•De

finet
hef
oll
owi
ngc
onc
ept
s:
-
1)
Agei
ng:
-Itisanatur
alpr
ocesst
hata
ffe
ctsa
lll
i
vingor
gani
smsT
hec
onc
eptofa
gingi
smos
t
of
tendef
inedchronol
ogi
cal
ly
.

2)Li
feexpe
ctancy
:-(
averag
eageatdeat
h)i
nt hede
vel
ope
dwor
ldha
sbe
enr
is
ings
inc
eac
cur
ate
rec
ordsbeganandcont
inuest
ori
seli
near
ly.

3)Agei
sm:
-aff
ect
stheabi
li
tyofolderpe
opletoge
tandhol
ddownj
obs
,tobet
rea
tedf
air
lya
nd
appr
opri
ate
lyi
nsit
uati
onss
ucha sinnur
singhomes
.

4)Gerontol
ogy:
-Iti
sthes
tudyofa
gingpe
rsonsandoft
heproc
essofagi
ng.Thet
erm
ger
ontologyisde r
ive
dfr
om therootwordg e
r aorger
on,meaning“gr
eatag
e”‖or
“pr
ivi
l
e geofage”

5)Geri
atr
icnur
sing:-I
tisthea ppli
cati
onoft henursi
ngproc
essthr
ought heass
ess
me ntof
nursi
ngne e
dsoft heolde
rpe ople,planni
ngandimplement
ingnurs
ingcaret
ome e
tthese
needsandeval
ua t
ingtheeff
ect
ivenessofsuchca
retoachi
eveandma i
ntai
nal eve
lof
well
nessconsi
st
e ntwi t
hthelimitati
onimposedbytheagi
ngproc
ess
.

6)Chr
onol
ogi
cal
age
:-r
efe
rst
othenumbe
rofy
ear
sape
rsonha
sli
ved.

7)Bi
olog
ical
Aging:
-invol
vesthelossofce
ll
sovert
ime.Wit
hbiol
ogi
cala
ging
,ti
ssuesa
ndorg
ans
arel
essl
ikel
ytofuncti
oneffi
ci
ently
, t
hebody‘
sabi
li
tytor
epai
rit
sel
fsl
owsdown, a
ndthe
i
mmunef uncti
onsdecl
ine,makingthebodymorepronetoinfe
cti
on.

8)Funct
ionala
ge:
-re
ferst
ofunct
ioningandtheabi
l
ityt
ope r
for
ma cti
vi
ti
esofdai
lyli
vi
ng(ADL
s),
suc
ha sbathi
ngandgr
ooming,a
ndi nst
rumental
act
ivi
ti
esofdai
lyl
i
ving(I
ADLs)
,suchascooki
ng
andshopping
.

9)Cl
i
nic
alg
erontol
ogy
:-Thest
udyoft
hephy
sic
al&ps
ychol
ogi
cal
cha
nge
swhi
cha
rei
nci
dent
al
tool
dagei
scli
ni
c a
lge
rontol
ogy.

10)Psyc
hologic
alGeront
olog
y:-
Iti
sabroa
d,mult
idi
sci
pli
narypr
act
ice
,andger
ontol
ogi
cnur
si
ng
conce
ntrat
e sonpromoti
ngtheheal
tha
ndma x
imumf unct
ioni
ngofol
deradul
ts
.

11)Ger
iat
ri
cs:
-I
tisthemedic
als
peci
al
tythatdeal
switht
hephy
siol
ogyofa
ginga
ndwi
tht
he
di
agnos
isandt
reatmentofdi
sea
sesaf
fec
tingtheage
d.

12)My t
hs:
-Commonmy t
hsa boutolderadul
tsa
r etha
tthe
yarefra
il
,seni
l
e,unheal
thy
,
unhappy,s
etinthei
rway s
,irri
tabl
e,l
acki
ngininte
res
tinmat
ter
sofse
xual
i
ty,and
i
neff
e c
ti
veandunde
pendabl
ea sworker
s.

13)T
hea
gei
ngpr
oce
ss:
-I
tisag
radua
lac
cumul
ati
onofi
rr
eve
rsi
bl
efunc
ti
ona
llos
seswhi
ch

i
nvol
vesnotonl
yphy
siol
ogi
cal
cha
nge
sbuta
lsos
oci
ala
ndps
ychol
ogi
cal
one
.
14)L
if
espa
n:-(
max
imumpos
sibl
eat
tai
nabl
eag
e)i
sthoug
htt
obea
round120y
ear
s.

I
tisde
ter
mine
dbyhuma
nbi
ol
ogya
ndha
snotc
hang
ed.

15)Ne
gle
ct:
-Ther
efus
alorf
ail
uret
oful
fi
l
lac
areg
ivi
ngobl
i
gat
ion.

16)E
lde
rAbus
e:-Mi
st
rea
tme
ntofol
derpe
opl
e.

17)S
trok
e:-
ist
hes
udde
nons
etofaf
oca
lne
urol
ogi
cal
def
ic
it
,la
sti
ngmor
etha
n24hror

l
eadi
ngt
ode
ath,
caus
edbyav
asc
ula
rpr
obl
em.

18)Tr
ansi
ent:
-i
scha
emicat
tac
k s
(TI
A)a r
efocalneurol
ogi
caldef
ic
it
s(incl
udi
ngmonocul
ar
vi
suall
oss
)duetoi
nade
qua
tebloodsuppl
ytha
tlast<24hr(
inrea
li
ty,mostTI
Asla
stj
ust
minut
es).

