmmrhmkth kceuot ea
tjh bfkic sjkff dh tjh thst ea nurislibtieo (Rhbtieo 8 (l), Tufh 4, Tufhs ea Beurt). Jhrh, tjh tetkf kceuot ea tjh
bfkic is P800,000.00. Jhobh, tjh Thmieokf \rikf Beurt (T\B) ea Ckoifk jks nurislibtieo evhr tjh suit. Kt koy
rkth, it is icckthrikf tjkt eoh ea tjh fekos is shburhl dy k rhkf hstkth certmkmh dhbkush tjh Fholhr epthl te
aifh k beffhbtieo ea suc ea ceohy iosthkl ea aerhbfesurh ea tjh skil certmkmh.

Kt tjh trikf, Derrewhr’s fkwyhr, wjifh bress-hxkcioiom Fholhr, subbhssauffy hfibithl ko klcissieo arec tjh
fktthr tjkt tjh twe precissery oeths jkvh dhho pkil. \jhrhkathr, Derrewhr’s fkwyhr aifhl k cetieo te lisciss tjh
bksh eo tjh mreuol tjkt ks prevho eofy P200,000.00 wks tjh kceuot luh te Fholhr kol wjibj bfkic is witjio tjh
hxbfusivh erimiokf nurislibtieo ea tjh Chtrepefitko \rikf Beurt. Jh aurtjhr krmuhl tjkt fkbg ea nurislibtieo
evhr tjh sudnhbt cktthr bko dh rkishl kt koy stkmh ea tjh prebhhlioms.
(D) Rjeufl tjh beurt lisciss tjh bksh5(2%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
(D) Oe. \jh beurt sjeufl oet lisciss tjh bksh. ]jkt lhthrciohs tjh nurislibtieo ea tjh beurt is tjh okturh ea tjh kbtieo
pfhklhl ks kpphkriom arec tjh kffhmktieos io tjh becpfkiot. \jh kvhrchots tjhrhio kol tjh bjkrkbthr ea tjh rhfiha
seumjt krh tjh eohs te dh beosufthl (Okvilk v. Jeo. \helere K. Lizeo, Nr., M.T. Oe. ;480=:, Cky 20, 40;;).
Kbberliomfy, hvho ia tjh lhaholkot is kdfh te prevh io tjh beursh ea tjh trikf tjkt k fhsshr kceuot is luh, tjh
beurt lehs oet fesh nurislibtieo kol k liscisskf ea tjh bksh is oet io erlhr (Pkklfko v. Liomfksko, M.T.
Oe. ;:024;, Ckrbj 40, 40;2).

II.
Birbh aifhl witj tjh T\B k becpfkiot aer tjh aerhbfesurh ea rhkf hstkth certmkmh kmkiost sidfioms Rbyffk kol Bjkrydlis, be-
ewohrs ea tjh prephrty kol besimokterihs te tjh certmkmh lhhl. \jh sidfioms phrckohotfy rhsilh io Ktjhos, Mrhhbh. Birbh
tipphl eaa Rjhriaa Pfute tjkt Rbyffk is eo k dkfigdkyko kol is diffhthl kt tjh Bhotury Pfkzk Jethf io Pksky Bity, Rjhriaa Pfute
whot te tjh jethf kol phrseokffy shrvhl Rbyffk tjh succeos, dut tjh fktthr rhaushl te rhbhivh succeos aer Bjkrydlis ks sjh
wks oet kutjerizhl te le se. Rjhriaa Pfute rhquhsthl Rbyffk aer tjh hckif kllrhss kol jks oucdhr ea Bjkrydlis wjibj tjh fktthr
rhklify mkvh. Rjhriaa Pfute, io jis rhturo ea tjh succeos, stkthl tjkt ‖Rucceos aer Rbyffk wks shrvhl phrseokffy ks sjewo
dy jhr simokturh eo tjh rhbhiviom bepy ea tjh succeos, Rucceos eo Bjkrydlis wks shrvhl pursukot te tjh kcholchot ea
Tufh ;<, dy akbsicifh trkoscittkf ea tjh succeos kol becpfkiot eo lhaholkot’s akx oucdhr ks hvilhobhl dy trkoscissieo
vhriaibktieo rhpert
kutecktibkffy mhohrkthl dy tjh akx ckbjioh iolibktiom tjkt it wks rhbhivhl dy tjh akx oucdhr te wjibj it wks
shot eo tjh lkth kol tich iolibkthl tjhrhio.– Birbh, sixty (10) lkys kathr jhr rhbhipt ea Rjhriaa Pfute’s rhturo,
aifhl k Cetieo te Lhbfkrh Bjkrydlis io lhakuft ks Bjkrydlis lil oet aifh koy rhspeosivh pfhkliom.
K)Rjeufl tjh beurt lhbfkrh Bjkrydlis io lhakuft5 (4%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
(K) Oe, tjh Beurt sjeufl oet lhbfkrh Bjkrydlis io lhakuft dhbkush tjhrh wks oe prephr shrvibh ea succeos.
Rhbtieo ;4, Tufh ;< ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt kppfihs eofy te k aerhimo privkth nurilibkf hotity tjkt is oet rhmisthrhl
io tjh Pjifippiohs kol jks oe rhsilhot kmhot io tjh beuotry, kol oet te iolivilukfs (K.C. Oe. ;;-2-1-RB, Ckrbj ;8,
40;;). \jh shrvibh ea succeos dy akbsicifh uolhr skil rufh is, tjhrhaerh, lhahbtivh. K aerhbfesurh ea rhkf hstkth
certmkmh is k quksi io rhc kbtieo, tjus, tjh beurt bko rholhr k nulmchot ks feom ks it jks nurislibtieo evhr tjh rhs
kol koy ea tjh celhs ea hxtrk-thrriterikf shrvibh ea succeos uolhr Rhb. ;8 ea Tufh ;< is becpfihl witj prier fhkvh
ea beurt. \jhrh is, uoaertuokthfy, oe sjewiom io tjh predfhc tjkt k prier fhkvh ea beurt wks edtkiohl dhaerh
rhsertiom te hxtrk-thrriterikf shrvibh ea succeos7 jhobh, tjh shrvibh ea succeos is lhahbtivh.

Rbyffk shkseokdfy aifhl jhr koswhr shttiom aertj tjhrhio ks k lhahosh tjkt Bjkrydlis jkl pkil tjh certmkmh lhdt.
(D) Eo tjh prhcish tjkt Bjkrydlis wks prephrfy lhbfkrhl io lhakuft, wjkt is tjh haahbt ea Rbyffk’s koswhr te tjh
becpfkiot5 (4%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
(D) \jh beurt bko rholhr nulmchot upeo tjh hvilhobh prhshothl.
\jh Tufhs previlhs tjkt wjho k pfhkliom ksshrtiom k bfkic stkths k becceo bkush ea kbtieo kmkiost shvhrkf
lhaholiom pkrtihs, sech ea wjec koswhr kol tjh etjhrs akif te le se, tjh beurt sjkff try tjh bksh kmkiost kff upeo
tjh koswhrs tjus aifhl kol rholhr nulmchot upeo tjh hvilhobh prhshothl. (Rhbtieo 2 (b), Tufh 9, Tufhs ea Beurt).

III.
Nufiht, iovegiom tjh previsieos tjh Tufh eo Qiefhobh Kmkiost ]echo kol tjhir Bjiflrho aifhl witj tjh T\B \
ea lhsimokthl ks k Akcify Beurt phtitieo aer tjh Issukobh ea k hcperkry Prethbtieo Erlhr (\PE) kmkiost jhr
k jusdkol Teche.
\jh Akcify Beurt issuhl k 20-lky \PE kmkiost Teche. K lky dhaerh tjh hxpirktieo ea tjh \PE, Nufiht aifhl k
cetieo aer hxthosieo. Teche io jis eppesitieo rkishl, kceom etjhrs, tjh beostitutieokfity ea T.K. Oe. ;994 (\jh
QK]B FK]) krmuiom tjkt tjh fkw kutjeriziom tjh issukobh ea tjh \PE viefkths tjh hqukf prethbtieo kol luh
prebhss bfkushs ea tjh ;9:= Beostitutieo. \jh Akcify Beurt nulmh, io mrkotiom tjh cetieo aer hxthosieo ea tjh
\PE, lhbfiohl te rufh eo tjh beostitutieokfity ea T.K. Oe. 9414. \jh Akcify Beurt nulmh rhkseohl tjkt Akcify
Beurts krh witjeut nurislibtieo te pkss upeo beostitutieokf issuhs, dhiom k sphbikf beurt ea ficithl
nurislibtieo kol T.K. Oe. :219, tjh fkw brhktiom tjh Akcify Beurts, lehs oet previlh aer subj nurislibtieo. Is tjh
Akcify Beurt nulmh berrhbt wjho jh lhbfiohl te rhsefvh tjh beostitutieokfity ea T.K. Oe. 94145 (2%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
Oe, tjh Akcify Beurt Nulmh is oet berrhbt wjho it lhbfiohl te rhsefvh tjh beostitutieokfity ea T.K. Oe. 9414. Io
Mkrbik v. Jeo. Tky Kffko Lrifeo (M.T. Oe. ;=941=, Nuoh 48, 40;2), tjh Ruprhch Beurt jhfl tjkt tjh ‖Akcify
Beurts jkvh kutjerity kol nurislibtieo te rhsefvh tjh beostitutieokfity ea k stktuth. Iospith ea its lhsimoktieo
ks k akcify beurt, tjh T\B rhckios pesshsshl ea kutjerity ks k beurt ea mhohrkf erimiokf nurislibtieo te pkss
upeo kff giols ea bkshs wjhtjhr bivif, briciokf, sphbikf prebhhlioms, fkol rhmistrktieo, mukrlikosjip,
okturkfizktieo, klcirkfty koy er iosefvhoby. \jis kutjerity is hcdrkbhl io tjh mhohrkf lhaioitieo ea tjh nulibikf
pewhr te lhthrcioh tjh vkfil kol dioliom fkws io beoaercity witj tjh auolkchotkf fkw.–
 IQ
Rtrkuss aifhl k becpfkiot kmkiost ]kmohr aer bkobhffktieo ea titfh. ]kmohr cevhl te lisciss tjh becpfkiot
dhbkush Mrihm, te wjec jh certmkmhl tjh prephrty ks lufy kooetkthl io tjh \B\, wks oet icpfhklhl ks lhaholkot.
(K) Rjeufl tjh becpfkiot dh liscisshl5 (2%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
(K) Oe. \jh becpfkiot sjeufl oet dh liscisshl dhbkush tjh chrh oeo-neiohr ea ko iolisphoskdfh pkrty is oet k
mreuol aer tjh liscisskf ea tjh kbtieo (Rhbtieo ;;, Tufh 2, Tufhs ea Beurt7 Thpudfib v. Jeo. Ckometkrk, M.T.
Oe. ;=02=8, Nufy =, 40;0, 14< RBTK 210, <2;).

(D) Ia tjh bksh sjeufl prebhhl te trikf witjeut Mrihm dhiom icpfhklhl ks k pkrty te tjh bksh, wjkt is jis rhchly te
prethbt jis iothrhst5 (4%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
(D) Ia tjh bksh sjeufl prebhhl te trikf witjeut Mrihm dhiom icpfhklhl ks k pkrty, jh cky iothrvhoh io tjh kbtieo (Rhbtieo ;,
Tufh ;9, Tufhs ea Beurt). Jh cky kfse aifh k phtitieo aer kooufchot ea nulmchot uolhr Tufh <= ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt. Io
Chtredkog v. Jeo. Afere Kfhne (M.T. Oe. ;<;9=0, Rhpthcdhr ;0, 400;), Io k suit te ouffiay ko hxistiom \errhos Bhrtiaibkth
ea \itfh (\B\) io wjibj k rhkf hstkth certmkmh is kooetkthl, tjh certmkmhh is ko iolisphoskdfh pkrty. Io subj suit, k lhbisieo
bkobhffiom tjh \B\ kol tjh certmkmh kooetktieo is sudnhbt te phtitieo aer kooufchot ea nulmchot, dhbkush tjh oeo-neiolhr
ea tjh certmkmhh lhprivhl tjh beurt ea nurislibtieo te pkss upeo tjh beotrevhrsy

QI.
K fkw wks pksshl lhbfkriom Ct. Gkrduomge ks k prethbthl krhk siobh it wks k ckner wkthrsjhl. \jh prethbthl
krhk bevhrhl k pertieo febkthl io Cuoibipkfity ea tjh Previobh I kol k pertieo febkthl io tjh Bity ea ^ ea Previobh
II. Ckiomkt is tjh fhklhr ea Rkckjkom \kmkpkm-iomkt om Gkrduomge (R\G), k phepfh’s ermkoizktieo. Jh fhkrohl
tjkt k pertieo ea tjh ceuotkio febkthl io tjh Bity ea ^ ea Previobh If wks hxtrhchfy lkckmhl wjho it wks dufflezhl
kol fhvhfhl te tjh mreuol, kol shvhrkf trhhs kol pfkots whrh but lewo kol durohl dy werghrs ea ]erfl Pfhksurh
Thserts, Iob. (]PTI) aer tjh beostrubtieo ea k jethf kol mefa beursh. Xpeo ioquiry witj tjh prenhbt sith homiohhr
ia tjhy jkl k phrcit aer tjh prenhbt, Ckiomkt wks sjewo k bepy ea tjh Hovireochotkf Becpfikobh Bhrtiaibkth (HBB)
issuhl dy tjh LHOT-HCD, Thmieokf Lirhbter (TL-LHOT-HCD). Icchlikthfy, Ckiomkt kol R\G aifhl k phtitieo aer tjh
issukobh ea k writ ea beotiouiom ckolkcus kmkiost TL-LHOT-HCD kol ]PTI witj tjh T\B ea Previobh I, k
lhsimokthl hovireochotkf beurt, ks tjh TL-LHOT-HCD ohmfimhotfy issuhl tjh HBB te ]PTI. Eo sbrutioy ea tjh
Phtitieo, tjh Beurt lhthrciohl tjkt tjh krhk wjhrh tjh kffhmhl kbtieokdfh er ecissieo sudnhbt ea tjh phtitieo teeg
pfkbh io tjh Bity ea ^ ea Previobh II, kol tjhrhaerh bemoizkdfh dy tjh T\B ea Previobh II. \jus, tjh beurt liscisshl
eutrimjt tjh phtitieo aer fkbg ea nurislibtieo.

(K) ]ks tjh beurt berrhbt io cetu preprie liscissiom tjh phtitieo5 (2%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
K) Oe. \jh beurt wks oet berrhbt io cetu prepie liscissiom tjh phtitieo.
]jifh it kpphkrs tjkt tjh kffhmhl kbtieokdfh ohmfhbt er ecissieo teeg pfkbh io tjh Bity ea ^ ea Previobh II kol,
tjhrhaerh bemoizkdfh dy tjh T\B ea Previobh II, oeohtjhfhss, vhouh is oet nurislibtieokf, kol it bko dh wkivhl
io k sphbikf bivif kbtieo aer beotiouiom ckolkcus (Lefet v. Pknh, M.T. Oe. ;99;99, Kumust 4=, 40;2). Dhsilhs,
uolhr Rhbtieo ;, Tufh 9 ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt, lhahoshs kol ednhbtieos oet pfhklhl io tjh koswhr er io tjh
cetieo te lisciss krh lhhchl wkivhl. Jhobh, tjh Beurt bkooet cetu preprie lisciss tjh bksh eo tjh mreuol ea
icprephr vhouh.
Kssuciom tjkt tjh beurt lil oet lisciss tjh phtitieo, tjh TL-LHOT ‒HCD io jis Becchot cevhl te lisciss tjh
phtitieo eo tjh mreuol tjkt phtitieohrs akifhl te kpphkf tjh issukobh ea tjh HBB kol te hxjkust klcioistrktivh
rhchlihs previlhl io tjh LHOT Tufhs kol Thmufktieos.
(D) Rjeufl tjh beurt lisciss tjh phtitieo5 (2%)

RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
(D) Yhs, tjh Beurt sjeufl lisciss tjh phtitieo dhbkush tjh prephr prebhlurh te quhstieo k lhahbt io ko HBB is te aeffew tjh
LHOT klcioistrktivh kpphkf prebhss io kbberlkobh witj tjh lebtrioh ea hxjkustieo ea klcioistrktivh rhchlihs (Lefet v. Jeo.
Pknh, M.T. Oe. ;99;99, Kumust 4=, 40;27 Pknh v. Bksiûe, M.T. Oe, 40=48=, Ahdrukry 2, 40;8).
KF\HTOK\IQH KOR]HT
(D)Oe, tjh Beurt sjeufl oet lisciss tjh phtitieo dhbkush tjh lebtrioh ea hxjkustieo ea klcioistrktivh rhchlihs
aiols oe kppfibktieo wjho tjh cktthr is ea hxtrhch urmhoby tjkt cky bkush mrhkt kol irrhpkrkdfh lkckmh te
tjh hovireochot iovefviom streom pudfib iothrhst. Kathr kff, tjh Beurt cky susphol tjh rufhs ea prebhlurh io
erlhr te kbjihvh sudstkotikf nustibh, kol te kllrhss urmhot kol pkrkceuot Rtkth iothrhsts vitkf te tjh fiah ea
eur oktieo (Derkbky Aeuolktieo, Iob. v. Previobh ea Kgfko, M.T. Oe. ;91:=0, Nuoh 41, 40;47 Pknh v. Bksiûe,
M.T. Oe, 40=48=, Ahdrukry 2, 40;8).

QII.
Pfkiotiaa suhl lhaholkot aer beffhbtieo ea P; ciffieo dkshl eo tjh k precissery oeth. \jh becpfkiot kffhmhs,
kceom etjhrs>
;) Lhaholkot derrewhl P; ciffieo arec pfkiotiaa ks hvilhobhl dy k lufy hxhbuthl precissery
oeth7 4) \jh precissery oeth rhkls>

‖Ckgkti, Pjifippiohs Lhb. 20, 40;<

Aer vkfuh rhbhivhl arec pfkiotiaa, lhaholkot ‚precishs te pky pfkiotiaa P; ciffieo, \whfvh (;4) ceotjs arec tjh
kdevh iolibkthl lkth witjeut ohbhssity ea lhckol.
Rimohl lhaholkot
K bepy ea tjh precissery oeth is kttkbjhl ks Koohx ‖K.–

Lhaholkot, io jis vhriaihl koswhr, kffhmhl kceom etjhrs>

;) Lhaholkot sphbiaibkffy lhoihs tjh kffhmktieo io pkrkmrkpjs ; kol 4 ea tjh becpfkiot, tjh trutj dhiom
lhaholkot lil oet hxhbuth koy precissery oeth io akver ea pfkiotiaa, er
4) Lhaholkot jks pkil ; ciffieo bfkichl io tjh precissery oeth (Koohx‖K– ea tjh Becpfkiot) ks hvilhobhl dy ko
‖Kbgoewfhlmchot Thbhipt– lufy hxhbuthl dy pfkiotiaa eo Nkoukry 20, 40;8 io Ckoifk witj jis speush
simoiom ks witohss. K bepy ea tjh ‖Kbgoewfhlmchot Thbhipt– is kttkbjhl ks Koohx ‖;– jhrhea .

Pfkiotiaa aifhl k cetieo aer nulmchot eo tjh pfhklioms eo tjh mreuol tjkt lhaholkot’s koswhr akifhl te tholhr
ko issuh ks tjh kffhmktieos tjhrhio eo jis lhahoshs krh sjkc aer dhiom iobeosisthot7 jhobh, oe lhahosh kt
kff, Lhaholkot aifhl ko eppesitieo bfkiciom jis koswhr tholhrhl ko issuh.
(K) Is nulmchot eo tjh pfhklioms prephr5 (2%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
(K) Oe, tjh nulmchot eo tjh pfhklioms is oet prephr. Nulmchot eo tjh pfhklioms is prephr eofy wjho tjh koswhr
akifs te tholhr ko issuh, er etjhrwish klcits tjh ckthrikf kffhmktieo ea tjh klvhrsh pkrty’s pfhkliom (Rhbtieo ;, Tufh
2<, Tufhs ea Beurt). ]jho it kpphkrs, jewhvhr, tjkt oet kff tjh ckthrikf kffhmktieos ea tjh becpfkiot whrh klcitthl io
tjh koswhr, dhbkush sech ea tjhc whrh hitjhr lhoihl er lisputhl, kol tjh lhaholkot jks sht up bhrtkio sphbikf
lhahoshs wjibj, it prevho, weufl jkvh tjh haahbt ea ouffiayiom pfkiotiaa’s ckio bkush ea kbtieo, nulmchot eo
tjh pfhklioms bkooet dh rholhrhl (Pjifippioh Oktieokf Dkog v. Kzokr, M.T. Oe.;=;:08, Cky 20. 40;;).
Bfhkrfy, siobh tjh lhaholkot’s vhriaihl Koswhr sphbiaibkffy lhoihl tjh hxhbutieo ea tjh precissery oeth, er
rkishl tjh kaaircktivh ea pkychot, nulmchot eo tjh pfhklioms is oet prephr.

Lhaholkot aifhl k cetieo aer succkry nulmchot eo tjh mreuol tjkt tjhrh krh oe feomhr koy trikdfh mhouioh
issuhs ea akbts.
(D) Rjeufl tjh beurt mrkot lhaholkot’s cetieo aer succkry nulmchot5(2%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
(D) Oe, tjh beurt sjeufl oet mrkot tjh cetieo aer succkry nulmchot dhbkush tjh lhahosh ea pkychot is k mhouioh
issuh ks te k ckthrikf akbt tjkt cust dh rhsefvhl dy tjh beurt upeo prhshotktieo ea hvilhobh. Aer k succkry
nulmchot te dh prephr, tjh cevkot cust hstkdfisj twe rhquisiths> (k) tjhrh cust dh oe mhouioh issuh ks te koy
ckthrikf akbt, hxbhpt aer tjh kceuot ea lkckmhs, kol (d) tjh pkrty prhshotiom tjh cetieo aer succkry nulmchot
cust dh hotitfhl te k nulmchot ks k cktthr ea fkw. K mhouioh issuh is ko issuh ea akbt wjibj rhquirhs tjh
prhshotktieo ea hvilhobh ks listiomuisjhl arec ko issuh wjibj is k sjkc, aibtitieus, beotrivhl er k akfsh bfkic.
Thfktivh tjhrhte, wjho tjh akbts pfhklhl dy tjh pkrtihs krh lisputhl er beothsthl, prebhhlioms aer k succkry
nulmchot bkooet tkgh tjh pfkbh ea k trikf. \jh hvilhobh eo rhberl cust dh vihwhl io fimjt cest akverkdfh te tjh
pkrty eppesiom tjh cetieo wje cust dh mivho tjh dhohait ea kff akverkdfh ioahrhobhs ks bko rhkseokdfy dh
lrkwo arec tjh hvilhobh (Rckrt Beccuoibktieos v. Kflhbek, M.T. Oe. ;11220, Rhpthcdhr ;;, 40;2).

