Concrete Porus Thesis

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE
UTILIZATION OF CRUSHED GLASS AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT TO

AGGREGATE FOR POROUS CONCRETE PAVING BLOCK
An Undergraduate Thesis
Submitted to the Faculty of the
College of Engineering, Computer Studies and Architecture
Lyceum of the Philippines University – Cavite
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirement of the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
AMANTE, JEJOMAR A.
INSIGNE, JAMES CHESTER S.
JANEO, JOB C.
PASICOLAN, RIGIL KENN B.
2019
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, COMPUTER STUDIES AND ARCHITECTURE

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This experimental research paper is about the utilization of 0%, 10% and 20%
crushed glass as partial replacement to aggregate in the production of a porous concrete
paving block in three curing periods 7, 14 and 28 days and with 35% water-cement ratio.
The paving block concretes made were the no-fine type of concrete as it did not utilize
any fine aggregates. This study will try to determine if the idea is viable and effective.
Background of the Study
De Pedro et al. (2014) described concrete paving blocks as construction materials
relatively cheaper than slabs. It has plenty of shapes to choose from, with highly
accurate sizes, and has wide choice of block depths. Above all else, block paving can
be used anywhere. They could be used in paths, driveways, patios with design
aesthetics creating a unique feature and even on areas with exceptional loads like
airport taxi-ways, docks, and freight yards. Their study also said that concrete paving
blocks can be easily maintained, removed, and re-installed which could reduce future
service interruption. Concrete paving blocks could be laid in different patterns that
add strength contributing to good serviceability. These attributes of paving blocks
gave proponents the idea of improving quality, reducing wastes, and developing new

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material to create another remedy starting with discovering alternative materials to
lessen the growing crisis of the economy.
Obla (2010) explained that pervious concrete is a special high porosity concrete
used for flatwork applications that allows water from precipitation and other sources
to pass through, thereby reducing the runoff from a site and recharging ground water
levels. Its void content ranges from 18 to 35% with compressive strengths of 400 to
4000 psi (28 to 281 kg/cm2). The infiltration rate of pervious concrete will fall into
the range of 2 to 18 gallons per minute per square foot (80 to 720 litres per minute
per square meter). Typically, pervious concrete has little or no fine aggregate and has
just enough cementitious paste to coat the coarse aggregate particles while preserving
the interconnectivity of the voids. Pervious concrete is traditionally used in parking
areas, areas with light traffic, pedestrian walkways, and greenhouses and contributes
to sustainable construction.
The country’s solid wastes typically contain more organic components than other
materials. According to NSWMC, disposed waste is dominated by biodegradable
waste with 52% composition, followed by recyclable waste accounting for 28% and
residuals at 18%. Biodegradable wastes come mostly from food waste and yard waste
while recyclable wastes include plastic packaging wastes, metals, glass, textile,
leather and rubber. The significant shares of biodegradables and recyclables indicate
that composting and recycling have great potential in reducing solid wastes
Philippine Solid Wastes (2017).

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Glass bottles are part of the recyclable waste which comprise 28% of the
Philippines total solid waste. These bottles can be recycled in so many ways and one
of them is by using it as a construction material. Crushed glass bottles can be a partial
replacement to coarse aggregates in concrete mixes. With all these facts, this study
proposes to create a pervious concrete paving blocks with crushed bottles as partial
replacement for coarse aggregates. This study can help solve the problem of flooding
in fully concreted areas caused by barred water infiltration.
Objectives of the Study
The main objective of the study is to investigate the properties and viability of the
porous paving block utilizing 0%, 10%, and 20% crushed glass as partial replacement to
coarse aggregates. Specifically, the study aims:
1. to determine the physical properties of the gravel;
2. to determine the permeability of the porous paving blocks utilizing crushed glass
as partial replacement to aggregates;
3. to determine the unit weights of the porous paving blocks utilizing crushed glass
as partial replacement to aggregates;
4. to determine the compressive strengths of the porous paving blocks utilizing
crushed glass as partial replacement to aggregates;
5. to evaluate the specimen’s strengths based on ACI standard; and

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6. to determine the most effective mix among the proportions of concrete and
crushed glass as partial replacement to aggregate.
Scope and Delimitation
The extent of the study was narrowed in determining the compressive
strength and evaluation of the porous paving blocks utilizing crushed glass as
partial replacement to aggregates with crushed glass mixture ratio of 0%, 10%,
and 20% to 0.35 water cement ratio. Water absorption of the paving blocks will
not be determined. The cylindrical samples will be cured for only seven days and
then tested for their permeability. The compressive strengths of the paving block
will be evaluated to determine its possible application.

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Theoretical Framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
1. Environmental 1. Preparation of 1. Results of Physical

Problem Samples Properties of
Materials
• Flooding caused by • Crushing of Glass
impenetration of bottles • Specific Gravity
rainwater to the 2. Determination of • Absorption
ground the Physical • Unit Weight
• Accumulation of Properties of the
waste glass bottles Materials 2. Paving Block Tests
in the environment • Cement
• Unit Weight of
• Gravel
2. Concept the Specimens
• Crushed Glass
• Permeability
• Porous Concrete 3. Mix Designs
• Compressive
• Paving Blocks • Cement-Aggregate
Strength
Mixture Ratio
3. Resources 4. Steps in Production 3. Results and
• Mixing Discussion
• Glass bottles • Molding
• Portland Cement • Compaction 4. Conclusions and
• Water • Curing Recommendations
• High Range Water 5. Paving Block Tests
Reducer • Unit weight of
• Gravel the Specimens
4. Equipment • Permeability
Test
• Improvised
Permeability • Compressive
Apparatus strength test
Figure 1.1: Theoretical Framework
Figure 1.1 shows the systematized flow of research that is divided into three
phases which are the input, the process and the output.