19)Al
zhe
ime
rdi
sea
se:
-ac
hroni
ccondi
ti
onc
har
act
eri
zedbyde
cli
ni
ngi
nte
ll
ect
ualc
apa
cit
y,

Al
zhe
ime
r'sdi
sea
se(
AD)i
sthemos
tcommonf
orm ofde
ment
ia.

20)Phy
sic
ala
bus
e:-T
hei
nfl
i
cti
onofpa
inori
nj
ury
,orphy
sic
alordr
ugi
nduc
edr
est
rai
nt.

21)Fi
nanci
alorma
teri
ala
buse:
-Thei
l
leg
alori
mpr
ope
rex
ploi
tat
ionorus
eoff
undsor
res
ourcesoft
heol
derper
son.

22)S
exua
labus
e:-Non-
cons
ens
ual
sex
ual
cont
actofa
nyk
indwi
tht
heol
derpe
rson.

23)Neg
lect:
-Theref
usalorf
ail
uret
ofulf
il
lacar
eg i
vi
ngobli
gati
on.Thi
smayormaynotinv
olve
acons
ciousandi
nte
ntionala
tte
mpttoinf
li
ctphysi
calore
motional
dist
res
sontheol
derpers
on.

•Putt
rueorf
als
e:
1-Ag
eingbe
ginst
heda
ywea
rebor
n(T
)

2-He
redi
tar
yfa
ctori
soneoft
hea
get
heor
ies(T
)

3-T
hey
oungol
dag
ed75t
o84y
ear
s(F) 65:
74

4-T
hec
ohor
tef
fec
tsa
rec
hang
esnotduet
oag
ing(
T)

5-I
l
lne
sss
ucha
sdi
abe
tesi
soneoft
hes
econda
ryc
hang
esduet
oag
ing(T
)

6-T
her
eisas
ing
leme
asur
eofhow"
old"ape
rsoni
s(F) nos
ing
le

7-Ag
ingi
shi
ghl
yindi
vi
dua
li
zed(T
)

8-Ag
ingdoe
snotpr
oce
eda
tdi
ff
ere
ntr
ate
sindi
ff
ere
ntpe
opl
e(F
) doe
s

9-Chr
onol
ogyi
sapoorme
asur
eofa
ging(
T)
10-T
heol
dera
dul
tpopul
ati
on:
isahe
ter
oge
neousg
roup(
T)

11-F
unc
ti
ona
lag
eisabe
tte
rme
asur
eofa
get
hanc
hronol
ogi
cal
age(
T)

12-Ge
ront
olog
yre
fer
stot
hes
tudyofa
lla
spe
ctsoft
hea
gingpr
oce
ss,
inc
ludi
ng

e
conomi
c,s
oci
al
,cl
i
nic
al,
andf
act
ors
,andt
hei
ref
fec
tsont
heol
dera
dul
tandons
oci
ety(T
)

13-
Inol
dera
dul
t,s
lee
pisl
essde
ept
hans
lee
piny
oung
erpe
opl
e(T
)

14-
Kyphos
isi
sle
ssc
ommoni
nel
der
lype
rson(
F) mor
e

15-
Dec
rea
seds
ens
it
ivi
tyt
otouc
hinol
dag
eduet
ore
duc
efa
tla
yer(T
)

16-
Olda
gewi
thv
isi
onc
hang
eha
sinc
rea
sei
nabi
l
ityt
ofoc
usonobj
ect
sat

di
ff
ere
ntdi
st
anc
es(F
) de
cre
ase

17-
Long
-te
rmme
mor
yisbe
tte
rtha
nshor
t-
ter
mme
mor
ywi
tha
gei
ng(
T)

18-
cons
ti
pat
iona
ndf
eca
linc
ont
ine
ncei
sle
ssc
ommoni
nnor
mal
age
ing

c
hang
es.
(F) mor
e

19-
Geni
tour
ina
rys
yst
emc
hang
esi
nge
ria
tri
cinc
ludei
ncr
eas
edr
ete
nti
ona
nd

de
cre
ase
dnoc
tur
ia.
(F) i
ncr
eas
ed

20-
Tas
tec
hang
eing
eri
atr
ici
ncl
udede
cre
ase
dse
nsi
ti
vi
tyt
oswe
etne
ssa
nds
alt
.(
T)

21-
Thea
bus
ema
ybeofaphy
sic
alna
tur
e,i
tma
ybeps
ychol
ogi
cal
(T)

22-
Somepe
opl
ear
est
il
lse
xua
ll
yac
ti
vei
nla
tea
dul
thood.
(T)

23-
Elde
rAbus
ePs
ychol
ogi
cal
,Fi
nanc
ial
andS
exua
l(T)
.