QIII
Kflrio hothrhl iote k beotrkbt te shff witj Ohif evhr k pkrbhf ea fkol. \jh beotrkbt stipufkthl k P800,000.00 lewo
pkychot upeo simoiom kol tjh dkfkobh pkykdfh io twhfvh (;4) ceotjfy iostkffchots ea P;00,000.00. Kflrio pkil tjh
lewo pkychot kol jkl pkil tjrhh (2) ceotjfy iostkffchots wjho jh aeuol eut tjkt Ohif jkl sefl tjh skch prephrty te Yuri
aer P;.8 ciffieo pkil io bksj. Kflrio suhl Ohif aer sphbiaib phraerckobh witj lkckmhs witj tjh T\B. Yuri, witj fhkvh
ea beurt, aifhl ko koswhr-io-iothrvhotieo ks jh jkl kfrhkly edtkiohl k \B\ io jis okch. Kathr trikf, tjh beurt rholhrhl
nulmchot erlhriom Kflrio te pky kff tjh iostkffchots luh, tjh bkobhffktieo ea Yuri’s titfh, kol Ohif te hxhbuth k lhhl
ea skfh io akver ea Kflrio. ]jho tjh nulmchot dhbkch aiokf kol hxhbutery, Kflrio pkil Ohif kff tjh iostkffchots dut
tjh fktthr rhaushl te hxhbuth tjh lhhl ea skfh io akver ea tjh aerchr. Kflrio aifhl k ‖Phtitieo aer tjh Issukobh ea
k ]rit ea Hxhbutieo witj prephr oetibh ea jhkriom. \jh phtitieo kffhmhl, kceom etjhrs, tjkt tjh lhbisieo jkl dhbech
aiokf kol hxhbutery kol jh is hotitfhl te tjh issukobh ea tjh writ ea hxhbutieo ks k cktthr ea rimjt. Ohif aifhl k
cetieo te lisciss tjh phtitieo eo tjh mreuol tjkt it fkbghl tjh rhquirhl kaailkvit kmkiost aeruc sjeppiom.
(K) Rjeufl tjh beurt mrkot Ohif’s Cetieo te Lisciss5 (2%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
(K) Oe. \jh cetieo te lisciss sjeufl dh lhoihl dhbkush bhrtiaibktieo kmkiost aeruc sjeppiom is eofy rhquirhl io
k becpfkiot er etjhr ioitiktery pfhkliom (Rhbtieo 8, Tufh =, Tufhs ea Beurt7 Krquizk v. BK, M.T. OE ;10<=9,
Nuoh :, 4008). Riobh k phtitieo aer tjh issukobh ea k writ ea hxhbutieo is oet ko ioitiktery pfhkliom, it lehs
oet rhquirh k bhrtiaibktieo kmkiost aeruc sjeppiom.
WOeth> \jh Beccitthh rhsphbtauffy rhbecchols k fidhrkf kpprekbj io bjhbgiom tjh koswhr te [uhstieo QIII,
sjeufl tjh hxkciohhs beosilhr tjh ‖Phtitieo aer tjh Issukobh ea k ]rit ea Hxhbutieo– ko ioitiktery pfhkliom er
quhstieo tjh berrhbt ohss ea tjh \rikf Beurt’s lhbisieo. \jh beotrkbt witj Kflrio is k beotrkbt te shff witj tjh
purbjksh pribh oet auffy pkil, wjifh tjkt ea Yuri is k phrahbthl beotrkbt ea skfh, pfus lhfivhry ea tjh pudfib
lebuchot kol issukobh ea \B\, ckgiom Yuri tjh ewohr ea tjh fkolS.
Lhspith tjh issukobh ea tjh writ ea hxhbutieo lirhbtiom Ohif te hxhbuth tjh lhhl ea skfh io akver ea Kflrio, tjh
aerchr edstiokthfy rhaushl te hxhbuth tjh lhhl.
(D) ]jkt is Kflrio’s rhchly5 (4%)

RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
(D) Kflrio cky cevh aer tjh issukobh ea k beurt erlhr lirhbtiom tjh hxhbutieo ea tjh Lhhl ea Rkfh dy sech etjhr
phrseo kppeiothl dy it. Xolhr Rhbtieo ;0, Tufh 29 ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt, ia k nulmchot lirhbts k pkrty te
hxhbuth k beovhykobh ea fkol er phrseokf prephrty, er te lhfivhr lhhls er etjhr lebuchots, er te phraerc, koy
etjhr sphbiaib kbt io beoohbtieo tjhrhwitj, kol tjh pkrty akifs te becpfy witjio tjh tich sphbiaihl, tjh beurt cky
lirhbt tjh kbt te dh leoh kt tjh best ea tjh lisedhlihot pkrty dy sech etjhr phrseo kppeiothl dy tjh beurt kol tjh
kbt wjho se leoh sjkff jkvh figh haahbt ks ia leoh dy tjh pkrty. Ia rhkf er phrseokf prephrty is situkthl witjio
tjh Pjifippiohs, tjh beurt io fihu ea lirhbtiom k beovhykobh tjhrhea cky dy ko erlhr livhst tjh titfh ea koy pkrty
kol vhst it io etjhrs, wjibj sjkff jkvh tjh aerbh kol haahbt ea k beovhykobh hxhbuthl io luh aerc ea fkw.
\jh pjrksh ‖sech etjhr phrseo kppeiothl dy tjh beurt– cky rhahr te tjh Drkobj Bfhrg ea Beurt, Rjhriaa er hvho
tjh Thmisthr ea Lhhls, kol tjhir kbts wjho leoh uolhr subj kutjerity sjkff jkvh tjh haahbt ea jkviom dhho leoh
dy Ohif jicshfa.
KF\HTOK\IQH KOR]HT
(D) Kflrio cky kfse cevh tjkt Ohif dh bithl aer beothcpt dhbkush ea jis edstiokth rhauskf te becpfy witj tjh
nulmchot ea tjh beurt te hxhbuth k Lhhl ea Rkfh.

IZ
Jklhs, ko Kchribko bitizho, tjreumj k lktiom whdsith, met kbqukiothl witj Phrshpjeoh, k Aifipiok. Jklhs bkch
te tjh Pjifippiohs kol prebhhlhl te Dkmuie Bity wjhrh Phrshpjeoh rhsilhs. Jklhs kol Phrshpjeoh beotrkbthl
ckrrikmh, sefhcoizhl dy tjh Chtrepefitko \rikf Beurt nulmh ea Ckgkti Bity, Kathr tjh whlliom, Jklhs afhw
dkbg te Bkfiaeroik, Xoithl Rtkths ea Kchribk, te wiol up jis dusiohss kaakirs. Eo jis rhturo te tjh Pjifippiohs,
Jklhs lisbevhrhl tjkt Phrshpjeoh jkl ko iffibit kaakir witj Pjkohs. Icchlikthfy, Jklhs rhturohl te tjh Xoithl
Rtkths kol wks kdfh te edtkio k vkfil liverbh lhbrhh arec tjh Ruphrier Beurt ea tjh Beuoty ea Rko Ckthe,
Bkfiaeroik, k beurt ea becphthot nurislibtieo kmkiost Phrshpjeoh. Jklhs lhsirhs te ckrry Jhstik, kfse k
Aifipiok, wjec jh cht kt Dkbbus Mriff io Pksky Bity.
(K) Ks Jklhs’ fkwyhr, wjkt phtitieo sjeufl yeu aifh io erlhr tjkt yeur bfihot bko kveil preshbutieo aer dimkcy
ia jh lhsirhs te ckrry Jhstik5 (%)
(D) Io wjkt beurt sjeufl yeu aifh tjh phtitieo5 (;%)
(B) ]jkt is tjh hsshotikf rhquisith tjkt yeu cust becpfy witj aer tjh purpesh ea hstkdfisjiom nurislibtieokf
akbts dhaerh tjh beurt bko jhkr tjh phtitieo5 (2%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
(K) Ks Jklhs’ fkwyhr, I weufl aifh k phtitieo aer rhbemoitieo ea k aerhimo liverbh lhbrhh, er kt fhkst aifh k sphbikf
prebhhliom aer bkobhffktieo er berrhbtieo ea hotrihs io tjh bivif rhmistry uolhr Tufh ;0: ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt kol iobfulh
tjhrhio k prkyhr aer rhbemoitieo ea tjh kaerhchotieohl liverbh lhbrhh, Bru^ v. Rte. \ecks (M.T. Oe. ;:18=;, Kumust ;;, 40;0),
tjh Jimj lhbfkrhl tjkt ‖WtSjh rhbemoitieo ea tjh aerhimo liverbh lhbrhh cklh io k Tufh ;0: prebhhliom itshfa, ks tjh ednhbt
ea sphbikf prebhhlioms (subj ks tjkt io Tufh ;0: ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt) is prhbishfy hstkdfisj tjh stktus er rimjt ea k pkrty er
k pkrtibufkr akbt–(Aunigi v. Ckrioky, M.T. Oe. ;910<9, Nuoh 41, 40;2).
(D)
Phtitieo aer rhbemoitieo ea aerhimo liverbh lhbrhh sjeufl dh aifhl io tjh Thmieokf \rikf Beurt ea tjh pfkbh ea
rhsilhobh ea koy ea tjh pkrtihs, kt tjh eptieo ea tjh phtitieohr7 er
Phtitieo aer bkobhffktieo er berrhbtieo ea hotrihs uolhr Tufh ;0: sjeufl dh aifhl io tjh Thmieokf \rikf Beurt ea
Ckgkti Bity, wjhrh tjh berrhspeoliom Febkf Bivif Thmistry is febkthl. (b)

Io k phtitieo aer rhbemoitieo ea aerhimo nulmchot, tjh phtitieohr eofy ohhls te prevh tjh aerhimo nulmchot
ks k akbt uolhr tjh Tufhs ea Beurt. \e dh cerh sphbiaib, k bepy ea tjh aerhimo nulmchot cky dh klcitthl io
hvilhobh kol prevho ks k akbt uolhr Rhbtieos 4< kol 48 ea Tufh ;24 io rhfktieo te Rhbtieo <:(d), Tufh 29 ea
tjh Tufhs ea Beurt (Aunigi v. Ckrioky M.T. Oe. ;910<9, Nuoh 41, 40;2).
Dhaerh tjh beurt bko jhkr tjh phtitieo uolhr Tufh ;0: ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt, Jklhs cust sktisay tjh aeffewiom
prebhlurkf rhquirhchots7(k) aifiom k vhriaihl phtitieo7 (d) okciom ks pkrtihs kff phrseos wje jkvh er bfkic
koy iothrhst wjibj weufl dh kaahbthl7 (b) issukobh ea ko erlhr aixiom tjh tich kol pfkbh ea jhkriom7 (l)
miviom rhkseokdfh oetibh te tjh pkrtihs okchl io tjh phtitieo7 kol (h) pudfibktieo ea tjh erlhr eobh k whhg
aer tjrhh beoshbutivh whhgs io k ohwspkphr ea mhohrkf birbufktieo (Tufh ;0:, Tufhs ea Beurt7 Be v. Bivif
Thmisthr ea Ckoifk, M.T. Oe. ;2:<91, Ahdrukry 42, 400<, <42 RBTK <407 Berpuz v. \iref, M.T. Oe. ;:18=;,
Kumust ;;, 40;0). KF\HTOK\IQH KOR]HT
(K) Ks Jklhs’ beuoshf, I wiff oet aifh koy phtitieo dhbkush cy bfihot is ko Kchribko bitizho, kol eofy Aifi pioe
bitizhos krh rhquirhl te aifh k phtitieo aer rhbemoitieo ea k aerhimo nulmchot. I wiff klvish Jklhs,
oeohtjhfhss, te shburh k bhrtiaibkth ea fhmkf bkpkbity te ckrry io tjh Pjifippiohs ia jh lhsirhs te ckrry Jhstik,
io erlhr te kveil preshbutieo aer dimkcy.

Z.
Ko ioaercktieo aer curlhr wks aifhl kmkiost Tkpile. \jh T\B nulmh, kathr phrseokffy hvkfuktiom tjh
preshbuter’s rhsefutieo, lebuchots kol pkrtihs’ kaailkvits sudcitthl dy tjh preshbuter, aeuol predkdfh bkush
kol issuhl k wkrrkot ea krrhst. Tkpile’s fkwyhr hxkciohl tjh reffe ea tjh bksh kol aeuol tjkt it eofy beotkiohl
tjh bepy ea tjh ioaercktieo, tjh sudcissieos ea tjh preshbuter kol k bepy ea tjh wkrrkot ea krrhst. Icchlikthfy,
Tkpile’s beuoshf aifhl k cetieo te quksj tjh krrhst wkrrkot aer dhiom veil, bitiom ks mreuols>
k). \jh nulmh dhaerh issuiom tjh wkrrkot lil oet phrseokffy beolubt k shkrbjiom hxkcioktieo ea tjh
preshbutieo witohsshs io viefktieo ea jis bfihot’s beostitutieokffy -ckolkthl rimjts7
d) \jhrh wks oe prier erlhr aioliom predkdfh bkush dhaerh tjh nulmh issuhl tjh krrhst wkrrkot.
Cky tjh wkrrkot ea krrhst dh quksjhl eo tjh mreuols bithl dy Tkpile’s beuoshf5 Rtkth yeur rhkseo aer hkbj
mreuol. (<%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
Oe, tjh wkrrkot ea krrhst cky oet dh quksjhl dkshl eo tjh mreuols bi thl dy Tkpile’s beuoshf. Io tjh issukobh ea k
wkrrkot ea krrhst, tjh ckolkth ea tjh beostitutieo is aer tjh nulmh te phrseokffy lhthrcioh tjh hxisthobh ea
predkdfh bkush. \jh werls ‖phrseokf lhthrcioktieo,– wks iothrprhthl dy tjh Ruprhch Beurt io Refivho v .
Ckgksikr, (M.T. Oe. :48:8, Oevhcdhr ;<, ;9::, ;1= RBTK 292, <01), ks tjh hxbfusivh kol phrseokf rhspeosidifity ea
tjh issuiom nulmh te sktisay jicshfa, ks te tjh hxisthobh ea predkdfh bkush. ]jkt tjh fkw rhquirhs ks phrseokf
lhthrcioktieo eo tjh pkrt ea k nulmh is tjkt jh sjeufl oet rhfy sefhfy eo tjh rhpert ea tjh iovhstimktiom
preshbuter. \jus, phrseokf hxkcioktieo ea tjh becpfkiokot kol jis witohsshs is, tjus, oet ckolktery kol
iolisphoskdfh io tjh lhthrcioktieo ea predkdfh bkush aer tjh issukobh ea k wkrrkot ea krrhst (Phepfh v. Neshpj
‖Nene– Mrhy, M.T. Oe. ;0;09, Nufy 41, 40;0). Kt koy rkth, tjhrh is oe fkw er rufh tjkt rhquirhs tjh Nulmh te issuh k
prier Erlhr aioliom predkdfh bkush dhaerh tjh issukobh ea k wkrrkot ea krrhst.
 ZI.
\jh Ecdulscko aeuol predkdfh bkush te bjkrmh witj pfuolhr l predkdfh bkush te bjkrmh witj pfuolhr tjh
previobikf mevhroer, vibh mevhroer, trhksurhr, dulmht eaaibhr, kol kbbeuotkot. Ko Ioaercktieo aer pfuolhr
wks aifhl witj tjh Rkolimkodkyko kmkiost tjh previobikf eaaibikfs hxbhpt aer tjh trhksurhr wje wks mrkothl
iccuoity wjho jh kmrhhl te beephrkth witj tjh Ecdulscko io tjh preshbutieo ea tjh bksh. Icchlikthfy, tjh
mevhroer aifhl witj tjh Rkolimkodkyko k phtitieo aer bhrtierkri kmkiost tjh Ecdulscko bfkiciom tjhrh wks
mrkvh kdush ea lisbrhtieo io hxbfuliom tjh trhksurhr arec tjh Ioaercktieo.
(K) ]ks tjh rhchly tkgho dy tjh mevhroer berrhbt5 (4%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
(K) \jh rhchly tkgho dy tjh Mevhroer is berrhbt. K phtitieo aer Bhrtierkri uolhr Tufh 18 is tjh kppreprikth
rhchly ia tjh Ecdulscko beccitthl mrkvh kdush ea lisbrhtieo io mrkotiom iccuoity te tjh trhksurhr wje kmrhhl
te beephrkth io tjh preshbutieo ea tjh bksh.

(D) ]iff tjh writ ea ckolkcus fih te becphf tjh Ecdulscko te iobfulh tjh trhksurhr io tjh Ioaercktieo5 (2%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
(D) Oe. Ckolkcus wiff oet fih te becphf tjh Ecdulscko te iobfulh tjh trhksurhr io tjh Ioaercktieo. Io cktthrs
iovefviom tjh hxhrbish ea nulmchot kol lisbrhtieo, ckolkcus cky eofy dh rhserthl te io erlhr te becphf rhspeolhot
triduokf, berperktieo, dekrl, eaaibhr er phrseo te tkgh kbtieo, dut it bkooet dh ushl te lirhbt tjh ckoohr er tjh
pkrtibufkr wky lisbrhtieo is te dh hxhrbishl, er te becphf tjh rhtrkbtieo er rhvhrskf ea ko kbtieo kfrhkly tkgho io
tjh hxhrbish ea nulmchot er lisbrhtieo (Kcpktuko, Nr. v. Rhbrhtkry Lh Fick, M.T. Oe. ;9=49;, Kprif 2, 40;2).
Hvilhotfy, tjh Ecdulscko’s kbt ea mrkotiom tjh trhksurhr iccuoity arec preshbutieo uolhr subj thrcs kol
beolitieos ks it cky lhthr cioh (Rhbtieo ;=, T.K. 1==0) is k lisbrhtieokry luty tjkt cky oet dh becphffhl dy tjh
hxtrkerliokry writ ea ckolkcus.

(B) Bko tjh Rphbikf Preshbuter cevh aer tjh lisbjkrmh ea tjh dulmht eaaibhr te berrederkth tjh thsticeoy ea
tjh trhksurhr io tjh beursh ea prhshotiom its hvilhobh. (4%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
(B) Oe, tjh sphbikf Preshbuter bkooet cevh aer tjh lisbjkrmh ea tjh dulmht eaaibhr te dhbech k Rtkth
witohss. \jh Eaaibh ea tjh Rphbikf Preshbuter is chrhfy k becpeohot ea tjh Eaaibh ea tjh Ecdulscko kol cky
eofy kbt uolhr tjh suphrvisieo kol beotref, kol upeo kutjerity ea tjh Ecdulscko (Xy v. Rkolimkodkyko, M.T.
Oe ;08918 =0, Ckrbj 40, 400;). Kbberliomfy, io tjh kdshobh ea koy hxprhss lhfhmktieo kol kutjerity arec tjh
Ecdulscko, tjh Rphbikf Preshbuter lehs oet jkvh tjh pewhr te cevh aer tjh lisbjkrmh ea tjh dulmht eaaibhr te
berrederkth tjh thsticeoy ea tjh trhksurhr io tjh beursh ea prhshotiom its hvilhobh (Rhbtieo ;; (2), T.K. 1==0).

DKT HZKC 40;1 RXMMHR\HL KOR]HTR IO THCHLIKF FK]

I
Rtkth kt fhkst aivh (8) bivif bkshs tjkt akff uolhr tjh hxbfusivh erimiokf nu rislibtieo ea tjh Thmieokf \rikf
Beurts (T\B’s). (8%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
\jh Thmieokf \rikf Beurts iothr kfik sjkff hxhrbish hxbfusivh erimiokf nurislibtieo io tjh aeffewiom bivif bkshs>
(;) Io kff bivif kbtieos io wjibj tjh sudnhbt ea tjh fitimktieo is iobkpkdfh ea phbuoikry hsticktieo7
(4) Io kff bivif kbtieos wjibj iovefvh tjh titfh te, er pesshssieo ea, rhkf prephrty, er koy iothrhst tjhrhio, wjhrh tjh
ksshsshl vkfuh ea tjh prephrty iovefvhl hxbhhls \whoty tjeuskol phses (P40,000,00) er, aer bivif kbtieos io Chtre
Ckoifk, wjhrh subj vkfuh hxbhhls Aiaty tjeuskol phses (P80,000.00) hxbhpt kbtieos aer aerbidfh hotry iote
kol uofkwauf lhtkiohr ea fkols er duiflioms, erimiokf nurislibtieo evhr wjibj is beoahrrhl upeo tjh
Chtrepefitko \rikf Beurts, Cuoibipkf \rikf Beurts, kol Cuoibipkf Birbuit \rikf Beurts7
(2) Io kff kbtieos io klcirkfty kol ckritich nurislibtieo wjhrh tjh lhckol er bfkic hxbhhls \jrhh juolrhl tjeuskol
phses (P200,000.00) er, io Chtre Ckoifk, wjhrh subj lhckol er bfkic hxbhhls Aeur juolrhl tjeuskol phses
(P<00,000.00)7
(<) Io kff cktthrs ea predkth, detj thstkth kol iothstkth, wjhrh tjh mress vkfuh ea tjh hstkth hxbhhls \jrhh
juolrhl tjeuskol phses (P200,000.00) er, io predkth cktthrs io Chtre Ckoifk, wjhrh subj mress vkfuh hxbhhls
Aeur Juolrhl tjeuskol phses (P<00,000.00)7
(8) Io kff kbtieos iovefviom tjh beotrkbt ea ckrrikmh kol ckritkf rhfktieos7
(1) Io kff bkshs oet witjio tjh hxbfusivh nurislibtieo ea koy beurt, triduokf, phrseo er dely hxhrbisiom
nurislibtieo ea koy beurt, triduokf, phrseo er dely hxhrbisiom nulibikf er quksi-nulibikf auobtieos7
(=) io kff bivif kbtieos kol sphbikf prebhhlioms akffiom witjio tjh hxbfusivh erimiokf nurislibtieo ea k
Nuvhoifh kol Lechstib Thfktieos Beurt kol ea tjh Beurt ea Kmrkriko Thfktieos ks oew previlhl dy fkw7 kol
(:) Io kff etjhr bkshs io wjibj tjh lhckol, hxbfusivh ea iothrhst, lkckmhs ea wjkthvhr giol, ktterohy’s ahhs
fitimktieo hxphoshs, kol bests er tjh vkfuh ea tjh prephrty io beotrevhrsy hxbhhls \jrhh juolrhl tjeuskol
phses (P200,000.00) er, io subj etjhr bkshs io Chtre Ckoifk, wjhrh tjh lhckol hxbfusivh ea tjh kdevh-
chotieohl ithcs hxbhhls Aeur Juolrhl tjeuskol phses (P<00,000,00)– (Rhbtieo ;, Rhbtieo ;9 ea Dktks
Pkcdkosk Dfm. ;49, etjhrwish goewo ks tjh ‖Nulibikry Thermkoizktieo Kbt ea ;9:0).