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The first phase includes the identification of the problem, background and
gathering of the materials needed. The second phase includes the preparation of the
materials, determination of physical properties of the materials, mix designs, production
of concrete pavement block and testing of the specimen. The last phase includes the
analysis and interpretation of data.
Significance of the Study
The researchers want to promote the idea of utilizing crushed glass bottles (CGB) as
much as how the plastic wastes are being utilized. Specifically, utilizing CGB as partial
replacement to coarse aggregate in making porous paving block. The study would
contribute in reducing the solid waste disposal that comes from the different kinds of
broken glass and to reduce the usage of gravel which is continuously in demand.
At the same time, this study would impart information to the field of engineering
researches about the property and characteristics of porous paving block utilizing crushed
glass bottles. Here in the Philippines, there are few studies related to this research unlike
in other countries. This study could help enlightening readers the readers to give
information about the research outcome.
Furthermore, this study would like to contribute ideas and information to the DPWH
to improve horizontal structures using porous concrete paving block for the benefits of
low and rural areas devastated by floods. This may also help to replenish the water in the
water table for those rural areas relying on groundwater as their water source.

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Lastly, this study may also contribute to the improvement of roads and pathways by
producing porous concrete paving blocks instead of slabs.
Definition of Terms
1. Aggregates - is a broad category of coarse particulate material used
in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete
and geosynthetic aggregates.
2. ACI - is the acronym of American Concrete Institute.
3. ASTM - or the American Society for Testing and Materials; an
international standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary
consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products,
systems, and services.
4. Bulk Density - is a property of powders, granules, and other "divided" solids,
especially used in reference to mineral components (soil, gravel).
5. CGB - stands for crushed glass bottles.
6. Compressive Strength - is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand
loads tending to reduce size.
7. Concrete - is a composite material composed of coarse granular material
embedded in a hard matrix of material that fills the space among the aggregate
particles and glues them together.

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8. Curing - is the maintenance of a satisfactory moisture content and
temperature in concrete for a period of time immediately following placing
and finishing so that the desired properties may develop.
9. Fine Aggregates – is a type of aggregate passing the 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) sieve
almost entirely passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve and predominantly retained
on the 75 mm (No. 200) sieve; or that portion passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4)
sieve and predominantly retained on the 75 mm (No. 200) sieve.
10. Coarse Aggregate – is a type of aggregate with particles greater than 0.19
inch, but generally range between 3/8 and 1.5 inches in diameter.
11. Mix Design – is the proportions of ingredients that make the most economical
use of available materials to produce mortar or concrete of the required
properties.
12. Porous - is a material that allows liquid to pass through.
13. Pervious - capable of being penetrated by another body or substance.
14. Portland Cement - is the most common type of cement in general use around
the world, used as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and most
non-specialty grout.
15. Saturated Surface-dry – is the description of a concrete surface condition
that must be brought to when a cement product is to be applied to it.
16. Shrinkage – is the decrease in either length or volume.
17. Sieve Analysis - is a practice or procedure used to assess the particle size
distribution (also called gradation) of a granular material.

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18. Specific Gravity - is the ratio of the density of a substance compared to the
density (mass of the same unit volume) of a reference substance.
19. Unit Weight - is the weight per unit volume of a material.
20. Water-Cement Ratio - is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight
of cement used in a concrete mix and has an important influence on the
quality of concrete produced.

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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE
Paving Block
Paving block is one of the materials used as the top layer of road structure
besides asphalt. A concrete paving block is usually made of mixed material such
as Portland cement or other adhesive material, water, and aggregate. People
nowadays prefer paving block compared to other pavement such as concrete or
asphalt. Their interest toward the use of paving block increase because paving
block is an eco-friendly construction material which is very useful in helping soil
water conservation, can be set faster, has easier installation and maintenance, has
a variety of shades that increases the aesthetic value, also costs cheaper than the
other.

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Waste Glass Bottles
Glass is a state of matter. It is a solid produced by cooling molten material
so that the internal arrangement of atoms, or molecules, remains in a random or
disordered state, similar to the arrangement of a liquid.
The utilization of waste glass as a high value material has received
considerable attention recently. Waste glass became a major problem for
municipalities nationwide due to the austere changes in the environmental
legislations. A matter that positively encourages the use of waste glass in different
construction applications.
Paving Block Dimension
The standard specification of solid concrete interlocking paving blocks
according to ASTM C936 as stated, units shall have an exposed face area ≤101
in.2 [0.065m2], and their overall length divided by thickness shall be ≤4. The
minimum specified thickness shall be 2.36 in. [60 mm].
Proportioning and Mixing Concrete
Once a concrete mix ratio is selected, amount of cement, water, and
aggregates required amounts of cement, water, and aggregates required should be
computed. Start by estimating of the volume of concrete required for the job
needed. After determining the desired weight of concrete, the amount of each
component using the absolute volume method required for the mix using the

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desired ratio should be computed to finally determine the required mix ratio
(www.ce.memphis.edu/1101/notes/concrete/cylinder_concrete_mix_proportations
.pdf).
Absolute Volume method
Using the unit weight of the materials, multiply them with their respective
ratio to obtain the ratio of masses. Then the ratio of masses would be the new
ratio which would be used as the new multiplier for the mix design
(https://theconstructor.org/concrete/calculate-quantities-of-materials-for-
concrete/10700/).
ASTM Standards Used
These standards are the standards needed in the production of porous
paving block, it was created by the ASTM or the American Society for Testing
and Materials: ASTM C150 Standard Specification for Portland Cement, ASTM
C1602 Specification for Mixing Water Used in the Production of Hydraulic
Cement Concrete, ASTM C494 Specification for Chemical Admixtures for
Concrete, ASTM C33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates, ASTM C127 Test
Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of
Coarse Aggregate, ASTM C188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement,
ASTM C29 Test Method for Bulk Density (Unit Weight) and Voids in Aggregate,
ASTM C39 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete

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Specimens, ASTM C192 Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test
Specimens in the Laboratory, ASTM C936 Standard Specification for Solid
Concrete Interlocking Paving Units, ASTM C140 Standard Test Methods for
Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units, ASTM C1688
Standard Test Method for Density and Void Content of Freshly Mixed Pervious
Concrete, and ASTM C670 Standard Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias
Statements for Test Methods for Construction Materials.
Mix Ratio for Pervious Concrete
Tripathi et. al (2017) concluded that the mix ratio of 4:1(coarse aggregate-
cement) and 0.35 of water cement ratio is the strongest in compressive test but
less pervious and the 7:1 mix proportion is less strong but more pervious, but
when they mixed an admixture in the concrete mix the strength increased. With
the help of admixtures, they were able to make a pervious and strong concrete.
Specific Gravity of the Coarse Aggregates
ASTM C127 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity),
and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate. Specific gravity is the ratio of mass (or
weight in air) of a unit volume of a material to the mass of the same volume of
water.
Calculation:
𝑊𝑎
𝑆𝐺 =
𝑊𝑎 −𝑊𝑤 +𝑊𝑏
(Equation 2.1)

13
𝑊𝑎 −𝑊𝑑
𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (%) = 100 𝑥
𝑊𝑑
(Equation 2.2)
Where:
SG – specific gravity of aggregate at SSD condition
Wa – weight of SSD aggregate in air (kg)
Ww – weight of aggregate in water (kg)
Wb - weight of wire bucket in water (kg)
Where: Wd = oven-dried weight of aggregate
Unit Weight of the Coarse Aggregates
ASTM C29 Test Method for Bulk Density (Unit Weight) and Voids in
Aggregate. Determination of the unit weight of coarse aggregates in a compacted
condition. This test method is applicable to aggregates not exceeding 15 cm (6
inches) in nominal size. The unit weight so determined is necessary for the design
of a concrete mixture by the absolute value method.
Calculation:
𝐴
(G − T)(1 + )
100
𝑀𝑆𝑆𝐷 =
𝑉
(Equation 2.3)
Where:
𝑀𝑆𝑆𝐷 – the rodded unit weight of the saturated surface dry
aggregate

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G – combined mass of the oven-dry aggregate and the bucket (kg)
T – mass of the bucket alone (kg)
V - volume of the bucket (m3)
A - % absorption, determined by ASTM Method C 127
Permeability Tester
The permeability or the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the pervious
concrete signifies its capacity to drain the ponding water from the concrete
surface. It quantifies the resistance of the medium to flow and depends only on
the characteristics of the porous medium.
The coefficient of permeability, k, is a product of Darcy’s Law. In 1856, Darcy
established an empirical relationship for the flow of water through porous media.
Figure 2.1: Constant Head Permeability Tester

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QL
kT = (Equation 2.4)
Ath
Where:
k T = coefficient of permeability at temperature T, cm/sec.
L = length of specimen in centimeters
t = time for discharge in seconds
A = cross-sectional area of specimen in cm2
h = hydraulic head difference across length l, in cm of water
Q = volume of discharge in cm3
It should be noted that the coefficient of permeability is often referred to
as hydraulic conductivity by hydrologists and environmental scientists. In
their notation, permeability has an entirely different definition.
The purpose of this test (ASTM D 2434) is to determine the permeability
(hydraulic conductivity) of pervious concrete by the constant head test method
using the apparatus as shown in Figure 2.1. There are two general types of
permeability test methods that are routinely performed in the laboratory: 1.
Constant Head Test Method and 2. Falling Head Test Method, but constant
head test is for coarse aggregates. The permeability, k, (hydraulic
conductivity) of pervious concrete will be determined by constant head test
method.

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Permeability is necessary for the calculation of seepage through earth
dams or under sheet pile walls, the calculation of the seepage rate from waste
storage facilities (landfills, ponds, etc.), and the calculation of the rate of
settlement of clayey soil deposits.
Average Permeability of Porous Concrete
A triaxial flexible-wall constant head permeameter is used to measure the
permeability of pervious concrete with typical range of 0.2 to 1.2 cm/sec (280 to
1680 in/hr) (NRMCA 2004). The drainage rate of pervious concrete pavement
will vary with aggregate size and density of mixture, but generally fall into the
range of 2 to 18 gal/min/ft2 (81 to 730L/min/m2) or 192 to 1724 in/h (0.14 to 1.22
cm/s), (ACI, 2010). They found that constant head permeability was a function of
three factors: effective air void content, effective void size, and drain down,
where drain down is a result of too much paste for the applied compaction effort
or the paste being too fluid, sealing the lower surface of pervious concrete sample.
The results indicated that the hydraulic conductivity is dependent on the porosity
(Montes, F. and Haselbach, L. M., 2006).
ACI (American Concrete Institute) 522r-2 to 522r-6 Compressive Strength
Standard for Pervious Concrete
The term “pervious concrete” typically zero-slump, open-graded material
cement, coarse aggregate, little admixtures, and water. The combination will

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produce a hardened material Fig. 1.1), ranging in size from 0.08 that allow water
to pass through easily range from 15 to 35%, with typical 400 to 4000 psi (2.8 to
28 MPa pervious concrete pavement will vary and density of the mixture, but will
range of 2 to 18 gal./min/ft2 (81 to 1724 in./h (0.14 to 1.22 cm/s).
A pervious concrete base drains water that would normally accumulate
beneath a pavement. This type of construction helps to reduce pumping of
subgrade materials that could lead to the failure of the pavement. In some states,
the departments of transportation have created standards for constructing
drainable bases and edge drains using pervious concrete. California, Illinois,
Oklahoma, and Wisconsin have such standard specifications (Mathis 1990).
Pervious concrete in these applications has usually lower strength (1000 psi or
7MPa) or less, and is used in conjunction with a nonwoven geotextile fabric. A
similar system can be used in slope stabilization.
Coarse Aggregate Replacement Ratio
The use of broken glass as a substitute for coarse aggregate in concrete
serves as one of the possible solutions to the escalating solid waste problem. The
disposal of solid wastes in the production of concrete has concentrated mostly on
aggregates since they provide the only real potential for using large quantities of
waste materials. In this experimental study, local Waste Glass (WG) gathered
from Nigerian Bottling Company Depot (Producers of Coca-Cola Products),
Osogbo was used as a partial replacement of coarse aggregates with 0, 10, 20, and