24-
Rec
omme
nde
droomt
empe
rat
uref
ora
nol
dera
dul
tshoul
dnotbemor
etha
n24c(
F)

l
owe
r

25-Br
ightl
i
ghti
sus
eful
forol
dera
dul
tatni
ghti
nthebe
droom (
F) s
oft
red

26-T
heel
derlype
opl
eneedtobedepende
nti
nmaki
ngdeci
si
ont
ome ets
elfr
espe
ct&di
gni
ty(
T)
27-Medi
cat
ionsi
deef
fec
tsmayinc
rea
s et
her
is
kforf
all
i
ngofol
dera
dult (T)

28-Ol
dera
dul
tne
edpe
rsona
lappr
opr
iat
eenv
ironme
ntf
ort
hei
rspe
cia
llos
ses(
T)

29-I
nca
seofg
eri
atr
icc
ardi
ova
scul
arpr
obl
ems
houl
dgi
vel
ows
altl
owf
atnut
ri
ti
on(T
)

30-S
econda
rydi
abe
tesme
ll
it
usi
sthemos
tcommont
ypei
nol
derpe
opl
e(T)
31-Non-
modi
fi
abl
eri
skf
act
orsf
ors
trok
ear
esmok
ing
,obe
sit
y,di
et,
etc
.(F)

•Compl
etet
hef
oll
owi
ngs
ent
enc
es:
1}T
heor
iesofa
gei
ng

1-
Oxi
dat
iveda
mag
e

2-Abnor
mal
cont
rol
ofc
ell
mit
osi
s

3-
Prot
einmodi
fi
cat
ion

4-
Wea
randt
ear

5-
Age
inga
nde
vol
uti
on

2}
Cha
nge
sduet
oag
eingc
las
sif
iedt
o

1-
Pri
mar
y

2-
Sec
onda
ry

3}
Dev
elopme
nti
nhe
alt
h,s
ani
tat
ion,
li
fes
tyl
eands
afe
tyha
vei
mpr
ove
dli
fee
xpe
cta
ncy
.

4}Functi
onala
geref
erstofunc
tioni
ngandthea
bil
it
ytoperfor
ma c
tiv
iti
esofdai
lyl
iv
ing(ADLs
),
suc
ha sbathi
ngandgroomi
ng,andinst
rume
ntala
cti
vi
ti
esofdai
lyl
i
ving(I
ADLs),
suchascooki
ng
ands hoppi
ng.

5}
Thea
gingpr
oce
ssi
sag
radua
lac
cumul
ati
onofi
rr
eve
rsi
bl
efunc
ti
ona
llos
seswhi
ch

i
nvol
vesnotonl
yphy
siol
ogi
cal
cha
nge
sbuta
lsos
oci
ala
ndps
ychol
ogi
cal
one
.

6}
Agi
ngBe
gint
heda
ywea
rebor
n

7}
Manyt
heor
iesofa
gingi
ncl
ude
:

1-He
redi
tar
yFa
ctor
s

2-L
ossofc
ell
ul
arma
ssa
nda
bil
i
tyofc
ell
stodi
vi
dea
ndr
epl
i
cat
e

3-Ac
cumul
ati
onofwa
stema
ter
ial
stha
tcl
ogc
ell
sandc
aus
ethe
mtodi
e

4-Cha
nge
sins
truc
tur
eofc
onne
cti
vet
is
sue

8}
Chr
onol
ogi
cal
ager
efe
rst
othenumbe
rofy
ear
sape
rsonha
sli
ved.

9}
They
oung
-ol
dag
ed(
65t
o74y
ear
s)

10}
Themi
ddl
e-ol
d(a
ged75t
o84y
ear
s)
11}
Theol
d-ol
d(a
ged85t
o99y
ear
s)

12}
Thee
li
te-
old(
mor
etha
n100y
ear
sol
d)

13}Bi
ol
ogi
cal
Agi
ngi
nvol
vest
hel
ossofc
ell
sov
ert
ime
.

14}Funct
ionala
ge,r
eferst
ofunct
ioni
ngandtheabi
li
tytoperf
ormacti
vi
ti
esofdai
lyl
i
ving(
ADLs)
,
suchasbathi
ngandgrooming
,andins
trumenta
lact
ivi
ti
esofdai
lyl
i
ving(I
ADLs
),s
uchascooki
ng
andshopping
.

15}Cli
ni
cal
ger
ontol
ogyi
sthest
udyoft
hephy
sic
al&ps
ychol
ogi
cal
cha
nge
swhi
cha
rei
nci
dent
al
tooldagei
scl
i
nic
a l
ger
ontol
ogy
.

16}Li
feEx
pect
ancyi
s(a
ve r
ageageatdeat
h)inthedeve
lope
dwor
ldha
sbe
enr
is
ings
inc
e
accur
ater
ecor
dsbeg
ana ndcont
inuest
oris
elinear
ly

17}L
if
espa
nis(
max
imumpos
sibl
eat
tai
nabl
eag
e)i
sthoug
htt
obea
round120y
ear
s.I
tis
de
ter
mine
dbyhuma
nbi
ol
ogya
ndha
snotc
hang
ed.

18}He
alt
hyl
i
fee
xpe
cta
ncyt
hate
xpe
cte
dtobes
penti
ngoodorf
air
lyg
oodhe
alt
h.