II
(K) Drihafy hxpfkio tjh prebhlurh eo ‖Iothrremkterihs te Pkrtihs– uolhr Tufh 48 kol stkth tjh haahbt ea
akifurh te shrvh writtho iothrremkterihs. (4.8%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
(K) PTEBHLXTH
; Koy pkrty lhsiriom te hfibit ckthrikf kol rhfhvkot akbts arec koy klvhrsh pkrtihs sjkff aifh kol shrvh upeo
tjh fktthr writtho iothrremkterihs te dh koswhrhl dy tjh pkrty shrvhl er, ia tjh pkrty shrvhl is k pudfib er
privkth berperktieo er k pkrtohrsjip er kssebiktieo, dy koy eaaibhr tjhrhea becphthot te thstiay io its dhjkfa
(Rhbtieo ;, Tufh 48, Tufhs ea Beurt).
4. \jh iothrremkterihs sjkff dh koswhrhl auffy io writiom kol sjkff dh simohl kol swero te dy tjh phrseo
ckgiom tjhc. \jh pkrty upeo wjec tjh iothrremkterihs jkvh dhho shrvhl sjkff aifh kol shrvh k bepy ea tjh
koswhrs eo tjh pkrty sudcittiom tjh iothrremkterihs witjio aiathho (;8) lkys kathr shrvibh tjhrhea, uofhss tjh
beurt eo cetieo kol aer meel bkush sjewo, hxthols er sjerthos tjh tich (Rhbtieo 4, Tufh 48, Tufhs ea Beurt).
2. Ednhbtieos te koy iothrremkterihs cky dh prhshothl te tjh beurt
witjio tho (;0) lkys kathr shrvibh tjhrhea, witj oetibh ks io bksh ea k cetieo7 kol koswhrs sjkff dh lhahrrhl uotif
tjh ednhbtieos krh rhsefvhl, wjibj sjkff dh kt ks hkrfy k tich ks is prkbtibkdfh (Rhbtieo 2. Tufh 48, Tufhs ea
Beurt). Rjeufl k pkrty akif te aifh kol shrvh writtho iothrremkterihs eo klvhrsh pkrty, jh bkooet becphf tjh fktthr
te mivh thsticeoy io eoh beurt er te mivh lhpesitieo pholiom kpphkf, uofhss kffewhl dy tjh beurt aer meel bkush
sjewo kol te prhvhot k akifurh ea nustibh (Rhbtieo 1. Tufh 48, Tufhs ea Beurt7 Rpeushs Qibhoth Kaufumhobik
kol Fhtibik Kaufumhobik v. Chtrepefitko Dkog & \rust Be., ht kf., M.T. Oe. ;:8;<8 Ahdrukry 8, 40;<).

(D) Drihafy hxpfkio tjh prebhlurh eo ‖Klcissieo dy Klvhrsh Pkrty– uolhr Tufh 41 kol tjh haahbt ea akifurh te
aifh kol shrvh tjh rhquhst. (4.8%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
(D) PTEBHLXTH
; Kt koy tich kathr issuhs jkvh dhho neiohl, k pkrty cky aifh kol shrvh upeo koy pkrty k writtho rhquhst aer
tjh klcissieo dy tjh fktthr ea tjh mhouiohohss ea koy ckthrikf kol rhfhvkot lebuchot lhsbridhl io kol hxjidithl
witj tjh rhquhst er ea tjh trutj ea koy ckthrikf kol rhfhvkot cktthr ea akbt sht aertj io tjh rhquhst. Bepihs ea
tjh lebuchots sjkff dh lhfivhrhl witj tjh rhquhst uofhss bepihs jkvh kfrhkly dhho auroisjhl (Rhbtieo ;, Tufh
41, Tufhs ea Beurt).
4. Hkbj ea tjh cktthrs ea wjibj ko klcissieo is rhquhsthl sjkff dh lhhchl klcitthl uofhss, witjio k phriel lhsimokthl
io tjh rhquhst, wjibj sjkff oet dh fhss tjko aiathho (;8) lkys kathr shrvibh tjhrhea, er witjio subj aurtjhr tich ks tjh
beurt cky kffew eo cetieo, tjh pkrty te wjec tjh rhquhst lirhbthl aifhs kol shrvhs upeo tjh pkrty rhquhstiom tjh
klcissieo k swero stkthchot hitjhr lhoyiom sphbiaibkffy tjh cktthrs ea wjibj ko klcissieo is rhquhsthl er shttiom
aertj io lhtkif tjh rhkseos wjy jh bkooet trutjauffy hitjhr klcit er lhoy tjesh cktthrs.
2. Ednhbtieos te koy rhquhst aer klcissieo sjkff dh sudcitthl te tjh beurt dy tjh pkrty rhquhsthl witjio tjh
phriel aer kol prier te tjh aifiom ea jis swero stkthchot ks beothcpfkthl io tjh prhbhliom pkrkmrkpj kol jis
becpfikobh tjhrhwitj sjkff dh lhahrrhl uotif subj edfimktieos krh rhsefvhl, wjibj rhsefutieo sjkff dh cklh ks
hkrfy ks prkbtibkdfh (Rhbtieo 4, Tufh 41, Tufhs ea Beurt).
<. Koy klcissieo cklh dy k pkrty pursukot te subj rhquhst is aer tjh purpesh ea tjh pholiom kbtieo eofy kol
sjkff oet beostituth ko klcissieo dy jic aer koy etjhr purpesh oer cky tjh skch dh ushl kmkiost jic io koy etjhr
prebhhliom (Rhbtieo 2, Tufh 41). Xofhss etjhrwish kffewhl dy tjh beurt aer meel bkush sjewo kol te prhvhot
k akifurh ea nustibh k pkrty wje akifs te aifh kol shrvh k rhquhst aer klcissieo eo tjh klvhrsh pkrty ea
ckthrikf kol rhfhvkot akbts kt issuh wjibj krh, er eumjt te dh, witjio tjh phrseokf goewfhlmh ea tjh fktthr, sjkff
oet dh phrcitthl te prhshot hvilhobh eo subj akbts (hcpjksis suppfihlS (Rhbtieo 8, Tufh 41, Tufhs ea Beurt).

IQ.
Hlukrle k rhsilhot ea tjh Bity ea Ckoifk, aifhl dhaerh tjh Thmieokf \rikf Beurt (T\B) ea Ckoifk k becpfkiot aer
tjh kooufchot ea k Lhhl ea Thkf Hstkth Certmkmh jh simohl io akver ea Mkfkxy Dkog (Mkfkxy), kol tjh
beoshquhot aerhbfesurh kol kubtieo skfh eo jis certmkmhl Ckgkti prephrty. Mkfkxy aifhl k Cetieo te Lisciss
eo tjh mreuol ea icprephr vhouh kffhmiom tjkt tjh becpfkiot sjeufl dh aifhl witj tjh T\B ea Ckgkti siobh tjh
becpfkiot iovefvhs tjh ewohrsjip kol pesshssieo ea Hlukrle’s fet. Thsefvh tjh cetieo witj rhkseos. (8%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
\jh Cetieo te lisciss sjeufl dh mrkothl. Ko kbtieo aer ouffiaibktieo ea tjh certmkmh lebuchots kol
aerhbfesurh ea tjh certmkmhl prephrty is k rhkf kbtieo tjkt kaahbts tjh titfh te tjh prephrty7 tjus, vhouh ea
tjh rhkf kbtieo is dhaerh tjh beurt jkviom nurislibtieo evhr tjh thrritery io wjibj tjh prephrty fihs (Niccy \. Me
v. Xoithl Bebeout Pfkothrs Dkog, M.T. Oe. ;81;:=, Oevhcdhr ;;, 400<7 Bjuk v. \etkf Eaaibh Prelubts &
Rhrvibhs, M.T. Oe. ;84:0:, Rhpthcdhr 20, 4008).
Io Aertuoh Ceters v. Beurt ea Kpphkfs (M.T. Oe. ;;4;9;, Ahdrukry =, ;99=), tjh Ruprhch Beurt kfse jhfl tjkt ko
kbtieo te koouf k aerhbfesurh skfh ea k rhkf hstkth certmkmh is oe liaahrhot arec ko kbtieo te koouf k
privkth skfh ea rhkf prephrty. ]jifh it is truh tjkt phtitieohr lehs oet lirhbtfy shhg tjh rhbevhry ea titfh er
pesshssieo ea tjh prephrty io quhstieo, jis kbtieo aer kooufchot ea skfh kol jis bfkic aer lkckmhs krh
bfeshfy iothrtwiohl witj tjh issuh ea ewohrsjip ea tjh duifliom wjibj, uolhr tjh fkw, is beosilhrhl iccevkdfh
prephrty, tjh rhbevhry ea wjibj is phtitieohr’s prickry ednhbtivh.
\jh prhvkfhot lebtrioh is tjkt ko kbtieo aer tjh kooufchot er rhsbissieo ea k skfh ea rhkf prephrty lehs oet
ephrkth te haakbh tjh auolkchotkf kol prich ednhbtivh kol okturh ea tjh bksh, wjibj is te rhbevhr skil rhkf
prephrty. It is k rhkf kbtieo (Pkmfkuc Ckokmhchot & Lhvhfepchot Berperktieo v. Xoieo Dkog ea tjh
Pjifippiohs, M.T. Oe. ;=90;:, Nuoh ;:, 40;4).
Dhiom k rhkf kbtieo, it sjkff dh becchobhl kol trihl io tjh prephr beurt wjibj jks nurislibtieo evhr tjh krhk
wjhrh tjh rhkf prephrty iovefvhl. er k pertieo tjhrhea, is situkthl (Rhbtieo ;, Tufh <, Tufhs ea Beurt). \jh
becpfkiot sjeufl dh aifhl io tjh T\B ea Ckgkti wjhrh tjh certmkmhl prephrty is situkthl.

Q.
(K) ]jkt is tjh ‖cest icpertkot witohss– rufh pursukot te tjh 400< Muilhfiohs ea Prh -trikf kol Xsh ea
Lhpesitieo-Lisbevhry Chksurhs5 Hxpfkio. (4.8%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
(K) Xolhr K.C. Oe. 02-;-09-RB er tjh ‖400< Muilhfiohs ea Prh-trikf kol Xsh ea Lhpesitieo-Lisbevhry
Chksurhs,– io bivif bkshs wjhrh oe kcibkdfh shttfhchot wks rhkbjhl dy tjh pkrtihs, tjh trikf nulmh is lirhbthl
te lhthrcioh tjh cest icpertkot witohsshs kol ficit tjh oucdhr ea subj witohsshs te dh jhkrl. \jh beurt sjkff kfse
rhquirh tjh pkrtihs kol/er beuoshfs te sudcit tjh okchs, kllrhsshs kol beotkbt oucdhrs ea tjh witohsshs te dh
succeohl dy sudpehok. \jh akbts te dh prevho dy hkbj witohss kol tjh kpprexickth oucdhr ea jeurs phr
witohss sjkff kfse dh aixhl dy tjh trikf nulmh (Rhbtieo (;)(K) (8) (i) ea K.C. Oe. 02-0;-09-RB er tjh ‖400<
Muilhfiohs ea Prh-trikf kol Xsh ea Lhpesitieo-Lisbevhry Chksurhs–, Nufy ;2, 400<).

(D)]jkt is tjh ‖eoh lky hxkcioktieo ea witohss– rufh pursukot te tjh skil 400< Muilhfiohs5 Hxpfkio. (4.8%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
(D) \jh rufh rhquirhs tjkt k witohss jks te dh auffy hxkciohl io eoh (;) lky eofy. \jis rufh sjkff dh stribtfy kljhrhl
te sudnhbt te tjh beurts’ lisbrhtieo luriom trikf eo wjhtjhr er oet te hxthol tjh lirhbt kol/ er bress-hxkcioktieo
aer nustiaikdfh rhkseos. Eo tjh fkst jhkriom lky kffetthl aer hkbj pkrty, jh is rhquirhl te ckgh jis aerckf eaahr
ea hvilhobh kathr tjh prhshotktieo ea jis fkst witohss kol tjh eppesiom pkrty is rhquirhl te icchlikthfy
iothrpesh jis ednhbtieo tjhrhte. \jhrhkathr, tjh nulmh sjkff ckgh tjh rufiom eo tjh eaahr ea hvilhobh io epho
beurt, dut tjh nulmh jks tjh lisbrhtieo te kffew tjh eaahr ea hvilhobh io writiom io beoaercity witj Rhbtieo 28,
Tufh ;24 (Rhbtieo (;)(K)(8)(i) ea K.C. Oe. 02-0;-09-RB er tjh ‖400< Muilhfiohs ea Prh-trikf kol Xsh ea
Lhpesitieo-Lisbevhry Chksurhs–, Nufy ;2, 400<).

QI.
Phlre kol Nuko krh rhsilhots ea Dkrkomky Iaurum, Cuoibipkfity ea Lupkb, Ceuotkio Previobh. Phlre ewhs Nuko tjh
kceuot ea P80,000.00. Luh te oeo-pkychot, Nuko dreumjt jis becpfkiot te tjh Beuobif ea Hflhrs ea skil dkrkomky
wjibj icpfhchots tjh deleom nustibh systhc. Detj kpphkrhl dhaerh tjh beuobif wjhrh tjhy vhrdkffy kmrhhl tjkt
Phlre wiff pky io iostkfchots eo sphbiaib luh lkths. Phlre rhohmhl eo jis precish. Nuko aifhl k becpfkiot aer suc ea
ceohy dhaerh tjh Cuoibipkf \rikf Beurt (C\B). Phlre aifhl k Cetieo te Lisciss eo tjh mreuol tjkt tjh bksh lil oet
pkss tjreumj tjh dkrkomky beobifiktieo uolhr T.K. Oe. =;10 kol tjkt tjh T\B, oet tjh C\B, jks nurislibtieo. Io jis
eppesitieo, Nuko krmuhl tjkt tjh iothrvhotieo ea tjh Beuobif ea Hflhrs is sudstkotikf becpfikobh witj tjh
rhquirhchot ea T.K. Oe. =;10 kol tjh bfkic ea P80,000.00 is bfhkrfy witjio tjh nurislibtieo ea tjh C\B. Ks C\B
nulmh, rufh eo tjh cetieo kol hxpfkio. (8%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
\jh Cetieo te Lisciss sjeufl dh lhoihl. Ks k mhohrkf rufh, oe becpfkiot iovefviom koy cktthr witjio tjh kutjerity ea
tjh Fupeo sjkff dh iostituthl er aifhl lirhbtfy io beurt aer klnulibktieo uofhss tjhrh jks dhho k beoareotktieo
dhtwhho tjh pkrtihs io tjh dkrkomky kol oe shttfhchot wks rhkbjhl (Rhbtieo <;4(k) ea Thpudfib Kbt Oe. =;107
Kprif Ckrtiohz, v. Telefae M. Ckrtiohz, M.T. Oe. ;140:<, Nuoh 4:, 4008). Jewhvhr, io dkrkomkys wjhrh cknerity ea
tjh iojkditkots krh chcdhrs ea iolimhoeus bufturkf beccuoitihs, febkf systhcs ea shttfiom lispuths tjreumj tjhir
beuobifs ea lktus er Hflhrs sjkff dh rhbemoizhl witjeut prhnulibh te tjh kppfibkdfh previsieos ea tjh Febkf
Mevhrochot Belh (Rhbtieos 299, T.K. =;10). Ks k beoshquhobh, bustecs kol trklitieos ea iolimhoeus
bufturkf beccuoitihs sjkff dh kppfihl io shttfiom lispuths dhtwhho chcdhrs ea tjh bufturkf beccuoitihs
(Rhbtieos <;4, T.K. =;10), tjus, tjh beoareotktieo dhtwhho Phlre kol Nuko dhaerh tjh Beuobif ea Hflhrs ea
tjhir dkrkomky is suaaibihot becpfikobh witj tjh prhbeolitieo aer aifiom tjh bksh io beurt uolhr Rhbtieo <;4
ea T.K. Oe. =;10 (^kcerk v. Jhirs ea Izquihrle, M.T. Oe. ;<1;98, Oevhcdhr ;:, 400<).
Dh tjkt ks it cky, it is whff-shttfhl tjkt tjh celh ea hoaerbhchot ea ko kcibkdfh shttfhchot uolhr tjh Gktkruomko
Pkcdkrkomky Fkw lehs oet rufh eut tjh rimjt ea rhsbissieo uolhr Krt. 40<; ea tjh Bivif Belh (Briskotk Cimuhf v.
Ceotkohz, M.T. Oe. ;9;221, Nkoukry 48, 40;<). Kbberliomfy, wjho Nuko aifhl k becpfkiot aer suc ea ceohy io tjh
C\B, jh is lhhchl te jkvh rhsbiolhl tjh becprecish kmrhhchot rhkbjhl dhaerh tjh Beuobif ea Hflhrs ea tjh
dkrkomky. Jhobhaertj, Phlre is ioberrhbt io kffhmiom tjkt tjh T\B, oet tjh C\B, jks nurislibtieo evhr Nuko’s bfkic.
Beosilhriom tjkt tjh bfkic is eofy aer P80,000.00, tjh bksh is witjio tjh hxbfusivh nurislibtieo ea tjh C\B uolhr D.P.
Dfm. ;49 kol cky prebhhl pursukot te K.C. Oe. 0:-:-=-RB er tjh ‖Tufhs ea Prebhlurh aer Rckff Bfkics Bkshs.–
Oetkdfy, k cetieo te lisciss is kceom tjh prejidithl pfhklioms uolhr Rhbtieo ;<(k) ea skil rufhs. Ricifkrfy, Nuko’s
bfkic ea P80,000.00 cky dh mevhrohl dy tjh ;99; Tufhs eo Rucckry Prebhlurh wjibj bfhkrfy akffs witjio tjh
nurislibtieo ea tjh C\B, hrme, tjh cetieo te lisciss dkshl eo fkbg ea nurislibtieo evhr tjh sudnhbt cktthr sjeufl dh
lhoihl (Rhbtieo ;9 (k), ;99; Tufhs eo Rucckry Prebhlurh).

QIII
Nuko suhl Tedhrte aer sphbiaib phraerckobh. Tedhrte gohw tjkt Nuko wks meiom te aifh tjh bksh se jh whot eut ea
tewo kol thcperkrify stkyhl io koetjhr bity te kveil shrvibh ea succeos. Nuko homkmhl tjh shrvibh ea Rjhriaa
Cktioig te shrvh tjh succeos dut wjho tjh fktthr whot te tjh rhsilhobh ea Tedhrte, jh wks tefl dy tjh bkrhtkghr
tjhrhea tjkt jis hcpfeyhr oe feomhr rhsilhs kt tjh jeush. \jh bkrhtkghr is k jimj sbjeef mrklukth kol is tjh melseo
ea Tedhrte. Dhfihviom tjh bkrhtkghr’s stery te dh truh, Rjhriaa Cktioig fhat k bepy ea tjh succeos kol becpfkiot
witj tjh bkrhtkghr. ]ks tjhrh k vkfil sudstituthl shrvibh ea succeos5 Lisbuss tjh rhquirhchots aer k vkfil shrvibh
ea succeos. (8%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
Oe. \jhrh wks oe vkfil sudstituthl shrvibh ea succeos. Io ko kbtieo stribtfy io phrseokc, phrseokf shrvibh eo tjh
lhaholkot is tjh prhahrrhl celh ea shrvibh, tjkt is, dy jkoliom k bepy ea tjh succeos te tjh lhaholkot io phrseo. Ia
lhaholkot, aer hxbuskdfh rhkseos, bkooet dh shrvhl witj tjh succeos witjio k rhkseokdfh phriel, tjho sudstituthl
shrvibh bko dh rhserthl te. ]jifh sudstituthl shrvibh ea succeos is phrcitthl, it is hxtrkerliokry io bjkrkbthr kol io
lhremktieo ea tjh usukf chtjel ea Rhrvibh7 jhobh, it cust akitjauffy kol stribtfy becpfy witj tjh prhsbridhl
rhquirhchots kol birbucstkobhs kutjerizhl dy tjh rufhs. Becpfikobh witj tjh rufhs rhmkrliom tjh shrvibh ea
succeos is ks icpertkot ks tjh issuh ea luh prebhss aer tjh Beurt te kbquirh nurislibtieo. Aer tjh prhsucptieo ea
rhmufkrity io tjh phraerckobh ea eaaibikf luty te kppfy, tjh Rjhriaa’s Thturo cust sjew tjkt shrieus haaerts er
ktthcpts whrh hxhrthl te phrseokffy shrvh tjh succeos kol tjkt s kil haaerts akifhl. \jhsh akbts cust dh
sphbiaibkffy okrrkthl io tjh Thturo. It cust bfhkrfy sjew tjkt tjh sudstituthl shrvibh cust dh cklh eo k phrseo ea
suitkdfh kmh kol lisbrhtieo fiviom io tjh lwhffiom er rhsilhobh ea lhaholkot7 etjhrwish, tjh Thturo is afkwhl kol
tjh prhsucptieo bkooet dh kvkifhl ea. \jh Ruprhch Beurt fkil lewo tjh rhquirhchots ks aeffews>
; Icpessidifity ea precpt phrseokf shrvibh. Cerhevhr, it cust dh iolibkthl tjhrhio tjkt tjh sjhriaa jks cklh
shvhrkf ktthcpts kt phrseokf shrvibh aer kt fhkst tjrhh (2) tichs eo kt fhkst twe (4) liaahrhot lkths.
4. Rphbiaib lhtkifs io tjh rhturo, i.h., tjh sjhriaa cust lhsbridh io tjh Thturo ea Rucceos tjh akbts kol
birbucstkobhs surreuoliom tjh ktthcpthl phrseokf shrvibh.
2. Rudstituthl shrvibh haahbthl eo k phrseo ea suitkdfh kmh kol lisbrhtieo rhsiliom kt lhaholkot’s jeush er
rhsilhobh7 er eo k becphthot phrseo io bjkrmh ea lhaholkot’s eaaibh er rhmufkr pfkbh ea dusiohss (Ck.
Ichflk C. Ckoeteb v. Beurt ea Kpphkfs, M.T. Oe. ;209=< Kumust ;1, 4001).