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30 % of replacement by weight; in order to analyse the effect of waste glass as
coarse aggregate replacement. The particle size distribution of the WG was
examined; including the workability, water absorption and compressive strength
properties of the fresh and hardened properties of the concrete. Test results
showed that all tested samples had true slump, but workability, water absorption
and compressive strengths of the fresh and hardened concrete mixes reduced with
increments in the WG replacements. The 28-days compressive strength results at
0, 10, 20 and 30% replacement of coarse aggregates were 26.7, 24.5, 19.7 and
14.4 MPa respectively. The results of this study indicate both structural and
considerable economical effect of using 10% optimum percentage of WG as a
partial replacement of coarse aggregate in concrete. (Awogboro, Olufemi &
Bello, Afeez & Olafusi, Oladipupo & A. BUSARI, Adedayo. 2016).
Precision and Bias Test Results Corrections
According to ASTM C670, not all test result should be used if they reach
certain irregularity and they have given a set of acceptable range of results.
In cases where the test method calls for more than two test results to be
obtained, the range (difference between highest and lowest) of the group of test
results must be compared to a maximum acceptable range for the applicable
system of causes and number of test results. The range for different numbers of
test results including two that would be equaled or exceeded in only 1 case in 20
is obtained by multiplying the appropriate standard deviation (1s) or coefficient of

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variation (1s%) by the appropriate factor from the second column of Table 1
(Note 2): NOTE 2—It is important to note that when more than two test results
are obtained, an index of precision for the difference between two results cannot
be used as a criterion for judging acceptability of the range of the group or for
other pairs of results selected from the group.
Table 2.1: Maximum Acceptable Range of Individual Measurements
Number of Test Results Multiplier of (1s) or (1s%) for Maximum
Acceptable Range
2 3.9
3 5.7
4 7.3
5 8.6
6 9.9
7 11.0
8 12.1
9 13.2
10 14.1

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RELATED STUDIES
Pervious Concrete
According to Castillon et al. (2016), Pervious concrete is a mixture of
coarse aggregate, water, Portland cement, and possibly admixtures. Unlike
traditional Portland cement concrete, pervious concrete contains little or no fine
aggregate, and has been called “no-fines” concrete for many years. The absence
of fine aggregate gives the pavement its open void structure and makes a
permeable concrete. Typical amounts of coarse aggregate range from 2000 to
2500 lbs. /yd3 (1,186 to 1,483 kg/m3), (Paine 1992, Georgia 1997). Current
specifications for pervious pavements in Georgia as well as preliminary
specifications by the Tennessee Concrete Association (TCA) recommend an
ASTM C 33 No. 8 or No. 89 size aggregate gradation to provide a smoother
riding surface (Paine 1992, TCA). Portland cement is typically Type I or Type II
(ASTM C150) with a cement content of 600 lbs./yd3 (396 kg/m3), (TCA).
Structurally, pervious concrete is weaker than plain concrete with
compressive strength less than 1000 psi. Due to the lower strength, pervious
concrete pavements are acceptable for light duty applications such as car parking
facilities, pedestrian areas, and low traffic pavements.

21
The ratio of water - cement (W/C) has a large and complex impact on the
overall strength of pervious concrete (Meininger, 1988). Several studies have
identified the optimal W/C ratio to range from 0.30-0.45, with the values lower or
higher than this; will result in lower compressive strength values (ACI,
Meininger, 1988; McCain and Dewoolkar, 2010).
Concrete Paving Blocks
As studied by De Pedro et al. (2014), concrete paving block provides a
hard surface which is aesthetically pleasing, comfortable to walk on, trafficable,
extremely durable and easy to maintain. It is laid with an edge restraint over a
granular bedding course, individual blocks interlock to act compositely which can
distribute large point loads evenly.
Paving blocks have an average compressive strength that is significantly
higher than bricks, this is to ensure that the blocks have adequate resistance to
traffic loading and to abrasion from traffic both vehicular and pedestrian.
(Concrete Manufacturers Association (2009). Concrete Block Paving Book 1:
Introduction)

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Advantage and Disadvantage of Pervious Concrete
ADVANTAGE
Pervious concrete system is advantageous for a number of reasons and it can
have many impacts on the environment including (Sustainable Concrete Canada,
Ltd.);
• more permeability compared with the conventional concrete;
• less shrinkage; has a lower unit weight; and higher thermal insulating values
than conventional concrete;
• promoting healthy tree growth without breaking pavement surfaces since it
allows water, air and nutrients to pass to tree roots;
• increasing the quantity of water retained on site and penetrates into aquifers
thus promoting healthy water levels which sustain our streams and drinking
water;
• eliminating the expense of curbs and gutters while making sites more
handicap accessible;
• preventing pollutants from reaching watercourses which frequently occur
with regular storm water systems during heavy rainfall events;
• reducing the heat island effect common with development in urban areas
when conventional pavement systems are utilized;

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• may lead to Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
credits since it reduces stormwater pollution at the source, eliminate or
reduce the size of storm sewers, and control stormwater runoff; and
• playing a noticeable role in reducing noise, minimizing the heat island effect
in large cities, and improving skid resistance (Tennis, 2004).
DISADVANTAGE
Although advantageous in many regard, pervious concrete has many
limitations that must be considered. Many problems related to the pervious
concrete need to be studied in order to improve its performance, such as (Gupta
and Kim, 2011):
• the bond strength between particles is lower than conventional concrete and
therefore provides a lower compressive strength;
• clogging: sometimes small sized material such as sand and dirt which
carried by storm water, may reduce the effectiveness of the drainage and
permeability of the concrete. This issue can be solved by repeated power
washing the slabs in order to unclog the concrete pores; and
• abrasion resistance: Pervious concrete has poorer mechanical properties
than conventional concrete. Pervious concrete is oversensitive to abrasion
failure caused by the surface course being worn off or crushed under traffic
loads.