19}We
ll
nes
sisi
nfl
uenc
edbyma
nyf
act
orsi
ncl
udi
ng

1-Pe
rsona
li
tyt
rai
ts

2-
Li
fee
xpe
rie
nce
s

3-
cur
rentphy
sic
alhe
alt
h

4-Cur
rents
oci
als
uppor
t

5-Pe
rsona
lhe
alt
hbe
hav
ior
s;s
mok
ing
,obe
sit
y

20}Nur
si
ngi
nte
rve
nti
onf
ort
hev
isi
onc
hang
eine
lde
rype
rsoni
ncl
ude
:-

1-Us
ela
rgepr
intf
ort
eac
hing

2-E
ncour
agea
dequa
tel
i
ght
ing(
e.g
.,ni
ght
li
ght
s)

3-E
ncour
ageus
eofc
orr
ect
ivel
ens
esa
spr
esc
ribe
d

4-De
cre
aseg
lar
e

21}S
ens
oryc
hang
esofa
gingi
ncl
ude
:-

1-Vi
si
on

2-He
ari
ng
3-S
mel
l

4-T
ouc
h

22}Phy
sic
alc
hang
esr
ela
tedt
o(nor
mal
)ag
ing
:-

*Cha
nge
soc
curi
nmos
tbodys
yst
emst
oinc
lude
:

1-
Sens
oryS
yst
emc
hang
es

2-
Bra
ina
ndCe
ntr
alNe
rvousS
yst
em

3-
Mus
cle
sandBone
s

4-
Dig
est
ives
yst
em

5-
Hea
rt/
Cir
cul
ator
ySy
ste
m

6-
Res
pir
ator
ySy
ste
m

23}S
lee
pdi
st
urba
ncei
nol
dera
dul
tsma
ybeduet
o:-

1-
Alz
hei
merdi
sea
se

2-Al
cohol

3-De
pre
ssi
on

4-S
timul
ant
ssuc
hasc
aff
einea
ndni
cot
ine

5-F
reque
ntur
ina
tiona
tni
ght

24}
Sle
epc
hang
esi
nol
dera
dul
tsma
ybeduet
o:-

1-De
cre
asei
nSt
age
s3a
nd4s
lee
ppa
tte
rn

2-I
ncr
eas
eina
rous
alsdur
ingt
heni
ght

3-T
ota
lsl
eept
imei
ssl
i
ght
lyr
educ
ed

4-
Inol
dera
dul
ts
,sl
eepi
sle
ssde
epa
ndc
hoppi
ert
hans
lee
piny
oung
erpe
opl
e

25}Os
teopor
osi
spr
eve
nti
oni
ncl
ude
s

1-Ca
lci
uma
ndv
ita
min-
dsuppl
eme
nta
tion.

2-
Hippr
ote
ctorde
vic
es.

26}Inapr
imar
yheal
thcar
es et
-up,atra
inedphy
sic
ian,nur
sea
ndaphy
siot
her
api
st
shoul
dbea
blet
oas
sesst
heelde
rlyf
air
lywel
l.
27}L
eve
lofpr
eve
nti
oni
ncl
ude
s

1-Pr
ima
rypr
eve
nti
on.

2-S
econda
rypr
eve
nti
on.

3-T
ert
iar
ypr
eve
nti
on.

28}S
ofti
nte
rve
nti
onsc
ons
ist
sof

1-Couns
eli
ng.

2-
Enc
our
age
ment
.

3-L
ist
eni
ng.

4-
Hea
lthE
duc
ati
ona
bout

5-
dis
eas
ecompl
i
cat
ions
.

29}Pr
eve
nti
ona
ndma
nag
eme
ntofe
lde
rabus
einc
lude
s

1-As
ses
sme
ntofr
ela
tionwi
tht
hea
bus
er

2-As
ses
sme
ntofa
bus
ersf
ort
hei
rpr
obl
ems

3-Couns
eli
ngt
hea
bus
ers

4-I
nst
it
uti
ona
li
zat
ioni
nol
dag
ehome
s

30}Nonmodi
fi
abl
efa
ctor
sofs
trok
einc
lude
s

1-Ag
e

2-S
ex

3-
Fami
l
yhi
st
ory

4-E
thni
ci
ty

31}
Modi
fi
abl
efa
ctor
sofs
trok
einc
lude
s

1-
Smok
ing

2-Al
cohol

3-Obe
sit
y

4-Di
et
32}Ri
skf
act
orr
educ
ti
onf
org
eri
atr
icc
ardi
ova
scul
arpr
obl
emi
ncl
ude
s

1-Hy
per
tens
ionma
nag
eme
nt

2-Chol
est
eroll
owe
ring

3-S
mok
ingc
ess
ati
on

4-E
xer
cis
e

33}Nur
si
ngi
nte
rve
nti
onsofs
trok
einc
lude
s

1-T
hrombol
ysi
swi
tht
is
suepl
asmi
nog
ena
cti
vat
or(
tPA)s
houl
dbeg
ive
npr
ompt
lywhe
re
i
ndi
cate
d

2-Aspi
ri
n(300mg)shoul
dbeg
ive
nass
oona
spos
sibl
eaf
tert
heons
etofs
trok
esy
mpt
omsi
f
haemorr
hageise
x c
luded

3-BP— shoul
debemeas
ure
da ndf
oll
owed-hig
hBPisharmf
ull
ongt
erm,
butma
yber
equi
red
toprov
ideper
fus
ion,
andex
ist
inga
nti
hyper
tens
ive
scont
inue
d

4-Ox
yge
nsuppl
eme
nta
tions
houl
dbeg
ive
ntohy
pox
icpa
tie
nts

34}Nur
si
ngi
nte
rve
nti
onsofc
ardi
ova
scul
arpr
obl
emi
ncl
ude
s

1-
Cli
ni
cal
asses
smentofs
ympt
omsa
ndf
unc
ti
ona
lca
pac
it
y(e
.g.
,howf
arc
ant
hepa
tie
ntwa
lk
wi
thouts
toppi
ng)

2-Ca
rdi
acr
hyt
hm(
cl
ini
cal
andbyE
CG)s
houl
dbeme
asur
edr
egul
arl
y

3-
Nut
ri
ti
ona
lha
bit
sshoul
dbemodi
fi
edt
olows
altl
owf
ats
.