IZ
(K) Is tjh duyhr io tjh kubtieo skfh krisiom arec ko hxtrk-nulibikf aerhbfesurh hotitfhl te k writ ea
pesshssieo hvho dhaerh tjh hxpirktieo ea tjh rhlhcptieo phriel5 Ia se, wjkt is tjh kbtieo te dh tkgho5 (;%)
(D) Kathr tjh phriel ea rhlhcptieo jks fkpshl kol tjh titfh te tjh fet is beosefilkthl io tjh okch ea tjh kubtieo
duyhr, is jh hotitfhl te tjh writ ea pesshssieo ks k cktthr ea rimjt5 Ia se, wjkt is tjh kbtieo te dh tkgho5 (4%)
(B) Ruppesh tjkt kathr tjh titfh te tjh fet jks dhho beosefilkthl io tjh okch ea tjh kubtieo duyhr, skil duyhr
sefl tjh fet te k tjirl pkrty witjeut airst mhttiom k writ ea pesshssieo. Bko tjh trkosahrhh hxhrbish tjh rimjt ea
tjh kubtieo duyhr kol bfkic tjkt it is k cioisthrikf luty ea tjh beurt te issuh k writ ea pesshssieo io jis akver5
Drihafy hxpfkio. (4%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
(K) Yhs, tjh duyhr io tjh kubtieo skfh is hotitfhl te k writ ea pesshssieo hvho dhaerh tjh hxpirktieo ea tjh
rhlhcptieo phriel upeo tjh aifiom ea tjh hx pkrth phtitieo aer issukobh ea k writ ea pesshssieo kol pestiom ea tjh
kppreprikth deol. Xolhr Rhbtieo = ea Kbt Oe. 2;28, ks kcholhl, tjh writ ea pesshssieo cky dh issuhl te tjh
purbjkshr io k aerhbfesurh skfh hitjhr witjio tjh eoh-yhkr rhlhcptieo phriel upeo tjh aifiom ea k deol, er kathr tjh
fkpsh ea tjh rhlhcptieo phriel, witjeut ohhl ea k deol (F^G Jeflioms kol Lhvhfepchot Berperktieo v. Pfkothrs
Lhvhfepchot Dkog, M.T. Oe. ;1=99:, Kprif 4=, 400=). Rtkthl etjhrwish, Rhbtieo = ea Kbt Oe. 2;28, ks kcholhl, kfse
rhahrs situktieo wjhrhio tjh purbjkshr shhgs pesshssieo ea tjh aerhbfeshl prephrty luriom tjh ;4-ceotj phriel aer
rhlhcptieo. Jhobh, upeo tjh purbjkshr’s aifiom ea tjh hx pkrth phtitieo kol pestiom ea tjh kppreprikth deol, tjh T\
B sjkff, ks k cktthr ea beursh, erlhr tjh issukobh ea tjh writ ea pesshssieo io akver ea tjh purbjkshr (Rpeushs
Oibksie Ckrquhz kol Koitk N. Ckrquhz v. Rpeushs Bkrfite Kfiolem kol Bkrcho Kfiolem, M.T. Oe. ;:<0<8, Nkoukry
44, 40;<7 Rpeushs Nesh Mktusfke kol Hrcifk Mktusfke v. Fhe Tky Ykoseo, M.T. Oe. ;9;8<0, Nkoukry 4;, 40;8).
(D) Yhs, tjh kubtieo duyhr is hotitfhl te k writ ea pesshssieo ks k cktthr ea rimjt. It is shttfhl tjkt tjh duyhr io k aerhbfesurh
skfh dhbechs tjh kdsefuth ewohr ea tjh prephrty purbjkshl ia it is oet rhlhhchl witjio k phriel ea eoh yhkr kathr tjh
rhmistrktieo ea tjh bhrtiaibkth ea skfh. Jh is, tjhrhaerh, hotitfhl te tjh pesshssieo ea tjh prephrty kol bko lhckol it kt koy
tich aeffewiom tjh beosefilktieo ea ewohrsjip io jis okch kol tjh issukobh te jic ea k ohw trkosahr bhrtiaibkth ea titfh. Io
subj k bksh, tjh deol rhquirhl io Rhbtieo = ea Kbt Oe. 2;28 is oe feomhr ohbhsskry. Pesshssieo ea tjh fkol tjho dhbechs
ko kdsefuth rimjt ea tjh purbjkshr ks beoairchl ewohr. Xpeo prephr kppfibktieo kol preea ea titfh, tjh issukobh ea tjh writ
ea pesshssieo dhbechs k cioisthrikf luty ea tjh beurt (F^G Jeflioms kol Lhvhfepchot Berperktieo v. Pfkothrs Lhvhfepchot
Dkog, M.T. Oe. ;1=99:, Kprif 4=, 400=7 Rpeushs Oibksie B. Ckrquhz kol Koitk N. Ckrquhz v. Rpeushs Bkrfite Kfiolem kol
Bkrcho Kfiolem, M.T. Oe. ;:<0<8, Nkoukry 44, 40;<7 Rpeushs Nesh Mktusfke kol Hrcifk Mktusfke v. Fhe Tky Ykoseo, M.T.
Oe. ;9;8<0, Nkoukry 4;, 40;8).
(B) Yhs. \jh trkosahrhh bko hxhrbish tjh rimjt ea tjh kubtieo duyhr. K trkosahrhh er subbhsser-io-iothrhst
ea tjh kubtieo duyhr dy virtuh ea tjh beotrkbt ea skfh dhtwhho tjhc, is beosilhrhl te jkvh sthpphl iote tjh
sjehs ea tjh kubtieo duyhr. Ks subj, tjh trkosahrhh is ohbhsskrify hotitfhl te kvkif ea tjh previsieos ea
Rhbtieo = ea Kbt 2;28, ks kcholhl, ks ia jh is tjh kubtieo duyhr (Rpeushs Nesh Mktusfke kol Hrcifk Mktusfke
v. Fhe Tky Yeoseo, M.T. Oe. ;9;8<0, Nkoukry 4;, 40;8), ]jho tjh fet purbjkshl kt k aerhbfesurh skfh is io turo
sefl er trkosahrrhl, tjh rimjt te tjh pesshssieo tjhrhea, kfeom witj kff etjhr rimjts ea ewohrsjip, trkosahrs te
its ohw ewohr (Rpeushs Mkffhot v. Qhfksquhz, M.T. Oe. 4029<9, Kprif 1, 40;1), hrme, it is k cioisthrikf luty
ea tjh beurt te issuh k writ ea pesshssieo io akver ea tjh trkosahrhh ea tjh kubtieo duyhr.
 Z
Jkooidkf, Leook, Aferhobh kol Nehf, beobhrohl rhsilhots ea Fkmuok lh Dky, aifhl k becpfkiot ea ckolkcus
kmkiost tjh Fkmuok Fkgh Lhvhfepchot Kutjerity, tjh Lhpkrtchot ea Hovireochot kol Okturkf Thseurbhs, tjh
Lhpkrtchot ea Pudfib ]ergs kol Jimjwkys, Lhpkrtchot ea Iothrier kol Febkf Mevhrochot, Lhpkrtchot ea
Kmribufturh, Lhpkrtchot ea Dulmht, kol Pjifippioh Oktieokf Pefibh dhaerh tjh T\B ea Fkmuok kffhmiom tjkt
tjh beotiouhl ohmfhbt ea lhaholkots io phraerciom tjhir lutihs jks rhsufthl io shrieus lhthrierktieo ea tjh
wkthr qukfity ea tjh fkgh kol tjh lhmrklktieo ea tjh ckrioh fiah io tjh fkgh. \jh pfkiotiaas prkyhl tjkt skil
mevhrochot kmhobihs dh erlhrhl te bfhko up Fkmuok lh Dky kol rhsterh its wkthr qukfity te Bfkss B wkthrs
ks prhsbridhl dy Prhsilhotikf Lhbrhh ;;84, etjhrwish goewo ks tjh Pjifippioh Hovireochot Belh. Lhaholkots
rkish tjh lhahosh tjkt tjh bfhkoup ea tjh fkgh is oet k cioisthrikf auobtieo kol tjhy bkooet dh becphffhl dy
ckolkcus te phraerc tjh skch. \jh T\B ea Fkmuok rholhrhl k lhbisieo lhbfkriom tjkt it is tjh luty ea tjh
kmhobihs te bfhko up Fkmuok lh Dky kol issuhl k phrckohot writ ea ckolkcus erlhriom skil kmhobihs te
phraerc tjhir lutihs prhsbridhl dy fkw rhfktiom te tjh bfhkoup ea Fkmuok lh Dky.

(K) Is tjh T\B berrhbt io issuiom tjh writ ea ckolkcus5 Hxpfkio. (4.8%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
(K) Yhs, tjh T\B is berrhbt io issuiom tjh writ ea ckolkcus. Mhohrkffy, tjh writ ea ckolkcus fihs te rhquirh tjh
hxhbutieo7 ea k cioisthrikf luty. ]jifh tjh icpfhchotktieo ea tjh Mevhrochot kmhobihs ckolkthl tksgs cky
hotkif k lhbisieo-ckgiom prebhss, tjh hoaerbhchot ea tjh fkw er tjh vhry kbt ea leiom wjkt tjh fkw hxkbts te
dh leoh is cioisthrikf io okturh kol cky dh becphffhl dy ckolkcus.
Jhrh, tjh luty te bfhko up Fkmuok fkgh kol rhsterh its wkthr qukfity te Bfkss B is rhquirhl oet eofy dy
Prhsilhotikf Lhbrhh Oe. ;;84, etjhrwish goewo ks tjh Pjifippioh Hovireochot Belh, dut kfse io its bjkrthr. It is,
tj us, cioisthrikf io okturh kol bko dh becphffhl dy ckolkcus.
Kbberliomfy, tjh T\B cky issuh k writ ea beotiouiom ckolkcus lirhbtiom koy kmhoby er iostruchotkfity ea tjh
mevhrochot er eaaibhr tjhrhea te phraerc ko kbt er shrihs ea kbts lhbrhhl dy aiokf nulmchot wjibj sjkff
rhckio haahbtivh uotif tjh nulmchot is auffy sktisaihl (Chtrepefitko Ckoifk Lhvhfepchot Kutjerity v.
Beobhrohl Thsilhots ea Ckoifk Dky, M.T. Oes. ;=;9<=-<:, Lhbhcdhr ;:, 400:).

(D) ]jkt is tjh writ ea beotiouiom ckolkcus5 (4.8%)

RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
(D) K writ ea beotiouiom ckolkcus is k writ issuhl wjho koy kmhoby er iostruchotkfity ea tjh mevhrochot er
eaaibhr tjhrhea uofkwauffy ohmfhbts tjh phraerckobh ea ko kbt wjibj tjh fkw sphbiaibkffy honeios ks k luty
rhsuftiom arec ko eaaibh, trust er stktieo io beoohbtieo witj tjh hoaerbhchot er viefktieo ea ko hovireochotkf
fkw rufh er rhmufktieo er k rimjt tjhrhio, er uofkwauffy hxbfulhs koetjhr arec tjh ush er honeychot ea subj rimjt
kol tjhrh is oe etjhr pfkio, sphhly kol klhqukth rhchly io tjh erliokry beursh ea fkw, tjh phrseo kmmrihvhl tjhrhdy
cky aifh k vhriaihl phtitieo io tjh prephr beurt, kffhmiom tjh akbts witj bhrtkioty, kttkbjiom tjhrhte suppertiom
hvilhobh, sphbiayiom tjkt tjh phtitieo beobhros ko hovireochotkf fkw, rufh er rhmufktieo, kol prkyiom tjkt
nulmchot dh rholhrhl becckoliom tjh rhspeolhot te le ko kbt er shrihs ea kbts uotif tjh nulmchot is auffy
sktisaihl, kol te pky lkckmhs sustkiohl dy tjh phtitieohr dy rhkseo ea tjh ckfibieus ohmfhbt te phraerc tjh lutihs
ea tjh rhspeolhot, uolhr tjh fkw, rufhs er rhmufktieos. \jh phtitieo sjkff kfse beotkio k swero bhrtiaibktieo ea oeo-
aeruc sjeppiom (K.C. Oe. 09-1-:-RB kfse goewo ks Tufhs ea Prebhlurh aer Hovireochotkf Bkshs).
K ]rit ea Beotiouiom ckolkcus is k writ issuhl dy k beurt io ko hovireochotkf bksh lirhbtiom koy kmhoby er iostruchotkfity
ea tjh mevhrochot er eaaibhr tjhrhea te phraerc ko kbt er shrihs ea kbts lhbrhhl dy aiokf nulmchot
wjibj sjkff rhckio haahbtivh uotif nulmchot is auffy sktisaihl (Rhbtieo =, Tufh :, K.C. Oe. 09-1-:-RB kfse
goewo ks Tufhs ea Prebhlurh aer Hovireochotkf Bkshs).

ZI
Cimuhf aifhl k Becpfkiot aer lkckmhs kmkiost Nesh, wje lhoihl fikdifity kol aifhl k Cetieo te Lisciss eo tjh
mreuol ea akifurh te stkth k bkush ea kbtieo. Io ko Erlhr rhbhivhl dy Nesh eo Nkoukry 8, 40;8, tjh trikf beurt
lhoihl tjh Cetieo te Lisciss. Eo Ahdrukry <, 40;8, Nesh seumjt rhbeosilhrktieo ea tjkt Erlhr tjreumj k Cetieo
aer Thbeosilhrktieo. Cimuhf eppeshl tjh Cetieo aer Thbeosilhrktieo eo tjh mreuol tjkt it wks aifhl eut ea tich.
Nesh beuothrhl tjkt tjh ;8-lky rufh uolhr Rhbtieo ; ea Tufh 84 lehs oet kppfy wjhrh tjh Erlhr seumjt te dh
rhbeosilhrhl is ko iothrfebutery erlhr tjkt lehs oet kttkio aiokfity. Is Nesh berrhbt5 Hxpfkio. (8%) RXMMHR\
HL KOR]HT
Oe. Nesh is oet berrhbt. ]jifh Nesh’s rhfikobh eo Rhbtieo ; ea Tufh 84 is cispfkbhl dhbkush tjh skil Tufh kppfihs
eofy te bkshs pholiom dhaerh tjh Beurt ea Kpphkfs, jis krmuchot tjkt tjh aiathho lky rufh lehs oet kppfy
dhbkush tjh erlhr seumjt te dh rhbeosilhrhl is ko iothrfebutery erlhr tjkt jks dksis io nurisprulhobh. Io Lhose
Pjifippiohs, Iob. v. \jh Iothrchlikth Kpphffkth Beurt (M.T. Oe. =8000. Ahdrukry 4=, ;9:=), tjh Ruprhch Beurt jhfl tjkt
k cetieo aer rhbeosilhrktieo ea ko iothrfebutery erlhr is oet sudnhbt te tjh usukf ficitiom aiathho-lky phriel ea
kpphkf prhsbridhl aer aiokf nulmchots kol erlhrs. Dh tjkt ks it cky, siobh tjh cetieo aer rhbeosilhrktieo is k
beolitieo sioh quk oeo aer tjh aifiom ea k phtitieo aer bhrtierkri wjibj is tjh kppreprikth rhchly, tjh skch bko dh
aifhl oet fkthr tjko sixty (10) lkys arec oetibh ea tjh lhoikf ea tjh cetieo te lisciss7 etjhrwish, k fhmkf kdhrrktieo
weufl hosuh wjhrh k pkrty wje jks chrhfy 10 lkys arec oetibh ea ko klvhrsh iothrfebutery erlhr te iothrpesh k
sphbikf bivif kbtieo aer bhrtierkri weufl dh kffewhl k feomhr phriel te cevh aer rhbeosilhrktieo ea subj erlhr.
Beoshquhotfy, siobh Nesh’s cetieo aer rhbeosilhrktieo wks aifhl 2; lkys kathr jh rhbhivhl tjh erlhr lhoyiom jis
cetieo te lisciss, tjh skch wks stiff aifhl eo tich.
KOE\JHT RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
Oe. Nesh is oet berrhbt. Tufh 84 kppfihs eofy te cetieos aer rhbeosilhrktieo ea nulmchots er aiokf rhsefutieos ea
tjh Beurt ea Kpphkfs io kpphkfhl bkshs. \jis bksh, jewhvhr, iovefvhs prebhhlioms dhaerh tjh trikf beurt. Xolhr
Rhbtieo ;, Tufh 2= ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt, tjh phriel te aifh k cetieo aer rhbeosilhrktieo sjkff dh witjio tjh phriel aer
tkgiom ko kpphkf, wjibj uolhr Rhbtieo 2, Tufh <;, sjeufl dh cklh witjio aiathho (;8) lkys arec oetibh ea tjh ksskifhl
erlhr. Kppfyiom tjh aerhmeiom, Nesh sjeufl jkvh aifhl jis cetieo aer rhbeosilhrktieo witjio ;8 lkys arec Nkoukry 8,
40;8, er uotif Nkoukry 40, 40;8. Bfhkrfy, Nesh’s cetieo aer rhbeosilhrktieo wks aifhl eut ea tich.

ZII
\kifers \ete, Ohfseo kol Yhoyho aifhl k sphbikf bivif kbtieo aer bhrtierkri uolhr Tufh 18 arec ko klvhrsh lhbisieo ea
tjh Oktieokf Fkder Thfktieos Beccissieo (OFTB) eo tjh becpfkiot aer iffhmkf liscisskf kmkiost Hcpirh \hxtifh
Berperktieo. \jhy whrh thrciokthl eo tjh mreuol tjkt tjhy akifhl te chht tjh prhsbridhl prelubtieo quetk kt
fhkst aeur (<) tichs. \jh OFTB, lhbisieo wks ksskifhl io k sphbikf bivif kbtieo uolhr Tufh 18 dhaerh tjh Beurt ea
Kpphkfs (BK). Io tjh vhriaibktieo kol bhrtiaibktieo kmkiost aeruc sjeppiom, eofy \ete simohl tjh vhriaibktieo kol
bhrtiaibktieo, wjifh Ktty. Krcko simohl aer Ohfseo. Hcpirh aifhl k cetieo te lisciss eo tjh mreuol ea lhahbtivh
vhriaibktieo kol bhrtiaibktieo. Lhbilh witj rhkseos. (8%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
\jh cetieo te lisciss sjeufl dh mrkothl. \jh vhriaibktieo kol bhrtiaibktieo ea oeo-aeruc sjeppiom whrh oet
simohl dy kff tjh phtitieohrs. \jhrh wks oe sjewiom tjkt \ete oer Ktty. Krcko whrh lufy kutjerizhl dy tjh etjhr
phtitieohrs tjreumj k sphbikf pewhr ea ktterohy te simo eo tjhir dhjkfa7 jhobh, tjh cetieo te lisciss sjeufl dh
mrkothl.
 ZIII
\jh eaaibhrs ea ‖Kom Gkpkfimirko ky Kfkmkko, Iob.– homkmhl yeur shrvibhs te aifh ko kbtieo kmkiost KDB
Cioiom Berperktieo wjibj is homkmhl io cioiom ephrktieos io Rtk. Bruz, Ckrioluquh. KDB ushl jimjfy texib
bjhcibkfs io hxtrkbtiom mefl. KDB’s texib cioh tkifioms whrh kbbilhotkffy rhfhkshl arec its sterkmh lkcs kol
whrh lisbjkrmhl iote tjh rivhrs ea skil tewo. \jh cioh tkifioms aeuol tjhir wky te Bkfkobko Dky kffhmhlfy te tjh
wkthrs ea ohkrdy Tecdfeo kol [uhzeo. \jh lkckmh te tjh breps kol fess ea hkroioms whrh hstickthl kt P;
Diffieo. Lkckmh te tjh hovireochot is hstickthl kt P; Diffieo. Ks k fkwyhr aer tjh ermkoizktieo, yeu krh
rhquhsthl te hxpfkio tjh klvkotkmhs lhrivhl arec k phtitieo aer writ ea gkfigksko dhaerh tjh Ruprhch Beurt
evhr k becpfkiot aer lkckmhs dhaerh tjh T\B ea Ckrioluquh er vibh-vhrsk. ]jkt kbtieo wiff yeu rhbecchol5
Hxpfkio. (8%) RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
Ks k fkwyhr aer tjh ermkoizktieo, I weufl rhbecchol tjh aifiom ea k phtitieo aer issukobh ea k ]rit ea
Gkfigksko. \jh ]rit ea Gkfigksko is k rhchly kvkifkdfh te k okturkf er nurilibkf phrseo, hotity kutjerizhl dy fkw,
phepfh’s ermkoizktieo, oeo-mevhrochotkf ermkoizktieo, er koy pudfib iothrhst mreup kbbrhlithl dy er
rhmisthrhl witj koy mevhrochot kmhoby, eo dhjkfa ea phrseos wjesh beostitutieokf rimjt te k dkfkobhl kol
jhkftjauf hbefemy is viefkthl, er tjrhkthohl witj viefktieo dy ko uofkwauf kbt er ecissieo ea k pudfib eaaibikf
er hcpfeyhh, er privkth iolivilukf er hotity, iovefviom hovireochotkf lkckmh ea subj ckmoitulh ks te
prhnulibh tjh fiah, jhkftj er prephrty ea iojkditkots io twe er cerh bitihs er previobhs (Rhbtieo ; ea Tufh =,
K.C. Oe. 09-1-:-RB kfse goewo ks Tufhs ea Prebhlurh aer Hovireochotkf Bkshs).
\jh aeffewiom rhfihas cky dh iobfulhl uolhr tjh writ ea gkfigksko> (k) Lirhbtiom rhspeolhot te phrckohotfy bhksh kol lhsist
arec beccittiom kbts er ohmfhbtiom tjh phraerckobh ea k luty io viefktieo ea hovireochotkf fkws rhsuftiom io
hovireochotkf lhstrubtieo er lkckmh7 (d) Lirhbtiom tjh rhspeolhot pudfib eaaibikf, mevhrochot kmhoby, privkth phrseo er
hotity te prethbt, prhshrvh, rhjkdifitkth er rhsterh tjh hovireochot7 (b) Lirhbtiom tjh rhspeolhot pudfib eaaibikf,
mevhrochot kmhoby, privkth phrseo er hotity te ceoiter stribt becpfikobh witj tjh lhbisieo kol erlhrs ea tjh beurt7 (l)
Lirhbtiom tjh rhspeolhot pudfib eaaibikf, mevhrochot kmhoby, er privkth phrseo er hotity te ckgh phrielib rhperts eo tjh
hxhbutieo ea tjh aiokf nulmchot7 kol (h) Rubj etjhr rhfihas wjibj rhfkth te tjh rimjt ea tjh phepfh te k dkfkobhl kol jhkftjauf
hbefemy er te tjh prethbtieo, prhshrvktieo, rhjkdifitktieo er rhsterktieo ea tjh hovireochot, hxbhpt tjh kwkrl ea lkckmhs te
iolivilukf phtitieohr (Rhb. ;8, Tufh =. Idil).
\jh rufhs kfse previlh iothric rhfihas io akver ea tjh phtitieohr upeo aifiom k vhriaihl cetieo, okchfy> (i)
Ebufkr iosphbtieo7 er (ii) Prelubtieo er iosphbtieo ea lebuchots er tjioms (Rhb. ;4, Tufh =, K.C. Oe. 09-1-:-
RB kfse goewo ks Tufhs ea Prebhlurh aer Hovireochotkf Bkshs).
Kllitieokffy, tjh phtitieo aer ]rit ea Gkfigksko is cerh klvkotkmheus becpkrhl te k becpfkiot aer lkckmhs
dhaerh tjh T\B dhbkush it cky dh aifhl lirhbtfy witj tjh Ruprhch Beurt er witj koy ea tjh stktieos ea tjh Beurt
ea Kpphkfs. Xofigh k becpfkiot aer lkckmhs dhaerh tjh T\B wjibj bko eofy dh aifhl dy k rhkf-pkrty-io-iothrhst
ks lhaiohl io Tufh 2(4) ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt, tjh rufh eo febus stkoli is rhfkxhl io phtitieos aer ]rit ea
Gkfigksko wjibj kffews tjh phtitieo te dh aifhl dy pkrtihs ks bitizho suit. Io kllitieo, koy ea tjh aeffewiom cky
aifh k phtitieo aer ]rit ea Gkfigksko> (k) okturkf er nurilibkf phrseo7 (d) hotity kutjerizhl dy fkw7 er (b) PEs,
OMEs er koy pudfib iothrhst mreup kbbrhlithl dy er rhmisthrhl witj koy mevhrochot kmhoby eo dhjkfa ea
phrseos wjesh beostitutieokf rimjt te k dkfkobhl kol jhkftjauf hbefemy is viefkthl (Rhb. ;, Tufh =, K.C. Oe. 09-
1-:-RB). Dhsilhs, tjh phtitieo aer ]rit ea Gkfigksko is hxhcpthl arec tjh pkychot ea lebght ahhs.
Arec tjh aerhmeiom, it is bfhkr tjkt aifiom k phtitieo aer ]rit ea Gkfigksko weufl dh tjh dhst rhchly te kllrhss kff
tjh hovireochotkf predfhcs bkushl dy tjh rhfhksh ea tjh texib wksth te tjh wkthrs ea Tecdfeo kol [uhzeo witjeut
tjh durlho ea pkyiom lebght ahhs. Kathr kff, tjh aifiom ea k phtitieo aer tjh issukobh ea tjh ]rit ea Gkfigksko sjkff
oet prhbfulh tjh aifiom ea shpkrkth bivif, briciokf er klcioistrktivh kbtieos7 tjus, tjh ermkoizktieo bko fkthr aifh k
becpfkiot aer lkckmhs witj tjh Thmieokf \rikf Beurt, sjeufl tjhy lhsirh te le se. Kt koy rkth, tjh rufhs previlh tjkt
nulmchot cust dh rholhrhl witjio sixty (10) lkys arec tjh tich tjh phtitieo is sudcitthl aer lhbisieo wjibj hxphliths
tjh prebhhlioms simoiaibkotfy beosilhriom tjh urmhoby ea tjh situktieo io tjh iostkot bksh. Ks fkwyhr aer tjh
ermkoizktieo I weufl rhbecchol, tjhrhaerh, tjh aifiom ea k phtitieo aer k ]rit ea Gkfigksko witj tjh Ruprhch Beurt.