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Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Pervious Concrete
Due to the open structure of Pervious Concrete Pavement (PCP), it
typically has lower strength and durability when compared to traditional concrete
pavements (Schaefer, 2006; Chopra, 2007). However, several studies have shown
that adequate strength can be achieved for a variety of applications in which
pervious pavements would be useful, specifically low-volume traffic areas such as
parking lots, driveways and sidewalks (Ghafoori and Dutta, 1995a). In these
areas, the strength values for PCP would be sufficient to meet structural demands
while providing benefits to stormwater control and treatment. PCP relies on the
interaction of the cement paste and aggregates for strength (Chindaprasirt, 2008).
Due to the structure of PCP, force is transferred through the cement paste to the
aggregate when loads are applied. The cement paste layer surrounding the
aggregate is typically thin; to fully develop strength sufficient paste must be
present so that failure occurs through the aggregate. Increasing the bond between
the cement paste and the aggregate, increasing the amount of aggregate present or
a combination of both is needed to strengthen pervious concrete. Several
laboratory investigations have been conducted to determine the 28-day
compressive strength of PCP. These values are used as a general indication of the
strength of pervious concrete and there is a strong correlation between
compressive strength and flexural strength (Ghafoori and Dutta, 1995).
Typical compressive strength values for pervious concrete are reported to
be about 2,500 psi with the values ranging from a lower bound of 500 psi to an

25
upper bound of 4,000 psi in the literature (Tennis, 2004). This wide variation in
compressive strength is attributed to several factors including compaction energy
/densification, water to cement ratio (w/c), aggregate to cement ratio (a/c),
aggregate size/type, and presence of admixtures (Chindaprasirt, 2008; Ghafoori
and Dutta, 1995). The amount of compaction energy impacted onto pervious
concrete has a direct correlation to the unit weight of a pervious concrete
specimen (Ghafoori and Dutta, 1995a). Several compaction techniques have been
used by various researchers, all have indicated increasing amounts of compaction
energy increases the unit weight of pervious concrete and therefore compressive
strength. The relation between compaction energy and compressive strength is
non-linear; with greater incremental increases in compressive strength at low
compaction energies and almost no incremental increase at compaction energies
above 5,000 ft-lbs/ft3 (Ghafoori and Dutta, 1995a). The w/c ratio has a large and
complex impact on the overall strength of pervious concrete (Meininger, 1988).
Several studies have identified the optimal w/c ratio to range from 0.30-0.45, with
values lower or higher than this resulting in lower compressive strength values
(Meininger, 1988; McCain and Dewoolkar, 2010). Low w/c ratios result in
reduced workability and hydration of the cement paste, resulting in poor bonding
between the cement paste and the aggregate. When this bond is poor the pervious
concrete will fail through the thin cement paste and not through the aggregate as
intended.

26
Higher w/c ratios result in better workability; however, the cement paste
can become fluid and prevent adhering to the aggregate. The resulting cement
paste pools near the bottom of the PCP reducing strength and creating an
impermeable layer preventing infiltration. Aggregate to cement (a/c) ratio also has
an impact on the strength properties of PCP (Ghafoori and Dutta, 1995). Mix
designs with a lower a/c ratio (4:1) were found to be substantially stronger than
mix designs with higher a/c ratios (6:1) with all other variables held pervious
concrete with aggregate 3/8” in size. End preparation methods such as grinding
and sulfur capping were investigated by Rizvi (2009). Specimens from several
mix designs were prepared using both procedures and tested for compressive
strength. End grinding was found to be slightly more consistent than sulfur
capping for the pervious concrete mixes evaluated. The authors noted that several
mix designs should be evaluated and rubber capping should also be included in
future analysis (Anderson, Suozzo, Dewoolkar, and October 2013). Numerous
researchers have investigated the hydraulic properties of PCP in the field and in
the laboratory.
A majority of the laboratory studies used to determine the hydraulic
conductivity of pervious concrete employed a falling head or a constant head
permeameter adapted from soils testing. Typical values for the hydraulic
conductivity of PCP are reported to be between 280 in/hr. to 1,730 in/hr
(NRMCA, 2004).

27
Pervious Concrete as Replenishment to Groundwater
Permeable pavement allows storm water to slowly seep through
(infiltrate), reaching the soil and replenish the groundwater below the surfaces
(Department of Environment Resources). Pervious concrete can be used to reduce
stormwater runoff, reduce contaminants in waterways, and renew water supplies.
With high levels of permeability, pervious concrete can effectively capture the
“first flush” of rainfall (that part of the runoff with a higher contaminant
concentration) and allow it to percolate into the ground water it is filtered and
treated through soil chemistry and biology (Tennis, 2004, ACI 2010).
Synthesis
In the Philippines, recycling particularly of glass is not common and if present,
only selected liquor bottles are accepted in the scrap and recycling centers. One example
is the Alfonso I Light which is one of the most common liquor sold in the Philippines and
thus making them one of the untouched scraps. This study aims to determine the viability
of using them as partial replacement of gravel in the production of porous paving block
which do not contain sand to allow the water to pass through.

28
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The study entitled “Utilization of Crushed Glass as Partial Replacement to
Aggregate in Porous Paving Block” is an experimental and qualitative research. It is
conducted to investigate and study the viability of crushed glass in the creation of porous
paving block. ASTM standards were followed in the specifications of materials, process
of production of samples, and for the testing of the compressive strength. This study did
not use fine aggregates for the reason of forming a porous paving block. The coarse
aggregates-cement ratio (4:1) with water cement ratio of 0.35, and 0.3% of admixture per
weight of cement was the independent variable used. The controlled variables were the
coarse aggregates ratio of gravel and crushed glass of 100:0, 90:10, and 80:20 ratio
respectively. For the model of the paving block, it has a volume of 100x200x0.6 mm
which follows the ASTM C936 Standard Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking
Paving Units. The samples were cured for seven days, 14 days, 28 days. A different set of
samples with cylindrical shape were cured for seven days and were tested for their
permeability using an improvised permeability tester.