4-
Ass
ess
mentf
orc
hes
tpa
indy
spe
nea(
car
dia
cat
tac
k).

35}Ca
use
sofs
econda
rydi
abe
tesme
ll
it
usi
nol
dag
einc
lude
s

1-Dr
ugs
,e.
g.
,st
eroi
ds,
thi
azi
dedi
ure
tic
s,a
nti
psy
chot
ic
s,a
ndni
aci
n

2-
Panc
rea
ticdi
sea
se,
e.g
.,c
hroni
cpa
ncr
eat
it
is

3-Ot
here
ndoc
rinedi
sea
se,
e.g
.,Cus
hing
‘s,
hype
rthy
roi
di
sm

36}Ol
derwomenmor
eli
kel
ytol
i
vea
lonet
hana
reme
n.

37}Nut
ri
ti
ona
lne
edsinol
dera
dultsmaybeaf
fec
tedbynor
malphys
iol
ogi
calc
hang
es
ass
oci
atedwi
thagi
ngandpsychosoc
iala
ndenvi
ronment
alf
act
ors.
38}T
her
is
kforf
all
i
ngi
sinc
rea
sedi
nol
dera
dul
tbe
caus
eof

1-Conf
usi
on

2-Di
st
urba
nce
sing
ait

3-Al
ter
ati
onsi
nmus
cul
osk
ele
tal
func
ti
oni
ng

4-Me
dic
ati
ons
idee
ffe
cts

39}T
hef
urni
tur
eoft
heol
dera
dul
tshoul
dbe

1-
Fur
nis
hing
sshoul
dbea
ppe
ali
ng,
func
ti
ona
landc
omf
ort
abl
e.

2-Fi
rmchai
rwi
tha
rmr
est
spr
ovi
des
uppor
tanda
ssi
st
anc
einr
ais
ingorl
owe
ring
i
ntothes
eat
.

3-
Sca
tte
rrug
s,s
mal
lobj
ect
sandpe
tsi
ncr
eas
ether
is
kofa
cci
dent
s.

40}
sha
rpl
ycont
ras
ti
ngc
olor
sar
ehe
lpf
uli
nde
fini
ngdoor
sands
tai
r.

•Gi
ves
hor
tac
count:
1}S
oci
ali
mpa
ctofa
gei
ngpopul
ati
on

1-F
ina
nci
ngpe
nsi
onsa
ndhe
alt
hse
rvi
ces

2-Unl
esspr
iva
tepe
nsi
oni
nve
stme
nt

3-He
alt
hca
rea
nddi
sabi
l
itys
erv
ice
s

4-F
ami
l
iesa
remor
eli
kel
ytobes
uppor
ti
ngol
derme
mbe
rs

5-Re
tir
edpe
opl
ecompr
is
eag
rowi
ngma
rke
tandc
ompa
nie
s/i
ndus
tri
est
hat

a
ccommoda
tet
hene
eds
/wi
she
sofol
derpe
opl
ewi
l
lfl
our
is
h

2}Cha
nge
snotduet
oag
eing

1-Sel
ect
ives
urvi
val
.Gene
tic
,psychol
og i
cal
,li
fes
tyl
e,andenvi
ronme
nta
lfa
ctorsi
nfl
uenc
e
sur
viv
al,
andcer
tai
ncha
ract
eri
st
ic
swi l
lther
efor
ebeov e
rrepr
ese
ntedi
nol
derpeopl
e

2-Dif
fer
enti
alcha
ll
eng
e.Syst
emsa
ndser
vic
es(
heal
th,
fina
nce
,tr
ansport
,andreta
il
)are
oft
ende si
gnedandma na
gedinway
sthatmakethem mor
eacce
s s
ibl
etoyoungpeopl
e.

3-Cohor
tef
fec
ts.S
oci
eti
esc
hang
e,a
nddur
ingt
het
went
iet
hce
ntur
y,c
hang
eha
sbe
en
rapi
dinmos
tcas
es.
3}
Cha
nge
sduet
oag
eing

1-
Pri
mar
y:

*Usual
l
yduetointe
rac
ti
onsbe
twe
eng
ene
tic(
int
ri
nsi
c,‗
nat
ure
‘)a
nde
nvi
ronme
nta
l(e
xtr
ins
ic,
‗nur
tur
e‘)f
act
ors
.

*Agei
ngthati
nvol
vesuniv
ers
ala
ndi
rr
eve
rsi
bl
echa
nge
stha
t,duet
oge
net
icpr
ogr
ammi
ng,
oc
curaspeopl
egetolde
r.

*Af
fec
tal
lme
mbe
rsofs
pec
ies

*E
venha
ppe
nifhe
alt
hisg
ood

2-
Sec
onda
ry:

*Cha
ngesinphy
sic
alandc
ogni
tiv
efunc
ti
oni
ngtha
ta r
eduetoil
l
nes
s,heal
thha
bits,
andot
her
i
ndi
vi
dua
l di
ff
ere
nces,
whic
ha r
enotduetoi
ncr
easedagei
ts
elfa
ndarenoti
nevi
tabl
e.