ZQ
Bjigk suhl Mriome, k Qhohzuhfko, aer k suc ea ceohy. \jh Chtrepefitko \rikf Beurt ea Ckoifk (Ch\B) rholhrhl
k lhbisieo erlhriom Mriome te pky Bjigk P80,000.00 pfus fhmkf iothrhst. Luriom its pholhoby ea tjh kpphkf
dhaerh tjh T\B, Mriome lihl ea kbuth jhcerrjkmib pkobrhktitis. Ktty. Phrahbte, beuoshf ea Mriome, aifhl k
ckoiahstktieo kttkbjiom tjh lhktj bhrtiaibkth ea Mriome kol ioaerciom tjh T\B tjkt jh bkooet sudstituth tjh
jhirs siobh Mriome lil oet lisbfesh koy ioaercktieo ea jis akcify. Ks beuoshf aer Bjigk, wjkt rhchly bko yeu
rhbecchol te yeur bfihot se tjkt tjh bksh bko cevh aerwkrl kol sjh bko hvhotukffy rhbevhr jhr ceohy5
Hxpfkio. (8%) RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
Ks beuoshf aer Bjigk, I weufl rhbecchol tjkt sjh icchlikthfy preburh tjh kppeiotchot ea ko hxhbuter er
klcioistrkter aer tjh hstkth ea Mriome. Rhbtieo ;1, Tufh 2 ea tjh ;99= Tufhs ea Bivif Prebhlurh previlhs tjkt ia
oe fhmkf rhprhshotktivh is okchl dy tjh beuoshf aer tjh lhbhkshl pkrty, er ia tjh eoh se okchl sjkff akif te
kpphkr witjio tjh sphbiaihl phriel, tjh beurt cky erlhr tjh eppesiom pkrty, witjio k sphbiaihl tich, te preburh
tjh kppeiotchot ea ko hxhbuter er klcioistrkter aer tjh hstkth ea tjh lhbhkshl, kol tjh fktthr sjkff icchlikthfy
kpphkr aer kol eo dhjkfa ea tjh lhbhkshl. \jh beurt bjkrmhs io preburiom subj kppeiotchot, ia lharkyhl dy tjh
eppesiom pkrty, cky dh rhbevhrhl ks bests. Kathr tjh kppeiotchot ea ko hxhbuter er klcioistrkter, tjh kbtieo
sjkff dh kffewhl te beotiouh uotif hotry ea aiokf nulmchot. K akverkdfh nulmchot edtkiohl dy tjh pfkiotiaa
tjhrhio sjkff dh hoaerbhl io tjh ckoohr hsphbikffy previlhl io tjhsh Tufhs aer preshbutiom bfkics kmkiost tjh
hstkth ea k lhbhkshl phrseo (Rhbtieo 40, Tufh 2, Tufhs ea Beurt).

ZIZ.
\ristko aifhl k suit witj tjh T\B ea Pksky kmkiost Krtjur Giom kol/er Hstkth ea Krtjur Giom aer rhbeovhykobh
ea k fet lhbfkrhl io tjh okch ea Krtjur Giom uolhr \B\ Oe. ;42<. \jh becpfkiot kffhmhl tjkt ‖eo kbbeuot Krtjur
Giom’s rhsilhobh kdrekl up te tjh prhshot kol tjh uobhrtkioty ea wjhtjhr jh is stiff kfivh er lhkl, jh er jis
hstkth cky dh shrvhl witj succeos dy pudfibktieo.– Rucceos wks pudfisjhl kol oedely aifhl koy rhspeosivh
pfhkliom witjio sixty (10) lkys tjhrharec. Xpeo cetieo, lhaholkots whrh lhbfkrhl io lhakuft kol nulmchot wks
rholhrhl lhbfkriom \ristko ks fhmkf ewohr kol erlhriom lhaholkots te rhbeovhy skil fet te \ristko. Nene, tjh
beurt-lhsimokthl klcioistrkter ea Krtjur Giom’s hstkth, aifhl k phtitieo aer kooufchot ea nulmchot dhaerh tjh
BK prkyio m tjkt tjh lhbisieo io akver ea \ristko dh lhbfkrhl ouff kol veil aer fkbg ea nurislibtieo. Jh bfkics
tjkt tjh kbtieo aifhl dy \ristko is ko kbtieo io phrseokc kol tjkt tjh beurt lil oet kbquirh nurislibtieo evhr
lhaholkots Krtjur Giom kol/er jis hstkth. Eo tjh etjhr jkol, \ristko bfkics tjkt tjh suit is ko kbtieo io rhc er kt
fhkst ko kbtieo quksi io rhc. Is tjh T\B nulmh berrhbt io erlhriom shrvibh ea succeos dy pudfibktieo5
Hxpfkio. (8%) RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
Yhs. Xolhr Rhbtieo ;<, Tufh ;<, Tufhs ea Beurt, io koy kbtieo wjhrh tjh lhaholkot is lhsimokthl ks ko
uogoewo ewohr, er tjh figh, er wjhohvhr jis wjhrhkdeuts krh uogoewo kol bkooet dh ksbhrtkiohl dy lifimhot
ioquiry, shrvibh cky, dy fhkvh ea beurt, dh haahbthl upeo jic dy pudfibktieo io k ohwspkphr ea mhohrkf
birbufktieo kol io subj pfkbhs kol aer subj tich ks tjh beurt cky erlhr. \jis rufh kppfihs te koy kbtieo, wjhtjhr
io phrseokc, io rhc er quksi io rhc (Phlre \. Rkotes, Nr. v. POEB Hxpferktieo Berperktieo, M.T. Oe. ;=09<2,
Rhpthcdhr 42, 400:). Bfhkrfy, siobh tjh kbtieo aer rhbeovhykobh is ko kbtieo io phrseokc, tjh T\B Nulmh is
berrhbt io erlhriom shrvibh ea succeos dy pudfibktieo.
 ZZ.
Teykf Dkog (Teykf) aifhl k becpfkiot aer k suc ea ceohy kmkiost Hrvio kol Nulh dhaerh tjh T\B ea Ckoifk. \jh
ioitiktery pfhkliom kvhrrhl tjkt eo Ahdrukry ;<, 40;0, Hrvio edtkiohl k feko arec Teykf io tjh kceuot ea P;
ciffieo, ks hvilhobhl dy Precissery Oeth Oe.’00= (PO) simohl dy Hrvio. Nulé simohl k Rurhty Kmrhhchot
dioliom jhrshfa ks surhty aer tjh feko. Teykf cklh k aiokf lhckol eo Ahdrukry ;<, 40;8 aer Hrvio kol Nulh
(lhaholkots) te pky, dut tjh fktthr akifhl te pky. Teykf prkyhl tjkt lhaholkots Hrvioi kol Nulh dh erlhrhl te pky
tjh kceuot ea P; ciffieo pfus iothrhsts. Io tjhir koswhr, Hrvio klcitthl tjkt jh edtkiohl tjh feko arec Teykf kol
simohl tjh PO. Nulh kfse klcitthl tjkt sjh simohl tjh Rurhty Kmrhhchot. Lhaholkots peiothl eut tjkt tjh PO lil
oet previlh tjh luh lkth aer pkychot, kol tjkt tjh feko jks oet yht ckturhl ks tjh ckturity lkth wks fhat dfkog te
dh kmrhhl upeo dy tjh pkrtihs kt k fkthr lkth. Lhaholkots aifhl k Cetieo aer k Nulmchot eo tjh Pfhklioms eo
tjh mreuol tjkt tjhrh is oe mhouioh issuh prhshothl dy tjh pkrtihs’ sudcissieos. Teykf eppeshl tjh cetieo eo
tjh mreuol tjkt tjh PO’s ckturity is ko issuh tjkt cust dh tjrhsjefl eut luriom trikf.

(K) Thsefvh tjh cetieo witj rhkseos. (4.8%)

RXMMHR\HL KOR]HTR
(K) \jh Cetieo aer nulmchot eo tjh pfhklioms sjeufl dh lhoihl.
Airst, nulmchot eo tjh pfhklioms is kvkifkdfh te tjh pfkiotiaa kol oet te tjh lhaholkot.
Rhbeol, nulmchot eo tjh pfhklioms is prephr eofy wjho tjh Koswhr akifs te tholhr koy issuh, tjkt is, ia it lehs
oet lhoy tjh ckthrikf kffhmktieos io tjh becpfkiot er klcits skil ckthrikf kffhmktieos ea tjh klvhr sh pkrty’s
pfhklioms dy klcittiom tjh trutjaufohss tjhrhea kol/ er ecittiom te lhkf witj tjhc kt kff. Jhrh, wjifh lhaholkots’
Koswhr te tjh Becpfkiot prkbtibkffy klcitthl kff tjh ckthrikf kffhmktieos tjhrhio, it ohvhrtjhfhss ksshrts tjh
kaaircktivh lhahoshs tjkt tjh feko is oet yht luh. Ks issuhs edvieusfy krish arec tjhsh kaaircktivh lhahoshs, k
nulmchot eo tjh pfhklioms is bfhkrfy icprephr io tjis bksh. Dhsilhs, it sjeufl dh hcpjksizhl tjkt nulmchot eo
tjh pfhklioms is dkshl hxbfusivhfy upeo tjh kffhmktieos kpphkriom io tjh pfhklioms ea tjh pkrtihs kol tjh
koohxhs, ia koy, witjeut beosilhrktieo ea koy hvilhobh kfiuolh. Jhobhaertj, wjho it kpphkrs tjkt oet kff tjh
ckthrikf kffhmktieos ea tjh becpfkiot whrh klcitthl io tjh koswhr aer sech ea tjhc whrh hitjhr lhoihl er
lisputhl, kol tjh lhaholkot jks sht up bhrtkio sphbikf lhahoshs wjibj, ia prevho, weufl jkvh tjh haahbt ea
ouffiayiom pfkiotiaa’s ckio bkush ea kbtieo, nulmchot eo tjh pfhklioms bkooet dh rholhrhl (Pjifippioh
Oktieokf Dkog v. Chrhte D. Kzokr, M.T. Oe. ;=;:08, Cky 20, 40;;).

(D) Listiomuisj ‖Rucckry Nulmchot– kol ‖Nulmchot eo tjh Pfhklioms.– (4.8%)

RXMMHR\HL KOR]HTR
(D) ]jkt listiomuisjhs k nulmchot eo tjh pfhklioms arec k succkry nulmchot is tjh prhshobh ea issuhs io tjh
Koswhr te tjh Becpfkiot. ]jho tjh Koswhr akifs te tholhr koy issuh, tjkt is, ia it lehs oet lhoy tjh ckthrikf
kffhmktieos io tjh becpfkiot er klcits skil ckthrikf kffhmktieos ea tjh klvhrsh pkrty’s pfhklioms dy klcittiom
tjh trutjaufohss tjhrhea kol/er ecittiom te lhkf witj tjhc kt kff, k nulmchot eo tjh pfhklioms is kppreprikth. Eo
tjh etjhr jkol, wjho tjh ‒ Koswhr sphbiaibkffy lhoihs tjh ckthrikf kvhrchots ea tjh becpfkiot er ksshrts
kaaircktivh lhahoshs, er io etjhr werls rkishs ko issuh, k succkry nulmchot is prephr previlhl tjkt tjh issuh
rkishl is oet mhouioh. K mhouioh issuh chkos ko issuh ea akbt wjibj bkffs aer tjh prhshotktieo ea hvilhobh,
ks listiomuisjhl arec ko issuh wjibj is aibtitieus er beotrivhl er wjibj lehs oet beostituth k mhouioh issuh aer
trikf (Humhoie Dksdks v. Dhktk Rkyseo kol Tedhrte Rkyseo, Nr., M.T. Oe. ;=4110, Kumust 4<, 40;;).

RXMMHR\HL KOR]HTR \E \JH 40;= DKT HZKCIOK\IEO [XHR\IEOR IO THCHLIKF FK]

 I.
]jkt trikf beurt eutsilh Chtre Ckoifk jks hxbfusivh erimiokf nurislibtieo evhr tjh aeffewiom bkshs5 Hxpfkio
drihafy yeur koswhrs.
(K) Ko kbtieo aifhl eo Oevhcdhr ;2, 40;= te rhbevhr tjh pesshssieo ea ko kpkrtchot uoit dhiom ebbupihl dy
tjh lhaholkot dy chrh tefhrkobh ea tjh pfkiotiaa, kathr tjh aerchr imoerhl tjh fkst lhckol te vkbkth tjkt wks
lufy shrvhl upeo-kol rhbhivhl dy jic eo Nufy 1, 40;1.(4.8%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT>
(k) It lhphols. \jh iostkot kbtieo is ko kbbieo pudfibikok beosilhriom tjkt cerh tjko k yhkr jks fkpshl arec tjh
lkth ea fkst lhckol. \jus, ia tjh ksshsshl vkfuh ea tjh kpkrtchot uoit lehs oet hxbhhl P40,000.00, tjh
Cuoibipkf \rikf Beurt jks tjh hxbfusivh erimiokf nurislibtieo evhr tjh kbtieo. Eo tjh etjhr jkol, ia tjh ksshsshl
vkfuh ea tjh kpkrtchot uoit hxbhhls P40,000.00, tjh Thmieokf \rikf Beurt jks tjh hxbfusivh erimiokf
nurislibtieo evhr tjh kbtieo. \jh kffhmktieo ea tjh ksshsshl vkfuh ea tjh kpkrtchot uoit cust dh aeuol io tjh
becpfkiot, etjhrwish tjh kbtieo sjeufl dh liscisshl aer fkbg ea nurislibtieo dhbkush tjh trikf beurt is oet
tjhrhdy kaaerlhl tjh chkos ea lhthrcioiom arec tjh kffhmktieos ea tjh pfhkliom ]jhtjhr nurislibtieo evhr tjh
sudnhbt cktthr ea tjh kbtieo phrtkios te it er te koetjhr beurt.

(D)K becpfkiot io wjibj tjh priobipkf rhfiha seumjt is tjh hoaerbhchot ea k shffhr’s beotrkbtukf rimjt te
rhpurbjksh k fet witj ko ksshsshl vkfuh ea P;8,000.00> (4.8%).
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
(D) \jh Thmieokf \rikf Beurt jks tjh nurislibtieo evhr ko kbtieo io wjibj tjh priobipkf rhfiha seumjt is tjh hoaerbhchot ea k
shffhr’s beotrkbtukf rimjt te rhpurbjksh k fet. Riobh skil kbtieo is eoh aer sphbiaib phraerckobh te hoaerbh k beotrkbtukf
rimjt, it is iobkpkdfh ea phbuoikry hsticktieo kol tjhrhaerh bemoizkdfh dy tjh Thmieokf \rikf Beurt (Rurviviom Jhirs ea
Dkutistk v. Fiole7 M.T. Oe. 40:424, Ckrbj ;0, 40;<7 DP Dfm. ;49, Rhb ;9).

II.
Rkotk aifhl kmkiost Hrk io tjh T\B ea [uhzeo Bity ko kbtieo aer sphbiaib phraerckobh prkyiom aer tjh
lhfivhry ea k pkrbhf ea fkol sudnhbt ea tjhir beotrkbt ea skfh. Xogoewo te tjh pkrtihs, tjh bksh wks
ioklvhrthotfy rkaafhl te ko T\B lhsimokthl ks k sphbikf becchrbikf beurt. Fkthr, tjh T\B rholhrhl nulmchot
klvhrsh te Hrk, wje, upeo rhkfiziom tjkt tjh trikf beurt wks oet k rhmufkr T\B, kpprekbjhs yeu kol wkots yeu
te aifh k phtitieo te jkvh tjh nulmhchot koouffhl aer fkbg ea nurislibtieo.–
]jkt klvibh weufl yeu mivh te Hrk5 Hxpfkio yeur koswhr. (<%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT>
I wiff klvish Hrk tjkt k phtitieo aer kooufchot ea nulmchot is uothokdfh, I wiff thff Hrk tjkt tjh kvkifkdfh pest-
nulmchot rhchlihs beufl dh koy ea tjh aeffewiom lhpholiom upeo tjh lkth ea jis rhbhipt ea tjh nulmchot>
Cetieo aer Thbeosilhrktieo, Kpphkf, Phtitieo aer Thfiha arec Nulmchot, er Bhrtierkri.
\jh Thmieokf \rikf Beurt, lhspith its jkviom dhho lhsimokthl ks Rphbikf Becchrbikf Beurt rhckios pesshsshl
ea kutjerity ks k beurt ea mhohrkf nurislibtieo te pkss upeo kff giols ea bkshs, wjhtjhr bivif er briciokf. \jh
Beostitutieo vhsts oet eofy io tjh Ruprhch Beurt, dut io kff Thmieokf \rikf Beurts, tjh nulibikf pewhr te
lhthrcioh wjkt krh tjh vkfil kol dioliom fkws dy tjh brithrieo ea tjhir beoaercity te tjh auolkchotkf fkw (Nhsus
B. Mkrbik v. \jh Jeo. Gky Kfko \. Lrifeo, MT Oe ;=941=, Nuoh 48, 40;2). \jh lhsimoktieo ea tjh beurt ks k
sphbikf becchrbikf beurt is ko iothrokf krrkomhchot aer fewhr beurts-tjkt beufl dh kffewhl dy tjh Ruprhch
Beurt, witj tjh Eaaibh ea tjh Beurt Klcioistrkter ks tjh icpfhchotiom krc, witj tjh purpesh ea miviom prierity te
becchrbikf bkshs eo tep ea tjh trikf beurt’s rhmufkr bkshs.
 IQ.
Mivh driha koswhrs te tjh aeffewiom>
]jkt is tjh lebtrioh ea jihrkrbjy ea beurts5 (4%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
(k) \jis is ko erlkiohl shquhobh ea rhbeursh te beurts vhsthl witj beoburrhot nurislibtieo, dhmiooiom arec tjh
fewhst, eo te tjh ohxt jimjhr, kol uftickthfy te tjh jimjhst. \jis jihrkrbjy is lhthrcioktivh ea tjh vhouh ea kpphkfs,
kol is fighwish lhthrcioktivh ea tjh prephr aeruc aer phtitieos aer hxtrkerliokry writs. \jis is ko hstkdfisjhl pefiby
ohbhsskry te kveil ioerliokth lhckols upeo tjh Beurt’s tich kol ktthotieo wjibj krh dhtthr lhvethl te tjesh cktthrs
witjio its hxbfusivh nurislibtieo, kol te prhbfulh tjh aurtjhr bfemmiom ea tjh Beurt’s lebght.

(d) ]jkt is tjh Jkrcfhss Hrrer Tufh io rhfktieo te kpphkfs5 (4%)

RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT>
(d) Xolhr Tufh 8;, Rhb 1, Oe hrrer io hitjhr tjh klcissieo er tjh hxbfusieo ea hvilhobh kol oe hrrer er lhahbt io koy
rufiom er erlhr er io koytjiom leoh er ecitthl dy tjh trikf beurt er dy koy ea tjh pkrtihs is mreuol aer mrkotiom k
ohw trikf er aer shttiom ksilh, celiayiom, er etjhrwish listurdiom k nulmchot er erlhr, uofhss rhauskf te tkgh
subj kbtieo kpphkrs te tjh beurt iobeosisthot witj sudstkotikf nustibh. \jh beurt kt hvhry stkmh ea tjh
prebhhlioms cust lisrhmkrl koy hrrer er lhahbt wjibj lehs oet kaahbt tjh sudstkotikf rimjts ea tjh pkrtihs.