29
Procedure
Preparation of Materials
Coarse Aggregate: Crushed Glass Bottles
This study used only the waste glasses of Alfonso I Light for the
consistency of the study. The waste glasses were cleaned thoroughly with
liquid soap and water before proceeding to the crushing stage where they
were manually crushed with consistent crushing technique. After crushing
the waste glass bottles, they were sieved and those who that passed in ½”
and retained at No.8 sieve (0.0937in) were picked as part of the coarse
aggregates. They must be in saturated surface dry condition before
proceeding with the mixing.
Coarse Aggregate: Gravel
Only gravels passing through ½” and retaining at 3/8” (0.375in)
sieve were used. They were cleaned of dirt and in saturated surface dry
condition.
Cement
A type I Portland Cement Rizal conforming to ASTM C150
Standard Specification for Portland Cement was used.

30
Admixtures
A High Range Water Reducer (HRWR) Rheomix 3 in 1 type of
admixture was used in order to decrease the water content of the mixture.
It conformed to the ASTM C494 Specification for Chemical Admixtures
for Concrete. It is indicated by the manufacturer to use 0.3% of admixture
per weight of the cement.
Water
Only water conforming to the ASTM C1602 Specification for
Mixing Water Used in the Production of Hydraulic Cement Concrete was
used in this research project.
Determination of the Physical Properties of the Materials Gathered
Specific Gravity of the Coarse Aggregates
The determination of the specific gravity of the coarse aggregates
conformed to the ASTM C127 Test Method for Density, Relative Density
(Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate.

31
Unit Weight of the Coarse Aggregates
The determination of the unit weight of the coarse aggregates
conformed to the ASTM C29 Test Method for Bulk Density (Unit Weight)
and Voids in Aggregate.
Preparation of the Specimens
The tests had three mixtures of the coarse aggregate gravel partially
replaced with varying crushed glass percentage (0%, 10% and 20%). The mix
design had a coarse aggregate to cement ratio of 4:1 (coarse aggregates: cement)
with water cement ratio of 0.35. The weight of the admixtures was 0.3% by
weight of cement as indicated by the manufacturer of the admixture. There will be
three trials for each mix ratio.
Table 3.1: Concrete Mix Ratio
Coarse Aggregate- 4:1 (Coarse aggregate-cement)
Cement ratio + admixture + 0.3% of admixture per weight of the cement
Course Aggregates Gravel:100% Gravel:90% Gravel:80%
Ratio CG:0% CG:10% CG:20%
Water cement 0.35 0.35 0.35
ratio

32
Dimensions of the Specimen
This mix design molded into 200x100x60mm blocks conforming
to the ASTM C936 Standard Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking
Paving Units. There were three trials for each sample of these mixtures.
After taking the physical properties of the materials, the researchers came
up of the mix design for the 200x100x60mm blocks and 4 in diameter 8in
tall cylindrical samples.
Mix Design for Compressive Strength Test
Table 3.2: Mix Design for every 9 samples of 200x100x60mm paving block
Mix design (9 samples) 100% Gravel 90% Gravel 10%CG 80% Gravel 20% CG
Cement 4.990 kg 4.990 kg 4.990 kg
Water 1.7466 kg 1.7466 kg 1.7466 kg
Admixture 14.97 g 14.97 g 14.97 g
Gravel 20.959 kg 19.271 kg 17.508 kg
Crushed glass 0 1.580 kg 3.256 kg
The Table 3.2 states the amount of materials per 9 samples of the paving block as
the 3 mixtures should have 9 samples for each. Three for the 7 days curing’s 3 trials,
another 3 for 14 days curing’s 3 trials, and another 3 for the 28 days curing’s 3 trials.

33
Mix Design for Permeability Test
Table 3.3: Mix Design for every 3 samples of cylindrical specimen
Mix design (3 samples) 100% Gravel 90% Gravel 10%CG 80% Gravel 20% CG
Cement 0.806 kg 0.806 kg 0.806 kg
Water 0.282 kg 0.282 kg 0.282 kg
Admixture 2.419 g 2.419 g 2.419 g
Gravel 3.388 kg 3.114 kg 2.82 kg
Crushed glass 0 0.255 kg 0.526 kg
The Table 3.3 states the amount of materials per 3 samples of the cylindrical
specimen (4in dia., 8in length) as the 3 mixtures should have 3 samples for each for their
3 trials.
Production of Specimens
Mixing
In a clean surface, the mixing of materials was done by hand and
shovel to uniformly distribute the coarse aggregates to the entire mixture
with the consistency of mixing be considered. The coarse aggregates were
gradually added while mixing after adding of the cement.

34
Molding
The mixture was applied to the 200x100x60 mm rectangular and
4in diameter 8in length cylindrical mold with a mesh in the bottom in
order to let the excess cement leak in the bottom.
Compaction
The mixture was compacted immediately after application to form
a strong bond and to provide a smooth surface.
Rodding
In accordance with ASTM C192 Practice for Making and Curing
Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory; 7.4.2 Methods of
Consolidation, Rodding, testing cylinders 2”-5” in diameter require a rod
of 3/8” in diameter, and cylinders 6” require a 5/8” rod therefore the
appropriate rods were used in equal strokes of 25 per layer, for two layers.
Curing
After the mixture had been rodded and compacted, the researchers
covered the specimens immediately with cloth to prevent the evaporation
of water from concrete. After the removal of the samples, three batches of
paving block were cured in a curing tank for 7 days 14 days, and 28 days

35
according to ASTM C31 Standard Practice for Making & Curing Concrete
Specimens in the Field. After concluding their curing days, they were
tested for their compressive strength and permeability.
Tests for the Specimens
Determination of Unit Weight
After the curing period, the paving blocks were weighed to
determine their unit weight.
1st Batch: 7 Days Curing Compressive Strength Test
After completing their seventh day of curing, the paving block
samples were tested for its compressive strength.
Permeability Test for the Cylindrical Specimens
The cylindrical samples were tested for its permeability using an
improvised permeability test apparatus with constant time of 10, 20, and
30 seconds of flow of water.
2nd Batch: 14 Days Curing Compressive Strength Test
After completing their 14th day of curing, the paving block samples
were tested for its compressive strength.