*De
cli
nesduet
ohe
redi
tya
nde
nvi
ronme
nt

*I
l
lne
sse
sanddi
sabi
l
iti
es

4}My
thsa
boutt
heol
dera
dul
ts
.

a
ret hatthe
ya refr
ail
,seni
le
,unhe
a l
thy,unha
ppy,setinthei
rways
,irr
it
able
,la
cki
ngi
n
i
nte
re s
tinma t
ter
sofsexua
li
ty,a
ndineff
ecti
veandundepe
ndabl
easwork
ers.

5}Nur
si
ngi
nte
rve
nti
onf
ore
ndoc
rinas
yst
emc
hang
es.

1-
Rec
omme
ndpne
umoc
occ
al,
inf
lue
nza
,andt
eta
nusv
acc
ina
tions

2-Moni
tore
lec
trol
yte
sandg
luc
ose

3-Pr
eve
nti
nfe
cti
on

4-E
ncour
ageg
oodnut
ri
ti
on

5-Obs
erv
eforhy
pog
lyc
emi
aorhy
per
gly
cemi
a

6}
Nur
si
ngi
nte
rve
nti
onf
orol
dadul
tswi
ths
lee
pcha
nge
.

1-Av
oidi
nte
rrupt
ionsa
tni
ght

2-Al
l
owna
psa
sne
ede
d

3-Av
oids
lee
pme
dic
ati
onus
eifpos
sibl
e

4-Pr
ovi
dequi
ete
nvi
ronme
ntf
ors
lee
p
5-Av
oids
ti
mul
ant
sandc
aff
eine

6-
Ass
essqua
nti
tya
ndqua
li
tyofs
lee
p

7}
Nur
si
ngi
nte
rve
nti
onf
orc
ardi
ova
scul
ars
yst
emc
hang
es.

1-Al
l
owr
estpe
riods

2-S
lowi
ngdownofhe
art
‘sc
onduc
ti
ons
yst
em

3-E
ncour
ageus
eofa
mbul
ati
ona
idswhe
nappr
opr
iat
e

4-Moni
torf
ora
cti
vi
tyi
ntol
era
nce

5-Moni
torhe
artr
atea
ndbl
oodpr
ess
ure

6-E
ncour
ager
egul
are
xer
cis
epr
ogr
am

8}
Dis
cus
sthec
hang
eswhi
choc
curi
nre
nal
sys
temf
org
eri
atr
ic.

1-
Dec
rea
seds
izeofk
idne
ys

2-
Dec
rea
sei
nnumbe
rofne
phr
ons

3-Re
duc
edr
ena
lbl
oodf
lowa
ndt
ubul
arf
unc
ti
on

4-De
cre
asei
ngl
ome
rul
arf
il
tr
ati
onr
ate

5-De
cre
ase
dabi
l
ityt
oconc
ent
rat
eur
ine

9}
Nur
si
ngi
nte
rve
nti
onf
org
ast
roi
nte
sti
nal
sys
tema
gei
ngc
hang
es.

1-E
ncour
ageg
oodde
nta
lhe
alt
h

2-
Enc
our
agedi
ett
hati
swe
llba
lanc
eda
ndha
sade
qua
tepr
ote
ina
ndv
ita
mins

3-E
ncour
agea
dequa
tef
lui
ds

4-E
ncour
agef
ibe
rint
hedi
et

5-Adv
iset
oea
tsl
owl
yanda
sse
ssf
ori
ndi
ges
ti
on

6-Moni
tordi
etf
orde
fic
ienc
ies

7-E
ncour
aget
oil
eti
ngs
che
dul
eandmoni
torf
reque
ncyofbowe
lmov
eme
nts
.
10}
Nur
si
ngi
nte
rve
nti
onf
orr
espi
rat
orys
yst
emc
hang
es.

1-
Enc
our
agei
nfl
uenz
aandPne
umov
axv
acc
ina
tions

2-E
ncour
ager
egul
are
xer
cis
e

3-Aus
cul
tat
elungs
ounds

4-E
ncour
agea
dequa
tef
lui
dint
ake

5-Moni
torox
yge
nadmi
ni
st
rat
ion

11}
Li
sts
omei
nte
gume
nta
rys
yst
emc
hang
es.

1-De
cre
ase
dsk
ine
las
ti
ci
ty

2-Ge
ner
ali
zedt
hinni
nga
nddr
yne
ss

3-At
rophyofs
wea
tgl
ands

4-De
cli
nei
nna
tur
ali
nsul
ati
on

5-Va
ria
tioni
npi
gme
nta
tion(
ages
pot
s)

12}
Nur
si
nsgi
nte
rve
nti
onf
ore
ndoc
rines
yst
emc
hang
e.

1-
Rec
omme
ndpne
umoc
occ
al,
inf
lue
nza
,andt
eta
nusv
acc
ina
tions

2-
Moni
tore
lec
trol
yte
sandg
luc
ose

3-Pr
eve
nti
nfe
cti
on

4-E
ncour
ageg
oodnut
ri
ti
on

5-Obs
erv
eforhy
pog
lyc
emi
aorhy
per
gly
cemi
a

13}He
alt
hpr
obl
emsoft
hea
ged

1-Phy
sic
alpr
obl
em

2-Ps
ychol
ogi
cal
probl
ems

3-S
oci
alpr
obl
em

4-E
conomi
cal
14}Abus
eisg
ene
ral
l
ydi
vi
dedi
ntot
hef
oll
owi
ngc
atog
rie
s

1-Phy
sic
ala
bus
e–T
hei
nfl
i
cti
onofpa
inori
nj
ury
,orphy
sic
alordr
ugi
nduc
edr
est
rai
nt.