Q.
Kathr wergiom aer 48 yhkrs io tjh Cillfh Hkst, Hvko rhturohl te tjh Pjifippiohs te rhtirh io Ckoifk, tjh pfkbh
ea jis dirtj kol bjifljeel. \ho yhkrs dhaerh jis rhtirhchot, jh deumjt aer bksj io jis okch k jeush kol fet io
Ckfkth, Ckoifk. Rix ceotjs kathr jis rhturo, jh fhkrohl tjkt jis jeush kol fet whrh tjh sudnhbt ea aerhbfesurh
prebhhlioms becchobhl dy KDB Dkog eo tjh dksis ea k precissery oeth kol k lhhl ea rhkf hstkth certmkmh
jh jkl kffhmhlfy hxhbuthl io akver ea KDB Dkog aivh yhkrs hkrfihr.
Goewiom tjkt jh wks oet io tjh beuotry kt tjh tich tjh precissery oeth kol lhhl ea certmkmh whrh suppeshlfy
hxhbuthl, Hvko aertjwitj ioitikthl k becpfkiot io tjh T\B ea Ckoifk prkyiom tjkt tjh sudnhbt lebuchots dh
lhbfkrhl ouff kol veil.
KDB Dkog aifhl k cetieo te lisciss Hvko’s becpfkiot eo tjh mreuol ea icprephr vho uh eo tjh dksis ea k
stipufktieo io detj lebuchots lhsimoktiom [uhzeo Bity ks tjh hxbfusivh vhouh io tjh hvhot ea fitimktieo
dhtwhho tjh pkrtihs krisiom eut ea tjh feko kol certmkmh.
Rjeufl tjh cetieo te lisciss ea KDB Dkog dh mrkothl5 Hxpfkio yeur koswhr(8%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT.
Oe. KDB Dkog’s cetieo te lisciss sjeufl dh lhoihl io Drieohs Beurt ea Kpphkfs (M.T. Oe. 40<<<<, Nkoukry ;<,
40;8), tjh Ruprhch Beurt rufhl tjkt k becpfkiot lirhbtfy ksskifiom tjh vkfility ea tjh writtho iostruchot itshfa
sjeufl oet dh deuol dy tjh hxbfusivh vhouh stipufktieo beotkiohl tjhrhio kol sjeufl dh aifhl io kbberlkobh witj
tjh mhohrkf rufhs eo vhouh. \jh Ruprhch Beurt rufhl tjkt it weufl dh iojhrhotfy iobeosisthot aer k becpfkiot
ea tjis okturh te rhbemoizh tjh hxbfusivh vhouh stipufktieo wjho it, io akbt, prhbishfy ksskifs tjh vkfility ea
tjh iostruchot io wjibj subj stipufktieo is beotkiohl.
Io tjis bksh, Hvko’s becpfkiot lirhbtfy ksskifs tjh vkfility ea tjh precissery oeth kol lhhl ea certmkmh, wjibj
beotkios skil vhouh stipufktieo7 jhobh, skil vhouh stipufktieo is oet dioliom eo jic. Hvko berrhbtfy aifhl jis
becpfkiot witj tjh Ckoifk T\B pursukot te Tufh ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt.

QI.
Jkook, k rhsilhot ea Ckoifk, aifhl k becpfkiot aer tjh pkrtitieo ea k fkrmh trkbt ea fkol febkthl io Erihotkf
Ciolere. Rjh icpfhklhl jhr twe dretjhrs Nejo kol Klriko ks lhaholkots dut lil oet icpfhkl Fhibk kol Kmktjk, jhr
twe sisthrs wje whrh phrckohot rhsilhots ea Kustrkfik.
Krmuiom tjkt tjhrh beufl dh oe aiokf lhthrcioktieo ea tjh bksh witjeut icpfhkliom kff iolisphoskdfh pkrtihs,
Nejo kol Klriko cevhl te lisciss tjh becpfkiot.
Lehs tjh trikf beurt jkvh k rhkseo te lhoy tjh cetieo5 Hxpfkio yeur koswhr (<%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT.
Yhs, tjh trikf beurt jks rhkseo te lhoy tjh cetieo. Rhbtieo ;;, Tufh 2 Tufhs ea Beurt stkths tjkt ohitjhr
cisneiolhr oer oeo-neiolhr ea pkrtihs is k mreuol aer tjh liscisskf ea ko kbtieo. \jh phtitieohr bko stiff kchol
jis ioitiktery pfhkliom io erlhr te icpfhkl Fhibk kol Kmktjk, aer uolhr tjh skch rufh, subj kcholchot te icpfhkl
ko iolisphoskdfh pkrty cky dh cklh eo cetieo ea koy pkrty er eo tjh trikf beurt’s ewo ioitiktivh kt koy stkmh
ea tjh kbtieo kol eo subj thrcs ks krh nust (Kdfkzk v. Thput. fib7 M.T. Oe. ;8:49:, Kumust ;;, 40;0).

QII.
Hfish edtkiohl k feko ea P2 Ciffieo arec Chrbjkot Dkog. Ksilh arec hxhbutiom k precissery oeth io akver ea
Chrbjkot Dkog, sjh hxhbuthl k lhhl ea rhkf hstkth certmkmh evhr jhr jeush kol fet ks shburity aer jhr edfimktieo.
\jh feko ahff luh dut rhckiohl uopkil7 jhobh, Chrbjkot Dkog aifhl ko kbtieo kmkiost Hfish te aerhbfesh tjh rhkf
hstkth certmkmh. K ceotj kathr, kol wjifh tjh aerhbfesurh suit wks pholiom, Chrbjkot Dkog kfse aifhl ko kbtieo
te rhbevhr tjh priobipkf suc ea P2 Ciffieo kmkiost Hfish dkshl eo tjh skch precissery oeth prhvieusfy hxhbuthl
dy tjh fktthr. Io eppesiom tjh cetieo ea Hfish te lisciss tjh shbeol kbtieo eo tjh mreuol ea spfittiom ea k siomfh
bkush ea kbtieo, Chrbjkot Dkog krmuhl tjkt tjh mreuol rhfihl upeo dy Hfish wks lhveil ea koy fhmkf dksis
beosilhriom tjkt tjh twe kbtieos whrh dkshl eo shpkrkth beotrkbts, okchfy, tjh beotrkbt ea feko hvilhobhl dy tjh
precissery oeth, kol tjh lhhl ea rhkf hstkth certmkmh.
Is tjhrh k spfittiom ea k siomfh bkush ea kbtieo5 Hxpfkio yeur koswhr. (<%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
Yhs, tjhrh is spfittiom ea k bkush ea kbtieo. K brhliter bkooet aifh k bivif kbtieo kmkiost tjh lhdter aer beffhbtieo ea tjh
lhdt kol sudshquhotfy aifh ko kbtieo te aerhbfesh tjh certmkmh> \jis is ko hxkcpfh ea spfittiom ea k siomfh bkush ea
kbtieo, k prkbtibh tjkt is vhxktieus kol epprhssivh (Luoke v. Beurt ea Kpphkfs, M.T. Oe. F-<:4=1, Nuoh 1, 400;).

QIII.
(K) Fkurk wks tjh fhsshh ea ko kpkrtchot uoit ewohl dy Feuih. ]jho tjh fhksh hxpirhl, Fkurk rhaushl te
vkbkth tjh prephrty. Jhr rhauskf precpthl Feuih te aifh ko kbtieo aer uofkwauf lhtkiohr kmkiost Fkurk wje
akifhl te koswhr tjh becpfkiot witjio tjh rhmfhchotkry phriel.
Feuih tjho aifhl k cetieo te lhbfkrh Fkurk io lhakuft. Rjeufl tjh cetieo dh mrkothl5 Hxpfkio yeur koswhr. (2%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
Oe, tjh cetieo sjeufl oet dh mrkothl dhbkush it is k prejidithl pfhkliom Xolhr Rhbtieo ;9 (j) ea tjh Tufhs eo
Rucckry Prebhlurh, k cetieo te lhbfkrh lhaholkot io lhakuft is kceom tjh pfhklioms tjkt krh prejidithl io bkshs
bevhrhl dy skil Tufh. Beosilhriom tjkt ko kbtieo aer uofkwauf lhtkiohr is bevhrhl dy tjh Tufhs eo Rucckry
Prebhlurh, Feuih’s cetieo te lhbfkrh Fkurk io lhakuft is k prejidithl pfhkliom, kol tjus, sjeufl oet dh mrkothl.

(D) Kmktjk aifhl k becpfkiot kmkiost Ykok io tjh T\B io Ckgkti Bity te beffhbt P280,000.00, ko kceuot
rhprhshotiom tjh uopkil dkfkobh eo tjh pribh ea tjh bkr Ykok jkl deumjt arec Kmktjk. Thkfiziom k
nurislibtieokf hrrer io aifiom tjh becpfkiot io tjh T\B, Kmktjk aifhl k oetibh ea liscisskf dhaerh sjh wks
shrvhl witj tjh koswhr ea Ykok. \jh T\B issuhl ko erlhr beoairciom tjh liscisskf .
\jrhh ceotjs fkthr, ‖Kmktjk aifhl koetjhr becpfkiot kmkiost Ykok dkshl eo tjh skch bkush ea kbtieo tjis tich io
tjh Ch\B ea Ckgkti Bity. Jewhvhr, aer rhkseos phrseokf te jhr, Kmktjk lhbilhl te jkvh tjh becpfkiot liscisshl
witjeut prhnulibh dy aifiom k oetibh ea liscisskf prier te tjh shrvibh ea tjh koswhr ea Ykok. Jhobh, tjh bksh
wks liscisshl dy tjh Ch\B.
K ceotj fkthr, Kmktjk rhaifhl tjh becpfkiot kmkiost Ykok io tjh skch Ch\B.
Cky Ykok subbhssauffy iovegh tjh \we-Liscisskf Tufh te dkr Km ktjk’s tjirl becpfkiot5 Hxpfkio yeur koswhr (2%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
Oe, Ykok bkooet subbhssauffy iovegh tjh \we-Liscisskf Tufh. Io erlhr aer tjh \we-Liscisskf Tufh te kppfy,
Tufh ;=, Rhbtieo ; ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt rhquirhs tjkt detj liscisskfs tjreumj pfkiotiaa’s oetibhs whrh cklh dy
k becphthot beurt.
Io tjis bksh, tjh Ckgkti Bity T\B jkl oe nurislibtieo evhr tjh airst becpfkiot wjibj wks liscisshl tjreumj Kmktjk’s
oetibh, dhbkush it is dhfew its nurislibtieokf kceuot ea kt fhkst P <00,000.00. \jhrhaerh, tjh \we-Liscisskf
Tufh bko oet dh subbhssauffy ioveghl io tjis bksh.
(\jh twe-liscisskf rufh kppfihs wjho tjh pfkiotiaa jks (k) twibh liscisshl kbtieos, (d) dkshl eo er iobfuliom tjh
skch bfkic, (b) io k beurt ea becphthot nurislibtieo. \jh shbeol oetibh ea liscisskf wiff dkr tjh rhaifiom ea tjh
kbtieo dhbkush it wiff ephrkth ks ko klnulibktieo ea tjh bfkic upeo tjh chrits. Io etjhr werls, tjh bfkic cky
eofy dh aifhl twibh, tjh airst dhiom tjh bfkic hcdelihl io tjh erimiokf becpfkiot. Riobh ks k rufh, tjh liscisskf
is witjeut prhnulibh, tjh skch bfkic cky dh aifhl. Ia tjh rhaifhl bfkic er becpfkiot is liscisshl kmkio tjreumj k
shbeol oetibh ea liscisskf, tjkt shbeol oetibh trimmhrs tjh kppfibktieo ea tjh twe-liscisskf rufh kol tjh
liscisskf is te dh lhhchl eoh witj prhnulibh dhbkush it is beosilhrhl ks ko klnulibktieo upeo tjh chrits.)

IZ
Kdrkjkc aifhl k becpfkiot aer lkckmhs io tjh kceuot ea P=80,000.00 kmkiost Rkfvkler io tjh T\B io [uhzeo Bity
aer tjh fktthr’s kffhmhl drhkbj ea tjhir beotrkbt ea shrvibhs. Rkfvkler precptfy aifhl jis koswhr, kol iobfulhl k
beuothrbfkic aer P480,000.00 krisiom arec tjh kffhmhlfy dkshfhss kol ckfibieus bfkics ea Kdrkjkc tjkt becphffhl
jic te fitimkth kol te homkmh tjh shrvibhs ea beuoshf, kol tjus bkushl jic te suaahr chotkf komuisj.
Oetiom tjkt tjh kceuot ea tjh beuothrbfkic wks dhfew tjh hxbfusivh erimiokf nurislibtieo ea tjh T\B, Kdrkjkc
aifhl k cetieo te lisciss vis-k-vis tjh beuothrbfkic eo tjkt mreuol.
Rjeufl tjh beuothrbfkic ea Rkfvkler dh liscisshl5 Hxpfkio yeur koswhr> (<%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
Oe, Rkfvkler’s beuothrbfkic is becpufsery io okturh, kol tjus sjeufl oet dh liscisshl. Rhbtieo =, Tufh 1 ea tjh
Tufhs ea Beurt hxpfibitfy stkths k becpufsery beuothrbfkic is eoh wjibj, dhiom bemoizkdfh dy tjh rhmufkr beurts ea
nustibh, krishs eut ea er is beoohbthl witj tjh trkoskbtieo er ebburrhobh beostitutiom tjh sudnhbt cktthr ea tjh
eppesiom pkrty’s bfkic kol lehs oet rhquirh aer its klnulibktieo, tjh prhshobh ea tjirl pkrtihs ea wjec tjh beurt
bkooet kbquirh nurislibtieo. Aurtjhr, tjkt io ko erimiokf kbtieo dhaerh tjh Thmieokf \rikf Beurt, tjh beuothrbfkic
cky dh beosilhrhl becpufsery rhmkrlfhss ea tjh kceuot. Io rhfktieo tjhrhte, tjh Ruprhch Beurt jhfl io Kflky v.
AMX Iosurkobh Berp. (MT Oe. ;2::44, Nkoukry 42, 400;), tjkt bfkics aer lkckmhs, kffhmhlfy suaahrhl ks k rhsuft
ea pfkiotiaa’s aifiom ea k becpfkiots krh becpufsery. Io tjis bksh, tjh beurt’s nurislibtieo evhr Rkfvkler’s
beuothrbfkic, lhspith dhiom dhfew tjh nurislibtieokf kceuot is hvilhot arec tjh aeffewiom> Rkfvkler’s bfkics aer
fitimktieo hxphoshs krish eut ea Kdrkjkc’s becpfkiot aer lkckmhs7 Rkfvkler’s bfkics le oet rhquirh tjh prhshobh
ea tjirl pkrtihs, kol dhiom becpufsery io okturh, tjh trikf beurt cky hxhrbish nurislibtieo evhr skil bfkic.

Z.
Eo tjh dksis ea ko kffhmhl precissery oeth hxhbuthl dy Jkrefl io akver ea Tkceo7 tjh fktthr aifhl k becpfkiot aer
P980,000.00 kmkiost tjh aerchr io tjh T\B ea Lkvke Bity, Io ko uovhriaihl koswhr, Jkrefl sphbiaibkffy lhoihl tjh
mhouiohohss ea tjh precissery oeth. Luriom tjh trikf, Jkrefl seumjt te eaahr tjh thsticeoihs ea tjh aeffewiom> (;)
tjh thsticeoy ea ko ODI jkolwritiom hxphrt te prevh tjh aermhry ea jis simokturh7 kol (4) tjh thsticeoy ea k
brhlidfh witohss te prevh tjkt ia hvhr Jkrefl jkl hxhbuthl tjh oeth io akver ea Tkceo, tjh skch wks oet
supperthl dy k beosilhrktieo.
Cky Tkceo vkfilfy ednhbt te tjh prepeshl thsticeoihs5 Mivh k driha hxpfkoktieo ea yeur
koswhr. (8%) RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT.
Tkceo cky vkfilfy ednhbt te tjh prepeshl thsticeoy ea tjh ODI jkolwritiom hxphrt. \jh kffhmhl precissery oeth
kttkbjhl te Tkceo’s becpfkiot is ko kbtieokdfh lebuchot siobh it is k writtho iostruchot upeo wjibj ko kbtieo
er lhahosh is mreuolhl (Ksiko Beostrubtieo kol Lhvhfepchot Berperktieo ;. Cholezk, M.T. Oe> ;=19<9, Nuoh
4=, 40;4). Kbberliomfy, Jkrefl’s akifurh te sphbiaibkffy lhoy uolhr ektj tjh mhouiohohss ea skil kbtieokdfh
lebuchot kceuots te ko icpfihl klcissieo ea its mhouiohohss kol luh hxhbutieo uolhr Tufh :, Rhbtieo : ea tjh
Tufhs ea Beurt. Jkrefl bkooet tjus rkish tjh lhahosh ea aermhry dy prhshotiom tjh thsticeoy ea k jkolwritiom
hxphrt. ]hff-shttfhl is tjh rufh tjkt tjh trikf beurt cky rhnhbt hvilhobh tjkt k pkrty kllubhs te beotrklibt k
nulibikf klcissieo jh prhvieusfy cklh siobh subj klcissieo is beobfusivh ks te jic (Hquitkdfh Bkrl Ohtwerg
Iob., Bkpistrkoe7 M.T. Oe. ;:0;8= Ahdrukry :, 40;4).
Jewhvhr, Tkceo cky oet vkfilfy ednhbt te tjh thsticeoy ea k brhlidfh witohss te prevh tjkt tjh precissery oeth wks
oet supperthl dy k beosilhrktieo. \jh klcissieo ea tjh mhouiohohss kol luh hxhbutieo ea k lebuchot lehs oet dkr
tjh lhahosh ea wkot ea k beosilhrktieo (Jiddhrl v. Tejlh kol CbCiffkoi MT Oe. F-:<;<, Lhbhcdhr 9, ;9;8).

ZI
\hlly aifhl kmkiost Dudey ko kbtieo aer rhsbissieo ea k beotrkbt aer tjh skfh ea k becchrbikf fet. Kathr
jkviom dhho tefl dy tjh wiah ea Dudey tjkt jhr jusdkol wks eut ea tewo kol weufl oet dh dkbg uotif kathr k
beupfh ea lkys tjh sjhriaa rhquhsthl tjh wiah te nust rhbhivh tjh succeos io dhjkfa ea jhr jusdkol. \jh wiah
kbbhlhl te tjh rhquhst7 rhbhivhl tjh succeos kol k bepy ea tjh becpfkiot, kol simohl aer tjh skch.

(K) ]ks tjhrh k vkfil shrvibh ea succeos upeo Dudey5 Hxpfkio ‒ yeur koswhr drihafy. (2%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
(K) Oe, tjhrh wks oe vkfil shrvibh ea succeos io tjis bksh siobh tjh succeos wks oet phrseokffy rhbhivhl dy
Dudey. Aer sudstituthl shrvibh ea succeos te dh kvkifkdfh, tjhrh cust dh shvhrkf ktthcpts dy tjh sjhriaa te
phrseokffy shrvh tjh succeos witjio k rhkseokdfh phriel. ‖Rhvhrkf ktthcpts chko kt fhkst tjrhh trihs,
prhahrkdfy eo kt fhkst twe liaahrhot lkths– (Ckoeteb v Beurt ea Kpphkfs, MT Oe. ;209=<, Kumust ;1, 4001).

(D) Ia Dudey aifhs k cetieo te lisciss tjh becpfkiot dkshl eo tjh twio mreuols ea fkbg ea nurislibtieo evhr jis
phrseo kol prhsbriptieo ea tjh bkush ea kbtieo, cky jh dh lhhchl te jkvh vefuotkrify sudcitthl jicshfa te tjh
nurislibtieo ea tjh beurt5 Hxpfkio yeur koswhr drihafy (2%).
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HTR
(D) Yhs. Io eoh bksh, tjh RB jhfl tjkt wjho k pkrty aifh k Cetieo te Lisciss eo tjh mreuol ea fkbg ea nurislibtieo
evhr its phrseo, kol kt tjh skch tich rkish kaaircktivh lhahobhs, tjhrhdy shhgiom kaaircktivh rhfiha etjhr tjko
liscisskf ea tjh bksh, rhspeolhots hvilhotfy ckoiahsthl tjhir vefuotkry sudcissieo te tjh beurt's nurislibtieo. It
is whff-shttfhl tjkt tjh kbtivh pkrtibipktieo ea k pkrty io tjh prebhhlioms is tkotkceuot te ko iovebktieo ea tjh
beurt's nurislibtieo kol k wiffiomohss te kdilh dy tjh rhsefutieo ea tjh bksh, kol wiff dkr skil pkrty arec fkthr
eo icpumoiom tjh beurt's nurislibtieo.

ZII.
]jkt is tjh celh ea kpphkf kppfibkdfh te tjh aeffewiom bkshs, kol wjkt issuhs cky dh rkishl dhaerh tjh
rhvihwiom beurt triduokf5
(k) \jh lhbisieo er aiokf erlhr ea tjh Oktieokf Fkder Thfktieos Beccissieo (;<8%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HTR
(k) Rtribtfy, tjhrh is oe kpphkf arec ko OFTB lhbisieo. Jewhvhr, OFTB lhbisieos er aiokf erlhrs krh
rhvihwkdfh eo phtitieo aer bhrtierkri uolhr Tufh 18 ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt aifhl dhaerh tjh Beurt ea Kpphkfs.
Phtitieohr cky rkish tjh issuh eo wjhtjhr tjh OFTB kbthl witj mrkvh kdush ea lisbrhtieo kceuotiom te fkbg er
hxbhss nurislibtieo (Paizhr Iob, v. Mkfko, M.T. Oe. ;8:<10. Kumust 4<, 400=).

(d) \jh nulmchot er aiokf erlhr ea tjh T\B io tjh hxhrbish ea its kpphffkth nurislibtieo> (;.8%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
(d) \jh celh ea kpphkf is phtitieo aer rhvihw uolhr Tufh <4 ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt Phtitieohr cky rkish hrrers
ea akbt, fkw, er detj Xolhr Rhbtieo 4 ea Tufh <4.

ZIII.
Nulmchot wks rholhrhl kmkiost lhaholkot Nkyphh io ko kbtieo aer uofkwauf lhtkiohr. \jh nulmchot erlhrhl
Nkyphh te vkbkth kol te pky ktterohy’s ahhs io akver ea Dkrt, tjh pfkiotiaa. \e prhvhot tjh icchlikth
hxhbutieo ea tjh nulmchot, weufl yeu klvish tjh pestiom ea k suphrshlhks deol ks beuoshf aer Nkyphh5
Hxpfkio yeur koswhr drihafy (4%).
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
I weufl klvish Nkyphh te pest k suphrshlhks deol, dut I weufl kfse klvish jic tjkt tjh pestiom ea k
suphrshlhks deol kfeoh lehs oet prhvhot tjh icchlikth hxhbutieo ea tjh nulmchot. \e stky tjh icchlikth
hxhbutieo ea tjh nulmchot io ko hnhbtchot bksh, tjh lhaholkot>
;. Cust phrahbt ko kpphkf,
4. Aifh k suphrshlhks deol7 kol
2. Phrielibkffy lhpesit tjh rhotkfs dhbeciom luh luriom tjh pholhoby ea tjh kpphkf, etjhrwish, tjh writ
ea hxhbutieo wiff issuh upeo cetieo ea tjh pfkiotiaa (Kbjkom v. Jeo. Fubzeo, M.T. Oe> ;1<4<1, Nkoukry ;8,
40;<7 Tufh =0. Rhb tieo ;9 ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt).