36
3rd Batch: 28 Days Curing Compressive Strength Test
After completing their 28th day of curing, the paving block samples
were tested for its compressive strength.
Project Model
Determination of the Production of Samples:

Preparation of Materials Physical Properties of
Materials Mixing
Production of Samples: Production of Samples: Production of Samples:
Rodding Compaction Molding
Curing of Samples:
7th day of Curing:
10 samples (7days) Determination of the Unit
-Compressive Strength Test
10 samples (14days) Weight of the Samples
-Permeability Test
10 samples (28days)
Evaluation of the Results:

-Compressive Strength Tests 28th day of Curing: 14th day of Curing:
-Permeability Test -Compressive Strength Test -Compressive Strength Test
-Unit Weight of the Samples
Figure 3.1: Project Model
The project model shown in Figure 3.1 shows the step-by step process in reaching
the objectives of this study.

37
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Physical Properties of the Coarse Aggregates
The physical properties of the materials were tested at the Cavite Testing Center –
Tanza.
Unit Weight (Bulk Density) of the Coarse Aggregates
Table 4.1: Unit Weight of the Coarse Aggregates
BULK DENSITY (kg/m³)
MATERIAL LOOSE COMPACT
Crushed Glass 1005.78 1226.18
Gravel 1393.73 1513.50

38
Specific Gravity of the Gravel
Table 4.2: Specific Gravity and Absorption of the Gravel
(kg) 1 2 3
Weight in air(SSD) 2 2 2
Weight in water 1.553 1.556 1.558
Weight of bucket 0.383 0.383 0.383
Specific Gravity 2.409 2.418 2.424
AVE. SPECIFIC GRAVITY 2.417
Weight in air(SSD)(g) 59.37 66.22 69.34
Weight(oven-dried)(g) 57.65 64.83 67.61
Absorption 2.98 2.144 2.56
AVE. ABSORPTION 2.56

39
Unit Weight of the Paving Blocks (200x100x60 mm)
Table 4.3: Unit Weight of the Paving Blocks
AVERAGE UNIT WEIGHT (kg/m³)
MIX 7 DAYS 14 DAYS 28 DAYS
0 % CG 2175.68 2083.33 2013.89
10 % CG 2162.50 2160.89 2122.22
20% CG 2133.33 2093.89 2072.22
Table 4.3 shows that the curing process makes the paving block lighter in weight.
It shows an 8.03% average decrease of weight from 7 days to 28 days of curing for 0 %
CG Mix. An average of 1.89% and 2.95% decrease of weight for 10% CG Mix and 20%
CG Mix.
Unit weight of the Paving Blocks (kg/m³ )

2200
2175.68 2162.5
2160.89
2150 2133.33
2122.22
2093.89
2100 2083.33
2072.22
2050
2013.89
2000
1950
1900
7 days 14 days 28 days
0% CG 10% CG 20% CG
Figure 4.1: Unit weight of the Paving Blocks

40
Figure 4.1 consists of the unit weight of the paving blocks. The result of their unit
weight shows that concrete weighs lighter the longer it is cured. This figure shows that
the paving block without crushed glass has a significant reduction in their unit weight.
The paving block utilizing 10% crushed glass has lower reduction in unit weight as the
crushed glass did not absorb water during the mixing. The paving block utilizing 20%
crushed glass has slightly lower unit weight than the 10% for having more crushed glass
which is lighter than concrete.
Permeability and Flow rate
Table 4.4: Flow of the 0% Crushed Glass Cylindrical Specimens
0 % CG 10 seconds 15 seconds 20 seconds
Trial 1 2.27 3.31 4.42
Trial 2 1.91 3.10 4.32
Trial 3 2.17 3.26 4.3
Average 0.212 kg 3.223 kg 4.366 kg

41
Trial 1 1.28 1.64 2.11
Trial 2 1.30 1.69 2.15
Trial 3 1.25 1.56 2.0
Average 1.276 kg 1.63 kg 2.086 kg
Trial 1 1.15 1.77 2.23
Trial 2 1.19 1.78 2.33
Trial 3 1.21 1.8 2.35
Average 1.183 kg 1.783 kg 2.303 kg

42
Average flow (L/s)

0.25
0.219
0.212 0.214
0.2
0.15
0.128
0.118 0.119 0.115
0.108 0.105
0.1
0.05
0
0 % CG 10 % CG 20 % CG
10 seconds 15 seconds 20 seconds
Figure 4.2: Average flow of the Cylindrical Specimens
Figure 4.2 consists of the average flow of the cylindrical specimens. This figure
shows that specimens with 0% crushed glass have higher permeability and the specimens
with 10% and 20% crushed glass do not have significant difference.
Table 4.7: Permeability of the 0% CG Cylindrical Specimens
Mix Q(cm3) t L(cm) h(cm) A(cm2) k(cm/s)
0 % CG 2116.66 10 20.32 91.44 12.5664 3.74
0 % CG 3223 15 20.32 91.44 12.5664 3.80
0 % CG 4366.66 20 20.32 91.44 12.5664 3.86
AVERAGE PERMEABILITY 3.80 cm/s

43
Table 4.8: Permeability of the 10% CG
10 % CG 1276.66 10 20.32 91.44 12.5664 2.26
10 % CG 1630 15 20.32 91.44 12.5664 1.92
10 % CG 2086.66 20 20.32 91.44 12.5664 1.85
Table 4.9: Permeability of the 20% CG
20 % CG 1183.33 10 20.32 91.44 12.5664 2.09
20 % CG 1783.33 15 20.32 91.44 12.5664 2.10
20 % CG 2303.33 20 20.32 91.44 12.5664 2.04

44
Hydraulic Conductivity/Permeability (cm/s)

4.5
4 3.8 3.86
3.74
3.5
2.5 2.26
2.09 2.1 2.04
1.92 1.85
2
1.5
0.5
0
0 % CG 10% CG 20% CG
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3
Figure 4.3: Permeability of the cylindrical specimens with varying percentage of CG
Figure 4.3 shows that the paving block with no crushed glass has the highest
permeability. The paving block utilizing 10% crushed glass is significantly lower than the
paving block with no crushed glass because of the smaller particles of the crushed glass
that filled up the small voids as the crushed glass were sieved into smaller particles than
the gravel (CG: 0.0937in GRAVEL:0.375in). The paving block utilizing 20% crushed
glass is slightly higher than the 10% possibly because most of the crushed glass filled up
small voids and because of the arc and uneven shapes of the crushed glass.