2-Ps
ychol
ogi
cal
ore
mot
iona
labus
e.

3-F
inanc
ial
ormater
ial
abus
e–T
hei
l
leg
alori
mpr
ope
rex
ploi
tat
ionorus
eoff
undsorr
esour
ces
oftheol
derpe
rson.

4-S
exua
labus
e–Non-
cons
ens
ual
sex
ual
cont
actofa
nyk
indwi
tht
heol
derpe
rson.

15}c
ommonps
ychol
ogi
cal
dis
orde
rshe
alt
hpr
obl
ems

1-Al
zhe
ime
r‘sdi
sea
se

2-
Depr
ess
ion

3-
Anx
iet
y

4-De
li
ri
um

5-S
chi
zophr
eni
a

16}F
act
orst
hata
ffe
ctt
heol
dera
dul
tpopul
ati
on

1-I
nte
rna
lri
skf
act
orsi
ncl
ude
:

•I
ncr
eas
inga
ge.
mor
etha
n65y
ear
s

•
Gende
r:F
ema
lesa
rehi
ghr
is
kmor
etha
nma
les

•Me
dic
alc
omor
bidi
ti
es.

2-
Ext
erna
lri
skf
act
orsi
ncl
ude
:

•L
ackofs
oci
alne
twor
k.

•De
pende
nceonac
arepr
ovi
der
.

•L
ivi
nga
lone
.

17}Re
comme
nda
tiont
opr
eve
ntba
thr
oomha
zar
ds

1-As
mal
ll
ig
hts
houl
dbes
eti
ntheba
thr
ooma
tal
lti
mes
.

2-Nons
li
psur
fac
esa
ree
sse
nti
alf
ort
ubsa
nds
howe
rfl
oor
s.

3-Ar
ais
edt
oil
ets
eata
tta
chme
nti
sus
eful
.

4-
Fur
nit
ures
houl
dnotobs
truc
tthepa
thwa
yfr
om t
hebe
droom t
otheba
thr
oom.
5-Ba
rss
houl
dbef
ix
edbe
sidet
heba
sin,
toi
l
eta
ndt
hes
howe
rba
sin.

6-F
loormus
tbec
lea
nanddr
yal
lthet
ime
s.

18}E
xpl
ai
nps
ychol
ogi
cal
nee
dsofol
dera
dul
t

1-Copi
ngWi
thMul
ti
pl
eLos
ses

2-Ma
int
aini
ngI
nde
pende
nce

3-S
oci
alI
nte
rac
ti
on,
Compa
nions
hip,
andPur
pos
e

4-S
afe
tyNe
eds

5-S
pir
it
ual
i
ty,
Adv
anc
eDi
rec
ti
ves
,andPr
epa
ringf
orDe
ath

6-T
hee
lde
rlype
opl
ene
edf
ori
nde
pende
ncei
nma
kingde
cis
ionsa
nd

ma
nag
ingt
hei
rownl
i
vest
ome
ets
elf
-r
espe
cta
nddi
gni
ty.

19}L
istt
her
eas
onsofol
dera
dul
tfornonc
ompl
i
anc
eofme
dic
ati
on

1-Conf
li
ct
swi
thc
ult
ura
lorr
eli
gi
ousbe
li
efs

2-S
ens
eofhope
les
sne
ssa
boutg
ett
ingbe
tte
r

3-I
nac
ces
sibi
l
ityofpha
rma
cys
erv
ice
s

4-Compl
exi
tyofdr
ugr
egi
mens

5-I
nade
qua
tes
upe
rvi
si
on

20}Wha
tar
ethec
aus
esofi
ncr
eas
ingt
her
is
kforf
all
i
ngofol
dera
dul
t

1-Conf
usi
on,

2-Di
st
urba
nce
sing
ait
,

3-Al
ter
ati
onsi
nmus
cul
osk
ele
tal
func
ti
oni
ng,

4-Me
dic
ati
ons
idee
ffe
cts
,

5-Unf
ami
l
iar
it
ywi
thne
wsur
roundi
ngs
,

6-Poore
yes
ight
,
21}Rol
eoft
hec
ommuni
tyhe
alt
hnur
sei
ndi
eta
rypl
anni
ngf
ort
heol
dera
dul
t

1-Cul
tur
alpr
efe
renc
es,r
eli
gi
ousobs
erv
anc
es,be
hav
ior
alpa
tte
rns(
e.g
.,t
imi
ngofme
als
).

2-S
pec
ialdi
eta
ryne
eds(
e.g
.,l
ow-
fat
,low-
chol
est
erol
,di
abe
tic
,lows
alt
).

3-El
i
cit
ingadi
ethi
st
oryma
yhe
lpt
hec
ommuni
tyhe
alt
hnur
set
oide
nti
fydi
eta
rypa
tte
rns
andhabit
s.