ZIII
K thcperkry rhstrkioiom erlhr (\TE) wks issuhl eo Rhpthcdhr 40, 40;= dy tjh T\B kmkiost lhaholkot Nhaa
honeioiom jic arec hothriom tjh fkol ea Thmko, tjh pfkiotiaa. Eo Ebtedhr 9, 40;=, upeo kppfibktieo ea
Thmko, tjh trikf beurt, kffhmhlfy io tjh iothrhst ea nustibh, hxtholhl tjh \TE aer koetjhr 40 lkys dkshl eo tjh
skch mreuol aer wjibj tjh \TE wks issuhl.
Eo Ebtedhr ;8, 40;=, Nhaa hothrhl tjh fkol sudnhbt ea tjh \TE. Cky Nhaa dh fikdfh aer beothcpt ea
beurt5 ]jy5 (<%)
RXMMHR\HL KOR]HT
Oe, Nhaa cky oet dh jhfl fikdfh aer beothcpt. Xolhr Tuth 8:. Rhb tieo 8 ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt, k \hcperkry
Thstrkioiom Erlhr is vkfil aer 40 lkys. Its haahbtivity is oet hxtholidfh witjeut ohhl ea koy nulibikf lhbfkrktieo
te tjkt haahbt, kol oe beurt sjkff jkvh kutjerity te hxthol er rhohw tjh skch eo tjh skch mreuol aer wjibj it wks
issuhl, tjus, Nhaa bkooet dh jhfl fikdfh aer beothcpt.

Thchlikf 40;97 Tufh ;-=;

K.;.
KDB Jechewohrs Kssebiktieo, Iob. suhl Cr. Z dhaerh tjh Thmieokf \rikf Beurt (T\B) aer beffhbtieo ea uopkil
kssebiktieo luhs. Cr. Z aifhl k cetieo te lisciss sefhfy eo tjh mreuol ea fkbg ea nurislibtieo, ksshrtiom tjkt tjh
Jeusiom kol Fkol Xsh Thmufktery Dekrl jks hxbfusivh nurislibtieo evhr lispuths kceom jechewohrs kol
tjhir kssebiktieos. \jh T\B lhoihl Cr. Z's cetieo, ckiotkioiom tjkt it jks nurislibtieo evhr tjh bksh. \jis precpthl
Cr. Z te aifh k phtitieo aer bhrtierkri uolhr Tufh 18 ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt dhaerh tjh Ruprhch Beurt,
kffhmiom mrkvh kdush ea lisbrhtieo eo tjh pkrt ea tjh T\B io lhoyiom jis cetieo te lisciss.
Is Cr. Z's bjesho rhchly ea bhrtierkri kol lirhbt rhbeursh te tjh Ruprhch Beurt prephr5 Hxpfkio. (4.8%)
\jh rhchly ea bhrtierkri wiff oet presphr. Io fitkoy ea bkshs lhbilhl dy RB, hxisthobh kol kvkifkdifity ea rimjt
ea kpphkf prejidits rhsert te bhrtierkri dhbkush eoh ea tjh rhquirhchots aer tjh fktthr rhchly is tjkt tjhrh
sjeufl dh oe kpphkf.
Kssuciom tjkt Cr. Z's cetieo wks iosthkl mrkothl dy tjh T\B, wjkt is tjh prephr rhchly ea KDB
Jechewohrs Kssebiktieo, Iob. te bjkffhomh tjh T\B rufiom5 Hxpfkio. (4.8%)
Ia tjh cetieo te lisciss wks mrkothl dy rtb,aifh k phtitieo aer rhvihw eo bhrtierkri uolhr rufh <8 dhaerh tjh
suprhch beurt siobh tjh erlhr ea liscisskf dy rtb iovefvhs fkbg ea nurislibtieo eo tjh sudnhbt cktthr ea tjh
bksh,wjibj is k purh quhstieo ea fkw.
K.4.
Cs. K aifhl k becpfkiot aer lkckmhs kmkiost Cs. D, kffhmiom tjkt Cs. D ohmfimhotfy bkushl tjh lhcefitieo
ea jhr jeush's beobrhth ahobh, tjh tep jkfa ea wjibj ahff eo tjh areot pertieo ea Cs. K's bkr kol phrckohotfy
lkckmhl its homioh. Io jhr koswhr, Cs. D lhoihl koy phrseokf fikdifity aer tjh lkckmh bkushl te Cs. K's bkr,
kvhrriom tjkt sjh chrhfy kbquihsbhl te tjh klvibh ea jhr beotrkbter, ZY^ Beostrubtieo Be., te jkvh tjh
beobrhth ahobh lhcefisjhl. \jus, lkckmhs, ia koy, sjeufl dh beffhbthl arec it.
\jhrhkathr, Cs. K aifhl k cetieo aer nulmchot eo tjh pfhklioms, kffhmiom tjkt Cs. D's stkthchot io jhr
koswhr is kbtukffy k ohmktivh prhmokot. Cs. D eppeshl tjh cetieo, rhithrktiom jhr lhahosh io jhr koswhr
wjibj purperthlfy rholhrhl nulmchot eo tjh pfhklioms icprephr. Cs. D kfse cevhl aer tjh liscisskf ea tjh
bksh eo tjh mreuol ea oeo-neiolhr ea ZY^ Beostrubtieo Be., wjibj sjh kffhmhl is ko iolisphoskdfh pkrty te
tjh bksh. Is Cs. K's cetieo aer nulmchot eo tjh pfhklioms prephr5 Hxpfkio. (2%)
Prephr.
Nulmchot eo tjh pfhklioms is prephr wjho tjh koswhr aifhl akifs te tholhr koy issuh, er etjhrwish klcits tjh
ckthrikf kffhmktieos io tjh becpfkiot. Eo tjh etjhr jkol, io k succkry nulmchot, tjh koswhr aifhl tholhrs issuhs
ks sphbiaib lhoikfs kol kaaircktivh lhahoshs krh pfhklhl, dut tjh issuhs rkishl krh sjkc, aibtitieus, er
etjhrwish oet mhouioh.

Is ZY^ Beostrubtieo Be. ko iolisphoskdfh er k ohbhsskry pkrty5 Hxpfkio. (2%)

Ohbhsskry pkrty.
Ohbhsskry Pkrty is eoh wje is oet iolisphoskdfh dut eumjt te dh neiohl ks k pkrty ia becpfhth rhfiha is te dh kbberlhl ks
te tjesh kfrhkly pkrtihs, er aer k becpfhth lhthrcioktieo er shttfhchot ea tjh bfkic sudnhbt ea tjh kbtieo. Dut k ohbhsskry
pkrty eumjt te dh neiohl ks k pkrty ia becpfhth rhfiha is te dh kbberlhl ks te tjesh kfrhkly pkrtihs (Rhb. :, Tufh 2). \jh oeo-
iobfusieo ea k ohbhsskry pkrty lehs oet prhvhot tjh beurt arec prebhhliom io tjh kbtieo, kol tjh nulmchot rholhrhl tjhrhio
sjkff dh witjeut prhnulibh te tjh rimjts ea subj ohbhsskry pkrty (

Iolisphoskdfh Pkrty is k rhkf pkrty-io-iothrhst witjeut wjec oe aiokf lhthrcioktieo bko dh jkl ea ko kbtieo
(Rhb. =, Tufh 2). ]itjeut tjh prhshobh ea jis pkrty tjh nulmchot ea k beurt bkooet kttkio rhkf aiokfity (Lh
Bkstre vs. BK, 2:< RBTK 10=). \jh prhshobh ea iolisphoskdfh pkrtihs is k beolitieo aer tjh hxhrbish ea
nurilibkf pewhr kol wjho ko iolisphoskdfh pkrty is oet dhaerh tjh beurt, tjh kbtieo sjeufl dh liscisshl. \jh
kdshobh ea iolisphoskdfh pkrty rholhrs kff sudshquhot kbtieos ea tjh beurt ouff kol veil aer wkot ea
kutjerity te kbt, oet eofy te tjh kdshot pkrtihs dut hvho ks te tjesh prhshot.
(b)Kssuciom tjkt ZY^ Beostrubtieo Be. is ko iolisphoskdfh pkrty, is its oeo-neiolhr k mreuol aer tjh
liscisskf ea tjh bksh5 Hxpfkio. (2%)
Oe. \jh oeo-neiolhr ea iolisphoskdfh pkrtihs is oet k mreuol aer tjh liscisskf ea ko kbtieo. Kt koy stkmh ea k
nulibikf prebhhliom kol/er kt subj tichs ks krh nust, pkrtihs cky dh kllhl eo tjh cetieo ea k pkrty er eo tjh
ioitiktivh ea tjh triduokf beobhrohl. Ia tjh pfkiotiaa rhaushs te icpfhkl ko iolisphoskdfh pkrty lhspith tjh
erlhr ea tjh beurt, tjkt beurt cky lisciss tjh becpfkiot aer tjh pfkiotiaa’s akifurh te becpfy witj tjh erlhr. \jh
rhchly is te icpfhkl tjh oeo-pkrty bfkichl te dh iolisphoskdfh.
K.2.
Cr. B suhl Cr. L aer rhbeovhykobh ea prephrty kol lkckmhs, bfkiciom tjkt Cr. L, tjreumj arkul kol aermhry,
wks kdfh te edtkio tjh titfh te Fet Oe. ;42<, wjibj wks prhvieusfy rhmisthrhl io Cr. B's okch. \jh becpfkiot
wks aifhl dhaerh tjh Thmieokf \rikf Beurt.
Iosthkl ea aifiom ko koswhr, Cr. L cevhl te lisciss tjh becpfkiot eo tjh mreuol ea fkbg ea bkush ea kbtieo. Io
eppesitieo, Cr. B krmuhl tjkt fkbg ea bkush ea kbtieo is oet k mreuol aer k cetieo te lisciss ks tjh mreuol
previlhl uolhr Rhbtieo ; (m), Tufh ;1 ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt is akifurh te stkth k bkush ea kbtieo.
Listiomuisj tjh beobhpts ea fkbg ea bkush ea kbtieo kol akifurh te stkth k bkush ea kbtieo. Dkshl eo tjis
listiobtieo, is Cr. B's eppesitieo thokdfh5 Hxpfkio. (8%)

\jh chrh hxisthobh ea k bkush ea kbtieo is oet suaaibihot aer k becpfkiot te presphr. Hvho ia io rhkfity tjh
pfkiotiaa jks k bkush ea kbtieo kmkiost tjh lhaholkot, tjh becpfkiot cky dh liscisshl ia tjh becpfkiot er tjh
pfhkliom ksshrtiom tjh bfkic ‖stkths oe bkush ea kbtieo–.
\jis chkos tjkt tjh bkush ea kbtieo cust uocistkgkdfy dh stkthl er kffhmhl io tjh becpfkiot er tjkt kff tjh
hfhchots ea tjh bkush ea kbtieo rhquirhl dy sudstkotivh fkw cust bfhkrfy kpphkr arec tjh chrh rhkliom ea
tjh becpfkiot. \e kveil ko hkrfy liscisskf ea tjh becpfkiot, tjh sicpfh libtuc te dh aeffewhl is> ‖Ia yeu jkvh k
bkush ea kbtieo, tjho dy kff chkos, stkth it.– ]jhrh tjhrh is k lhahbt er ko iosuaaibihoby io tjh stkthchot ea
tjh bkush ea kbtieo, k becpfkiot cky dh liscisshl oet dhbkush ea ko kdshobh er k fkbg ea bkush ea kbtieo
dut dhbkush tjh becpfkiot stkths oe bkush ea kbtieo. \jh liscisskf wiff tjhrhaerh, dh kobjerhl eo k ‖akifurh
te stkth k bkush ea kbtieo–.

Akifurh te stkth k bkush ea kbtieo kol fkbg ea bkush ea kbtieo krh r hkffy liaahrhot arec hkbj etjhr. Eo tjh
eoh jkol, akifurh te stkth k bkush ea kbtieo rhahrs te tjh iosuaaibihoby ea tjh pfhkliom, kol is k mreuol aer
liscisskf uolhr Tufh ;1 ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt. Eo tjh etjhr jkol, fkbg ea bkush WeaS kbtieo rhahrs te k
situktieo wjhrh tjh hvilhobh lehs oet prevh tjh bkush ea kbtieo kffhmhl io tjh pfhkliom (Feurlhs Ruiths
WBrewo Jethf Ckokmhchot BerperktieoS vs. Diokre, MT Oe. 40<=49, 0:/01/40;<).

\jhrh is k liaahrhobh dhtwhho akifurh te stkth k bkush ea kbtieo, kol fkbg ea bkush ea kbtieo. \jhsh fhmkf
beobhpts krh listiobt kol shpkrkth arec hkbj etjhr.
Rhbtieo 4, Tufh 4 ea tjh Thvishl Tufhs ea Bivif Prebhlurh lhaiohs k bkush ea kbtieo ks tjh kbt er ecissieo
dy wjibj k pkrty viefkths k rimjt ea koetjhr. Its hfhchots krh ks aeffews>
;) K rimjt io akver ea tjh pfkiotiaa dy wjkthvhr chkos kol uolhr wjkthvhr fkw it krishs er is brhkthl7 4) Ko
edfimktieo eo tjh pkrt ea tjh okchl lhaholkot te rhsphbt er oet te viefkth subj rimjt7 kol
2) Kbt er ecissieo eo tjh pkrt ea subj lhaholkot io viefktieo ea tjh rimjt ea tjh pfkiotiaa er beostitutiom k
drhkbj ea tjh edfimktieo ea tjh lhaholkot te tjh pfkiotiaa aer wjibj tjh fktthr cky ckiotkio ko kbtieo aer
rhbevhry ea lkckmhs er etjhr kppreprikth rhfiha.
Fkbg ea bkush ea kbtieo rhahrs te tjh iosuaaibihoby ea tjh akbtukf dksis aer tjh kbtieo. Liscisskf luh te fkbg
ea bkush ea kbtieo cky dh rkishl koy tich kathr tjh quhstieos ea akbt jkvh dhho rhsefvhl eo tjh dksis ea
stipufktieos, klcissieos er hvilhobh prhshothl dy tjh pfkiotiaa. It is k prephr mreuol aer k lhcurrhr te
hvilhobh uolhr Tufh 22 ea tjh Thvishl Tufhs ea Bivif Prebhlurh, xxx
Io tjis bksh, tjh T\B beufl oet jkvh liscisshl tjh Becpfkiot luh te fkbg ea bkush ea kbtieo aer ks stkthl kdevh,
subj mreuol cky eofy dh rkishl kathr tjh pfkiotiaa jks becpfhthl tjh pr hshotktieo ea jis hvilhobh.
Ia tjh kffhmktieos ea tjh becpfkiot le oet stkth tjh beoburrhobh ea tjh kdevh hfhchots, tjh becpfkiot dhbechs
vufohrkdfh te k cetieo te lisciss eo tjh mreuol ea akifurh te stkth k bkush ea kbtieo wjibj is tjh prephr rhchly uolhr
Rhbtieo ; (m) ea Tufh ;1 xxx (Pjifippioh Oktieokf Dkog vs. Rps. Tivhrk, MT Oe. ;:98==, 0</40/40;1).
K.<.
Crs. H aifhl k becpfkiot aer suc ea ceohy kmkiost Cr. A io tjh kceuot ea ₻;,000,000.00 dhaerh tjh
Thmieokf \rikf Beurt (T\B). Kathr luh prebhhlioms, tjh T\B rufhl io akver ea Crs. H, kol siobh oe kpphkf wks
iothrpeshl tjhrhte, tjh rufiom dhbkch aiokf kol hxhbutery ks hviobhl dy ko Hotry ea Nulmchot lkthl Nufy 4,
40;4. Jewhvhr, Crs. H wks uokdfh te icchlikthfy cevh aer tjh hxhbutieo ea skil nulmchot dhbkush sjh jkl k
werg homkmhchot evhrshks. Eo Nuoh 49, 40;=, Crs. H rhturohl te tjh beuotry kol, eo tjh skch lky, aifhl k
cetieo aer tjh issukobh ea k writ ea hxhbutieo dhaerh tjh T\B. Eo Nufy =, 40;=, tjh T\B mrkothl tjh cetieo,
kol beoshquhotfy, issuhl k writ ea hxhbutieo io Crs. H's akver.
]ks tjh T\B's issukobh ea tjh writ ea hxhbutieo prebhlurkffy ioairc5 Hxpfkio. (2%)
Yhs. Rhb. 1. Hxhbutieo dy cetieo er dy iolhpholhot kbtieo. - K aiokf kol hxhbutery nulmchot er erlhr cky dh
hxhbuthl eo cetieo witjio aivh (8) yhkrs arec tjh lkth ea its hotry. Kathr tjh fkpsh ea subj tich, kol dhaerh it
is dkrrhl dy tjh stktuth ea ficitktieos, k nulmchot cky dh hoaerbhl dy kbtieo. \jh rhvivhl nulmchot cky kfse
dh hoaerbhl dy cetieo witjio aivh (8) yhkrs arec tjh lkth ea its hotry kol tjhrhkathr dy kbtieo dhaerh it is
dkrrhl dy tjh stktuth ea ficitktieos.
Ia tjh prhvkifiom pkrty akifs te jkvh tjh lhbisieo hoaerbhl dy k cetieo kathr tjh fkpsh ea aivh yhkrs, tjh skil
nulmchot is rhlubhl te k rimjt ea kbtieo wjibj cust dh hoaerbhl dy tjh iostitutieo ea k becpfkiot io k rhmufkr
beurt witjio ;0 yhkrs arec tjh tich tjh nulmchot dhbechs aiokf.
K.8.
Crs. M lhakufthl io tjh pkychot ea jhr feko edfimktieo witj ^ Dkog. Ks subj, ^ Dkog hxtrk-nulibikffy
aerhbfeshl Crs. M's certmkmhl prephrty kol sefl it kt pudfib kubtieo wjhrh it hchrmhl ks tjh jimjhst dillhr.
Hvhotukffy, k bhrtiaibkth ea skfh wks issuhl io ^ Dkog's akver, kol titfh te tjh prephrty wks fkthr
beosefilkthl uolhr tjh dkog's okch.
Bfkiciom tjkt ^ Dkog ushl arkulufhot ckbjioktieos io iobrhksiom tjh iothrhst kol phokfty bjkrmhs eo tjh
feko, tjhrhdy ckgiom it icpessidfh aer jhr te pky, Crs. M aifhl dhaerh tjh Thmieokf \rikf Beurt (T\B) k
becpfkiot aer bkobhffktieo ea beosefilktieo ea ewohrsjip evhr k rhkf prephrty witj prkyhr aer tjh issukobh
ea k writ ea prhficiokry ionuobtieo kmkiost ^ Dkog. Icchlikthfy tjhrhkathr, tjh T\B issuhl ko hx pkrth writ ea
prhficiokry ionuobtieo honeioiom ^ Dkog arec lispesiom ea tjh aerhbfeshl prephrty er tkgiom pesshssieo
tjhrhea. Lil tjh T\B hrr io issuiom tjh writ ea prhficiokry ionuobtieo hx pkrth5 Hxpfkio. (2%)
\jh T\B hrrhl. Xolhr tjh Tufhs, k writ ea prhficiokry ionuobtieo cky oet dh issuhl hx pkrth. Ks previlhl io tjh
Tufhs, oe prhficiokry ionuobtieo sjkff dh mrkothl witjeut jhkriom kol prier oetibh te tjh pkrty er phrseo
seumjt dh klneiohl (Tufh 8:, Rhbtieo 8). \jh rhkseo is tjkt k prhficiokry ionuobtieo cky bkush mrkvh kol
irrhpkrkdfh ionury te tjh pkrty honeiohl.
K.1.
Cr. J aifhl k becpfkiot kmkiost Cr. I te rhbevhr tjh kceuot ea ₻800,000.00 dkshl eo tjhir beotrkbt ea shrvibhs.
Io jis koswhr, Cr. I klcitthl tjkt jh jks yht te pky Cr. J aer jis shrvibhs dkshl eo tjhir beotrkbt dut ohvhrtjhfhss,
iothrpeshl k beuothrbfkic kffhmiom tjkt Cr. J stiff ewhl jic rhotkf krrhkrkmhs aer tjh fhksh ea jis
kpkrtchot kfse kceuotiom te ₻800,000.00.
It jks bech te Cr. J's ktthotieo tjkt Cr. I lil oet pky koy aifiom ahhs wjho jh aifhl jis koswhr. Ks subj, Cr. J
cevhl te lisciss tjh beuothrbfkic. Io rhspeosh te Cr. J's cetieo, Cr. I kvhrrhl tjkt tjh oeo-pkychot ea aifiom
ahhs wks purhfy dkshl eo ioklvhrthobh kol tjkt tjh skil aifiom ahhs jkl kfrhkly dhho pkil ks ea lkth, ks
hviobhl dy tjh eaaibikf rhbhipt issuhl dy tjh bfhrg ea beurt tjhrhaer.
]jkt is tjh okturh ea Cr. f's beuothrbfkic5 Is tjh pkychot ea aifiom ahhs rhquirhl aer subj beuothrbfkic te
presphr5 Hxpfkio. (2%)
Phrcissivh Beuothrbfkic kol pkychot ea lebght ahh is rhquirhl.
Hsshotikffy, tjh okturh ea k beuothrbfkic is lhthrcioktivh ea wjhtjhr er oet tjh beuothrbfkickot is rhquirhl te
pky lebght ahhs. \jh rufh io phrcissivh beuothrbfkics is tjkt aer tjh trikf beurt te kbquirh nurislibtieo, tjh
beuothrbfkickot is deuol te pky tjh prhsbridhl lebght ahhs. Eo tjh etjhr jkol, tjh prhvkifiom rufh witj rhsphbt
te becpufsery beuothrbfkics is tjkt oe aifiom ahhs krh rhquirhl aer tjh trikf beurt te kbquirh nurislibtieo
evhr tjh sudnhbt cktthr.

Io mhohrkf, k beuothrbfkic is koy bfkic wjibj k lhaholiom pkrty cky jkvh kmkiost ko eppesiom pkrty. K
becpufsery beuothrbfkic is eoh wjibj, dhiom bemoizkdfh dy tjh rhmufkr beurts ea nustibh, krishs eut ea er
is beoohbthl witj tjh trkoskbtieo er ebburrhobh beostitutiom tjh sudnhbt cktthr ea tjh eppesiom pkrty's
bfkic kol lehs oet rhquirh aer its klnulibktieo tjh prhshobh ea tjirl pkrtihs ea wjec tjh beurt bkooet kbquirh
nurislibtieo. K becpufsery beuothrbfkic is dkrrhl ia oet sht up io tjh skch kbtieo.

Eo tjh etjhr jkol, k beuothrbfkic is phrcissivh ia it lehs oet krish eut ea er is oet ohbhsskrify beoohbthl
witj tjh sudnhbt cktthr ea tjh eppesiom pkrty's bfkic. It is hsshotikffy ko iolhpholhot bfkic tjkt cky dh
aifhl shpkrkthfy io koetjhr bksh.
\jh aeur thsts te lhthrcioh wjhtjhr k beuothrbfkic is becpufsery er oet krh tjh aeffewiom, te wit> (k) Krh tjh
issuhs ea akbt er fkw rkishl dy tjh bfkic kol tjh beuothrbfkic fkrmhfy tjh skch5 (d) ]eufl rhs nulibktk dkr k
sudshquhot suit eo lhaholkot's bfkics, kdshot tjh becpufsery beuothrbfkic rufh5 (b) ]iff sudstkotikffy tjh skch
hvilhobh suppert er rhauth pfkiotiaa's bfkic ks whff ks tjh lhaholkot's beuothrbfkic5 kol (l) Is tjhrh koy femibkf
rhfktieo dhtwhho tjh bfkic kol tjh beuothrbfkic, subj tjkt tjh beolubt ea shpkrkth trikfs ea tjh rhsphbtivh bfkics
ea tjh pkrtihs weufl hotkif k sudstkotikf lupfibktieo ea haaert kol tich dy tjh pkrtihs kol tjh beurt5 Ea tjh aeur, tjh
eoh becphffiom thst ea becpufseriohss is tjh femibkf rhfktieo dhtwhho tjh bfkic kffhmhl io tjh becpfkiot kol tjkt
io tjh beuothrbfkic. Rubj rhfktieosjip hxists wjho beolubtiom shpkrkth trikfs ea tjh rhsphbtivh bfkics ea tjh
pkrtihs weufl hotkif sudstkotikf lupfibktieo ea tich kol haaert dy tjh pkrtihs kol tjh beurt7 wjho tjh cuftipfh
bfkics iovefvh tjh skch akbtukf kol fhmkf issuhs7 er wjho tjh bfkics krh eaasjeets ea tjh skch dksib
beotrevhrsy dhtwhho tjh pkrtihs. Ia tjhsh thsts rhsuft io kaaircktivh koswhrs, tjh beuothrbfkic is becpufsery.

(d) Rjeufl Cr. I's beuothrbfkic dh liscisshl5 Hxpfkio. (2%)

OE, tjh ahhs wks pkil witjio rhkseokdfh tich kol witjeut iothotieo te lharkul tjh mevhrochot.
Io vihw ea tjh aioliom tjkt tjh beuothrbfkic is phrcissivh, kol oet becpufsery ks jhfl dy tjh beurts k que, rhspeolhots krh
rhquirhl te pky lebght ahhs. Jewhvhr, it cust dh bfkriaihl tjkt rhspeolhots' akifurh te pky tjh rhquirhl lebght ahhs, phr sh,
sjeufl oet ohbhsskrify fhkl te tjh liscisskf ea tjhir beuothrbfkic. It jks feom dhho shttfhl tjkt wjifh tjh beurt kbquirhs
nurislibtieo evhr koy bksh eofy upeo tjh pkychot ea tjh prhsbridhl lebght ahhs, its oeo-pkychot kt tjh tich ea aifiom ea tjh
ioitiktery pfhkliom lehs oet kutecktibkffy bkush its liscisskf previlhl
tjkt> (k) tjh ahhs krh pkil witjio k rhkseokdfh phriel7 kol (d) tjhrh wks oe iothotieo eo tjh pkrt ea tjh
bfkickot te lharkul tjh mevhrochot.

K.=.
Ks k rhsuft ea ko koeoyceus becpfkiot, Cr. N, k febkf pudfib eaaibikf, wks jhfl klcioistrktivhfy fikdfh aer
Mrkvh Cisbeolubt dy tjh Eaaibh ea tjh Ecdulscko (Ecdulscko) io Klcioistrktivh Bksh Oe. ;42<. Ks subj,
jh wks icpeshl tjh phokfty ea liscisskf arec shrvibh. \jh Ecdulscko kfse aeuol predkdfh bkush te iolibt
jic aer viefktieo ea Rhbtieo 2 (d) ea Thpudfib Kbt Oe.20;9, er tjh "Koti-Mrkat kol Berrupt Prkbtibhs Kbt,"
io Briciokf Bksh Oe. <24;. Cr. N cevhl aer tjh rhbeosilhrktieo ea tjh Ecdulscko's Neiot Lhbisieo dut wks
lhoihl. Xophrturdhl, Cr. N aifhl k phtitieo aer bhrtierkri uolhr Tufh 18 ea tjh Tufhs ea Beurt dhaerh tjh
Beurt ea Kpphkfs (BK), ksskifiom tjh Ecdulscko's Neiot Lhbisieo io Klcioistrktivh Bksh Oe. ;42< kol
Briciokf Bksh Oe. <24;. Jewhvhr, tjh BK liscisshl tjh phtitieo eutrimjt, jefliom tjkt subj phtitieo
beostituths ko icprephr rhchly te ksskif tjh klcioistrktivh kol briciokf ksphbts ea tjh kaerhchotieohl
Ecdulscko rufiom. ]ks tjh BK's liscisskf ea Cr. N's phtitieo berrhbt5 Hxpfkio. (8%)
Yhs kol oe.
Io tjh Akdiko bksh, tjh Beurt rufhl tjkt kpphkfs arec lhbisieos ea tjh Eaaibh ea tjh Ecdulscko io klcioistrktivh
lisbipfiokry bkshs sjeufl dh tkgho te tjh Beurt ea Kpphkfs uolhr Tufh <2 ea tjh ;99= Tufhs ea Bivif Prebhlurh.
Io Guizeo v. Lhsihrte kol Cholezk-Krbh v. Eaaibh ea tjh Ecdulscko, wh jhfl tjkt tjis Beurt jks nurislibtieo evhr
phtitieos aer bhrtierkri quhstieoiom rhsefutieos er erlhrs ea tjh Ecdulscko io briciokf bkshs. Aer klcioistrktivh
bkshs, jewhvhr, wh lhbfkrhl io tjh bksh ea Lkmko v. Eaaibh ea tjh Ecdulscko(Qiskvks) tjkt tjh phtitieo sjeufl dh
aifhl witj tjh Beurt ea Kpphkfs io edshrvkobh ea tjh lebtrioh ea jihrkrbjy ea beurts. \jh Lkmko rufiom jecemhoizhl
tjh prebhlurkf rufh witj rhsphbt te klcioistrktivh bkshs akffiom witjio tjh nurislibtieo ea tjh Ecdulscko “ airst
houobikthl io Akdiko v. Lhsihrte “ tjkt is, kff rhchlihs iovefviom tjh erlhrs, lirhbtivhs, er lhbisieos ea tjh
Ecdulscko io klcioistrktivh bkshs, wjhtjhr dy ko kpphkf uolhr Tufh <2 er k phtitieo aer bhrtierkri uolhr Tufh 18,
cust dh aifhl witj tjh Beurt ea Kpphkfs.
xxxx
\jh Ecdulscko's lhthrcioktieo ea predkdfh bkush cky eofy dh ksskifhl tjreumj bhrtierkri prebhhlioms (Tufh
18) dhaerh tjis Beurt eo tjh mreuol tjkt subj lhthrcioktieo is tkiothl witj mrkvh kdush ea lisbrhtieo. Oet hvhry
hrrer io tjh prebhhlioms er hvhry hrreoheus beobfusieo ea fkw er akbt, jewhvhr, beostituths mrkvh kdush
ea lisbrhtieo. It jks dhho stkthl tjkt tjh Ecdulscko cky hrr er hvho kdush tjh lisbrhtieo felmhl io jhr dy fkw,
dut subj hrrer er kdush kfeoh lehs oet rholhr jhr kbt kchokdfh te berrhbtieo kol kooufchot dy tjh
hxtrkerliokry rhchly ea bhrtierkri. \e nustiay nulibikf iotrusieo iote wjkt is auolkchotkffy tjh leckio ea koetjhr
beostitutieokf dely, tjh phtitieohr cust bfhkrfy sjew tjkt tjh Ecdulscko beccitthl mrkvh kdush ea lisbrhtieo
kceuotiom te fkbg er hxbhss ea nurislibtieo io ckgiom jhr lhthrcioktieo kol io krriviom kt tjh beobfusieo sjh
rhkbjhl. Aer tjhrh te dh k aioliom ea mrkvh kdush ea lisbrhtieo, it cust dh sjewo tjkt tjh lisbrhtieokry pewhr
wks hxhrbishl io ko krditrkry er lhspetib ckoohr dy rhkseo ea pkssieo er phrseokf jestifity, kol tjh kdush ea
lisbrhtieo cust dh se pkthot kol mress ks te kceuot te ko hvksieo ea k pesitivh luty er te k virtukf rhauskf te
phraerc tjh luty honeiohl er te kbt io beothcpfktieo ea fkw. (Mktbjkfiko vs Ecdulscko)

K.;0.
(k) ]rit ea gkfigksko vs writ ea beotiouiom ckolkcus (2%)
(d) Thchlihs
( Thchlihs dhaerh k nulmchot dhbechs aiokf kol hxhbutery>
(k) Cetieo aer rhbeosilhrktieo (prejidithl io k bksh tjkt akffs uolhr succkry prebhlurh) (Tufhs 2=, 84)7
 (d) Cetieo aer ohw trikf (Tufhs 2=, 82)7 kol
(b)Kpphkf (Tufhs <0, <;, <4, <2, <8)
(4) Thchlihs kathr nulmchot dhbechs aiokf kol hxhbutery>
(k) Phtitieo aer rhfiha arec nulmchot (Tufh 2:)7
(d) Kbtieo te koouf k nulmchot (Tufh <=)7
(b)Bhrtierkri (Tufh 18)7 kol
(l) Beffkthrkf kttkbg ea k nulmchot.
D.;;.
Cr. Z aifhl k becpfkiot aer suc ea ceohy kmkiost jis efl arihol, Cr. Y. Io erlhr te hosurh tjkt Cr. Y weufl oet
dh kdfh te aifh k rhspeosivh pfhkliom kol cubj cerh, pkrtibipkth io tjh bksh, Cr. Z pkil eaa Cr. Y's
beuoshf, Ktty. ^, wje lhfidhrkthfy fht tjh bksh prebhhl ks subj witjeut jis bfihot's goewfhlmh.
Hvhotukffy, nulmchot wks rholhrhl eo Ckrbj ;, 40;1 io Cr. Z's akver, k bepy ea wjibj wks rhbhivhl dy Ktty. ^
eo Kprif <, 40;1. Detjhrhl dy jis beosbihobh, Ktty. ^ dreumjt tjh bepy ea tjh lhbisieo te Cr.Y eo Nuoh ;, 40;1,
tjhrhdy surprisiom tjh fktthr kol bkusiom jic mriha. Chkowjifh, tjh lhbisieo dhbkch aiokf kol hxhbutery io
luh beursh eo Kprif ;9, 40;1.
\jhrhkathr, Cr. Y teeg sthps io violibktiom jis rimjts, wjibj bufciokthl eo Kumust ;8, 40;1 wjho jh, ks
rhprhshothl dy k ohw beuoshf, aifhl k phtitieo aer kooufchot ea nulmchot dhaerh tjh Beurt ea Kpphkfs
(BK) eo tjh mreuol ea hxtriosib arkul. \jh BK liscisshl tjh phtitieo eo tjh mreuol tjkt Cr. Y akifhl te sudcit k
sktisakbtery hxpfkoktieo ks te wjy jh lirhbtfy rhserthl te k phtitieo aer kooufchot ea nulmchot, wjho jh
beufl jkvh aifhl k phtitieo aer rhfiha arec nulmchot.
(k) ]jkt krh tjh liaahrhobhs dhtwhho k phtitieo aer rhfiha arec nulmchot kol k phtitieo aer
kooufchot ea nulmchot io thrcs ea mreuols kol phriels te aifh5 (2%)
Cetieo aer Ohw \rikf Phtitieo aer Thfiha arec Kbtieo te Koouf
(Tufh 2=) Nulmchot (Tufh 2:) Nulmchot (Tufh <=)
Mreuols> Mreuols> Mreuols>
;. Hxtriosib arkul ;. Hxtriosib arkul ;. Hxtriosib arkul
4. Kbbilhot 4. Kbbilhot 4. Fkbg ea nurislibtieo
2. Cistkgh ea akbt 2. Cistkgh ea akbt evhr tjh sudnhbt cktthr
<. Hxbuskdfh ohmfimhobh <. Hxbuskdfh ohmfimhobh
Phriel ea aifiom> Phriel ea aifiom> Phriel ea aifiom>

;. ]itjio aiathho (;8) lkys arec rhbhipt ea ;. ]itjio sixty (10) kathr ;. Hxtriosib arkul ‒
oetibh ea nulmchot er aiokf erlhr (Oetibh ea phtitieohr fhkros ea tjh witjio aeur (<) yhkrs
Kpphkf)7 er nulmchot er erlhr, kol arec lisbevhry
4. ]itjio tjirty (20) lkys arec rhbhipt ea oet cerh tjko six (1) 4. Fkbg ea nurislibtieo ‒
oetibh ea nulmchot er aiokf erlhr (Thberl ceotjs kathr hotry ea dhaerh dkrrhl dy fkbjhs
eo Kpphkf) nulmchot. er hstepph

(d) ]ks tjh BK's liscisskf ea Cr. Y's phtitieo aer kooufchot ea nulmchot prephr5 Hxpfkio.
(4%) Oe. Dhyeol tjh phriel aer Phtitieo aer Thfiha.

K pkrty aifiom k phtitieo aer rhfiha arec nulmchot cust stribtfy becpfy witj twe (4) rhmfhchotkry phriels> airst, tjh
phtitieo cust dh aifhl witjio sixty (10) lkys arec goewfhlmh ea tjh nulmchot, erlhr er etjhr prebhhliom te dh sht ksilh7 kol
shbeol, witjio k aixhl phriel ea six (1) ceotjs arec hotry ea subj nulmchot, erlhr er etjhr prebhhliom. Rtribt becpfikobh
witj tjhsh phriels is rhquirhl dhbkush k phtitieo aer rhfiha arec nulmchot is k aiokf kbt ea
fidhrkfity eo tjh pkrt ea tjh Rtkth, wjibj rhchly bkooet dh kffewhl te hrelh koy aurtjhr tjh auolkchotkf
priobipfh tjkt k nulmchot, erlhr er prebhhliom cust, kt sech lhaioith tich, kttkio aiokfity io erlhr te put ko
hol te fitimktieo. (Pjifippioh Kckokj Dkog v. Beotrhrks, MT Oe. ;=2;1:, 09/49/40;<).

Xolhr Rhbtieo 4 ea Tufh <=, tjh erimiokf kbtieo aer kooufchot cky dh dkshl eofy eo hxtriosib arkul er fkbg
ea nurislibtieo, dut hxtriosib arkul, te dh vkfil mreuol, sjeufl oet jkvh dhho kvkifhl ea, er beufl oet jkvh dhho
kvkifhl ea io k cetieo aer ohw trikf er phtitieo aer rhfiha. Ia tjh mreuol rhfihl up is hxtriosib arkul, tjh kbtieo
cust dh aifhl witjio aeur yhkrs arec tjh lisbevhry ea tjh hxtriosib arkul7 ia tjh mreuol is fkbg ea nurislibtieo,
tjh kbtieo cust dh dreumjt dhaerh it is dkrrhl dy fkbjhs er hstepphfs.29 Thmkrlfhss ea tjh mreuol aer tjh
kbtieo, tjh rhchly uolhr Tufh <= is te dh kvkifhl ea eofy ia tjh erliokry rhchlihs ea ohw trikf, kpphkf, phtitieo
aer rhfiha er etjhr kppreprikth rhchlihs krh oe feomhr kvkifkdfh tjreumj oe akuft ea tjh phtitieohr.
Esthosidfy, tjh rhspeolhot beufl jkvh kvkifhl jicshfa ea tjh phtitieo aer rhfiha arec nulmchot uolhr Tufh 2: ea
tjh Tufhs ea Beurt. Jhobh, jis akifurh te rhsert te subj rhchly prhbfulhl jic arec kvkifiom jicshfa ea tjh rhchly
te koouf tjh nulmchot dkshl eo tjh becprecish kmrhhchot (Bjuom vs. Jukom, MT Oe. ;=01=9, 02/09/40;1).

D.;4.
Cs. T rhbhivhl k sudpehok kl thstiaibkoluc arec k Thmieokf \rikf Beurt (T\B) lirhbtiom jhr te kpphkr kol thstiay
io k bksh. Lhspith oetibh kol witjeut koy suaaibihot nustiaibktieo, Cs. T akifhl te kpphkr. \jis precpthl tjh T\B te
issuh k sjew-bkush erlhr lirhbtiom Cs. T te hxpfkio, witjio tho (;0) lkys, wjy sjh sjeufl oet dh bithl aer beothcpt
aer jhr oeokpphkrkobh lhspith rhbhipt ea tjh sudpehok. Cs. T, jewhvhr, lil oet aifh jhr becchot. Kathr luh
jhkriom witj oetibh te tjh pkrtihs, tjh T\B bithl jhr io iolirhbt beothcpt, kol beoshquhotfy, erlhrhl jhr krrhst. Cs. T
cevhl te quksj tjh wkrrkot issuhl aer jhr krrhst, bfkiciom tjkt k aerckf bjkrmh sjeufl jkvh dhho aifhl kmkiost jhr,
kol tjkt tjh skch sjeufl jkvh dhho lebghthl kol preshbuthl ks k shpkrkth bksh kmkiost jhr. Rjh tjus bfkichl tjkt
siobh tjis prebhlurh wks oet aeffewhl, tjh erlhr bitiom jhr io beothcpt is ouff kol veil.

Thchly kmkiost lirhbt beothcpt7 phokfty

(;) \jh phokfty aer lirhbt beothcpt lhphols upeo tjh beurt wjibj tjh kbt wks beccitthl7

(k) Ia tjh kbt beostitutiom lirhbt beothcpt wks beccitthl kmkiost ko T\B er k beurt ea hquivkfhot er jimjhr
rkog, tjh phokfty is k aioh oet hxbhhliom 4,000 phses er icpriseochot oet hxbhhliom ;0 lkys, er detj7
(d) Ia tjh kbt beostitutiom lirhbt beothcpt wks beccitthl kmkiost k fewhr beurt, tjh phokfty is k aioh oet
hxbhhliom 400 phses er icpriseochot oet hxbhhliom eoh (;) lky, er detj (Rhb. ;)’7
(b)Ia tjh beothcpt beosists io tjh rhauskf er ecissieo te le ko kbt wjibj is yht witjio tjh pewhr ea tjh
rhspeolhot te phraerc, jh cky dh icpriseohl dy erlhr ea tjh beurt beobhrohl uotif jh phraercs it (Rhb. :).

(4) K phrseo klnulmhl io lirhbt beothcpt cky oet kpphkf tjhrharec. Jis rhchly is k phtitieo aer bhrtierkri er
prejiditieo lirhbthl kmkiost tjh beurt wjibj klnulmhl jic io lirhbt beothcpt (Rhb. 4). Pholiom tjh rhsefutieo ea
tjh phtitieo aer bhrtierkri er prejiditieo, tjh hxhbutieo ea tjh nulmchot aer lirhbt beothcpt sjkff dh suspholhl.
\jh susphosieo jewhvhr sjkff tkgh pfkbh eofy ia tjh phrseo klnulmhl io beothcpt aifhs k deol aixhl dy tjh
beurt wjibj rholhrhl tjh nulmchot. \jis deol is beolitieohl upeo jis phraerckobh ea tjh nulmchot sjeufl tjh
phtitieo dh lhbilhl kmkiost jic.

(k)Is Cs. T's beothotieo thokdfh5 Hxpfkio. (2%)

Yhs. \jh RB stkthl tjkt, airst, tjhrh bko dh oe iolirhbt beothcpt kdshot koy prier writtho bjkrmh. \jh RB stkthl tjkt
kdshot ko erlhr sphbiaibkffy rhquiriom phtitieohrs te sjew bkush wjy tjhy sjeufl oet dh puoisjhl aer beothcpt,
tjh Nulmh jkl oe kutjerity te puoisj phtitieohrs. \jh RB aurtjhr stkthl tjkt ia tjh koswhr te tjh beothcpt bjkrmh is
sktisakbtery, tjh beothcpt prebhhlioms hol. Fkstfy, tjh RB stkthl tjkt tjhrh cust dh k jhkriom beolubthl eo tjh
beothcpt bjkrmh. \jh RB kfse stkthl tjkt ‖siobh k beothcpt bjkrmh pkrtkghs ea tjh okturh ea k briciokf
preshbutieo kol aeffews tjh prebhhlioms sicifkr te briciokf preshbutieo, nulmhs cust hxthol te tjh kffhmhl
beothcohr tjh skch rimjts kbberlhl te ko kbbushl.– It kllhl tjkt Nulmh Bruz-Kviskle ‖sjeufl jkvh mivho phtitieohrs
tjhir lky io beurt kol beosilhrhl tjh thsticeoy kol hvilhobh phtitieohrs cimjt eaahr–.

(d) ]jkt is tjh prephr celh ea kpphkf sjeufl Cs. T lhbilh te ksskif jhr beothcpt bitktieo5 ]iff tjh aifiom ea subj
kpphkf kutecktibkffy rhsuft io tjh susphosieo ea tjh hxhbutieo ea nulmchot5 Hxpfkio. (4%)
Thchly kmkiost iolirhbt beothcpt7 phokfty

(;) \jh puoisjchot aer iolirhbt beothcpt lhphols upeo tjh fhvhf ea tjh beurt kmkiost wjibj tjh kbt wks beccitthl7
(k) ]jhrh tjh kbt wks beccitthl kmkiost ko T\B er k beurt ea hquivkfhot er jimjhr rkog, jh cky dh puoisjhl dy
k aioh oet hxbhhliom 20,000 phses er icpriseochot oet hxbhhliom 1 ceotjs, er detj7
(d) ]jhrh tjh kbt wks beccitthl kmkiost k fewhr beurt, jh cky dh puoisjhl dy k aioh oet hxbhhliom 8,000 phses er
icpriseochot oet hxbhhliom eoh ceotj, er detj. Ksilh arec tjh kppfibkdfh phokftihs, ia tjh beothcpt beosists io tjh
viefktieo ea k writ ea ionuobtieo, \TE er stktus que erlhr, jh cky kfse dh erlhrhl te ckgh becpfhth rhstitutieo te
tjh pkrty ionurhl dy subj viefktieo ea tjh prephrty iovefvhl er subj kceuot ks cky dh kffhmhl kol prevhl (Rhb. =)7
(b)]jhrh tjh kbt wks beccitthl kmkiost k phrseo er hotity hxhrbisiom quksi-nulibikf auobtieos, tjh phokfty
icpeshl sjkff lhphol upeo tjh previsieos ea tjh fkw wjibj kutjerizhs k phokfty aer beothcpt kmkiost subj
phrseos er hotitihs.

(4) \jh phrseo klnulmhl io iolirhbt beothcpt cky kpphkf arec tjh nulmchot er aiokf erlhr ea tjh beurt io tjh skch ckoohr ks
io briciokf bkshs. \jh kpphkf wiff oet jewhvhr jkvh tjh haahbt ea suspholiom tjh nulmchot ia tjh phrseo klnulmhl io
beothcpt lehs oet aifh k deol io ko kceuot aixhl dy tjh beurt arec wjibj tjh kpphkf is tkgho. \jis deol is beolitieohl upeo jis
phraerckobh ea tjh nulmchot er aiokf erlhr ia tjh kpphkf is lhbilhl kmkiost (Rhb. ;;).