4-
li
mit
edi
nta
keofa
lcohol
,fa
ts,
ands
uga
rs;
inc
rea
sedi
nta
keofdi
eta
ryf
ibe
r

5-Av
oida
nceofe
xce
ssi
ves
alti
nta
ke

22}S
econda
rypr
eve
nti
on.

1-De
nta
lpr
obl
ems

2-
Druga
dve
rsee
ffe
cts

3-Ca
nce
rs

4-
Inf
ect
ions

5-Nut
ri
ti
ona
lde
fic
ienc
yst
ate
s

6-
Eye
s/e
arsa
sse
ssme
nt

23}L
istt
hec
ompone
ntsofmul
ti
-di
sci
pl
ina
ryGe
ria
tri
cAs
ses
sme
nt.

1-Ge
ront
olog
ist
/Phy
sic
ian

2-Phy
siot
her
api
st

3-Oc
cupa
tiona
lthe
rapi
st

4-Opht
hal
mol
ogi
st

5-Audi
ol
ogi
st

6-Ps
ychi
atr
is
t

7-Di
eti
ti
an

8-Ge
ria
tri
cnur
se

9-S
oci
alwor
ker
24}
Sig
nsa
nds
ympt
omsofAl
zhe
ime
rdi
sea
sei
nol
dag
e

1-
Ear
lys
tag
es:

•F
org
etf
ulne
ssa
nds
ubt
leme
mor
ylos
swi
thoutl
ossofs
oci
als
kil
l
sandbe
hav
iorpa
tte
rns

•Di
ff
ic
ult
yle
arni
nga
ndr
eme
mbe
ringne
winf
orma
tion

•Ge
ner
alde
ter
ior
ati
oni
npe
rsona
lhy
gie
nea
nda
ppe
ara
nce

•I
nabi
l
ityt
oconc
ent
rat
e

•I
mpa
ire
dse
nseofs
mel
l

2-
Lat
est
age
s:

•S
lee
pdi
st
urba
nce
s

•Di
sor
ient
ati
on

•Us
eofme
ani
ngl
esswor
dsa
ndnons
ens
ica
lphr
ase
s

•Re
pet
it
ivea
cti
onsa
ndr
est
les
sne
ss

25}
Mana
geme
nta
ndnur
si
ngi
nte
rve
nti
onofdi
abe
tesme
ll
it
usi
nol
dag
e

1-Di
et

•Di
eta
ryc
hang
eandwe
ightr
educ
ti
onma
ybet
heonl
ytr
eat
mentne
ede
din

obe
sepe
opl
ewi
tht
ype2di
abe
tes
.

•S
eve
redi
eta
ryr
est
ri
ct
ionsa
renota
ppr
opr
iat
eforf
rai
lol
dera
dul
ts
.

•Be
war
ethes
tri
ctdi
ett
hatt
ake
senj
oyme
ntf
romt
hel
astmont
hsofl
i
fewhi
l
egi
vi
ngl
i
ttl
eba
ck.

2-E
duc
ati
on

•E
duc
atea
ndwor
kasat
eamwi
tht
hef
ami
l
y,c
are
giv
er,
andnur
si
nghome

s
taf
ftoi
mpl
eme
ntapl
an.

•Pr
ovi
des
impl
e,wr
it
teni
nfor
mat
iona
ndi
nst
ruc
ti
ons
.

•Theapproachmus
tbet
ail
ore
dtot
hei
ndi
vi
dua
l,t
aki
ngnot
eofc
ogni
ti
vea
nds
ens
ory
i
mpair
me nts
.

3-Ot
heri
nte
rve
nti
ons

•E
xer
cis
e,e
spe
cia
ll
yendur
anc
eex
erc
ise(
e.g
.,wa
lki
ng,
cyc
li
ng)
,impr
ove
s
i
nsul
i
nse
nsi
ti
vi
ty.

•We
ightl
oss
—ev
enmode
str
educ
ti
onsa
rebe
nef
ic
ial

•Re
duc
ti
onofot
herv
asc
ula
rri
skf
act
ors
,inc
ludi
ngs
mok
ing

26}
Nur
si
ngi
nte
rve
nti
onf
orAl
zhe
ime
rdi
sea
sei
nge
ria
tri
c

1-Monit
ort
hepa
tie
nt'
sea
tingha
bit
s,a
ndnot
ehi
sabi
l
ityt
ofe
edhi
mse
lfa
nds
wal
l
ow
saf
ely
.

2-
Moni
tort
hepa
tie
nt'
sfl
ui
dandf
oodi
nta
ket
ode
tec
timba
lanc
es.

3-E
sta
bli
sha
nef
fec
ti
vec
ommuni
cat
ions
yst
em wi
tht
hepa
tie
nta
ndhi
sfa
mil
y

me
mbe
rst
ohe
lpt
hema
djus
ttot
hepa
tie
nt'
sal
ter
edc
ogni
ti
vea
bil
i
tie
s.

4-Pr
ote
ctt
hepa
tie
ntf
rom i
nj
urybypr
ovi
di
ngas
afe
,st
ruc
tur
ede
nvi
ronme
nt.

Pr
ovi
der
estpe
riodsbe
twe
ena
cti
vi
ti
esbe
caus
ethe
sepa
tie
ntst
ir
eea
sil
y.

5-E
ncour
aget
hepa
tie
ntt
oex
erc
isea
sor
der
edt
ohe
lpma
int
ainmobi
l
ity
.