45
Compressive Strength of the Paving Blocks
Table 4.10: Seven days Curing Compressive Strength
7 Days Curing 0% CG 10%CG 20%CG
Trial 1 (MPa) 4.04 5.35 5.13
Trial 2 (MPa) 4.68 6.67 4.37
Trial 3 (MPa) 4.05 5.09 5.19
Average (MPa) 4.25 MPa 5.70 MPa 4.89 MPa
Table 4.11: Fourteen days Curing Compressive Strength
Trial 1 (MPa) 4.33 7.71 4.02
Trial 2 (MPa) 3.79 3.73 3.1
Trial 3 (MPa) 4.26 4.20 3.75
Average 4.12 MPa 5.21 MPa 3.65 MPa
Table 4.12: Twenty-eight days Curing Compressive Strength
Trial 1 (MPa) 5.63 7.17 7.81
Trial 2 (MPa) 6.72 8.99 8.02
Trial 3 (MPa) 4.79 6.98 6.58
Average 5.71 MPa 7.71 MPa 7.47 MPa

46
Average Compressive Strength for 0% CG

6
5.71
5
4.26
4
4.13
0
Figure 4.4: Compressive Strength of 0% CG at varying curing days
Figure 4.4 shows that the paving blocks that were cured for 28 days has a
significant increase in compressive strength contrary to the blocks that were cured for
seven days and 14 days. With an average compressive strength of 4.26 MPa, 4.13 MPa
and 5.71 MPa for 7th ,14th and 28th day curing respectively, the specimens with 0%
crushed glass passes the normal compressive strength of pervious concrete between 2.8
MPa - 28 MPa according to ACI Committee Report 522R-2.

47
Average Compressive Strength of 10% CG

9
8
7.71
7
5.7
6
5
5.21
4
0
Average Compressive Strength of 10% CG

48

8
7.49
7
4 4.9
3.62
3
0

49
Compressive Strengths at Varying Curing Days (MPa)

9
7.71
8
7.49
7
5.71 5.7
6
5 4.9
4.26
5.21
4
4.13 3.62
3
0
0% 10% 20%
Figure 4.7: Compressive Strengths (MPa) at varying Curing Days
Figure 4.7 shows that the specimens with 10% crushed glass content is stronger
than the specimens with 20% crushed glass and 0% crushed glass. In the 28 days curing,
the strength gap between the 10% and 20% crushed glass is minimal.
The trend of having the porous paving block with 10% crushed glass as the
strongest in compressive strength is evident in their average compressive strength. The
reason for its strength could be that the smaller crushed glass filled more voids than the
0% CG making the paving block stronger. The paving block with 20% CG had reached
the point where it has become weak compared to the specimen with 10% CG due to the
additional 10% crushed glass of the 20% CG paving block as crushed glass is much
brittle than the gravel but it was still able to maintain a close gap with the 10% CG
paving block since it fills voids too.

50
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The primary objective of this study was to determine the viability of the porous
paving block utilizing crushed glass as partial replacement to coarse aggregates. This
study prepared Alfonso I Light crushed glass bottles sieved to pass and retained at ½” and
0.0937”. While using gravels only passing and retaining at ½” and 0.375”. Using the type
I Portland Cement Rizal with admixture Rheomix 3 in 1 and water cement ratio of 0.35.
After the preparation of samples, the mix design was created as seen in Table 3.3
and Table 3.4. They will then be mixed, molded, compacted, rodded, and cured in a tank
for 7, 14, and 28 days.
After the specimen have been cured they were tested for their unit weight,
permeability, and compressive strength.
Conclusion
The properties of gravel were determined as having an average specific gravity of
2.417 and an absorption percentage of 2.56. The crushed glass samples were not

51
determined as the testing center refused to admit the crushed glass in the process of
determination.
In the permeability test, it exhibited a decrease in permeability with the specimen
with crushed glass, the specimen with 10% and 20% of crushed glass are almost at par
and does not have significant variance. The paving block utilizing 0%, 10%, and 20%
crushed glass exhibited an average of 3.80 cm/s, 2.01 cm/s, 2.08 cm/s which all exceeds
the average permeability of porous concrete as this paving block do not have any fine
aggregates and therefore making it very permeable.
The curing process showed that it makes the paving block lighter in weight and
that the specimen with crushed glass has lesser decrease of unit weight than the specimen
without crushed glass. The average unit weights for the paving block utilizing 0%
crushed glass in 7, 14, and 28 days are 2175.68 kg/m³, 2083.33 kg/m³, and 2013.89
kg/m³ respectively. The average unit weights for the paving block utilizing 10% crushed
glass in 7, 14, and 28 days are 2162.50 kg/m³, 2160.89 kg/m³, and 2122.22 kg/m³
respectively. The average unit weights for the paving block utilizing 20% crushed glass
in 7, 14, and 28 days are 2133.33 kg/m³, 2093.89 kg/m³, and 2072.22 kg/m³ respectively.
The compressive strength for the paving block utilizing 0% crushed glass in 7, 14,
and 28 days are 4.25 MPa, 4.12 MPa, and 5.71 MPa. The compressive strength for the
paving block utilizing 10% crushed glass in 7, 14, and 28 days are 5.70 MPa, 5.21 MPa,
and 7.71 MPa. The compressive strength for the paving block utilizing 20% crushed
glass in 7, 14, and 28 days are 4.89 MPa, 3.65 MPa, and 7.47 MPa.

52
With the highest compressive strengths attained being 7.71 MPa, in accordance to
the ACI 522r-5 the concrete’s compressive strength allows it to be used as permeable
bases and edge drain as it has a specification of less than 7 MPa (1000 psi).
• All the samples exceeded the average permeability of a porous concrete but the
paving block utilizing 10% crushed glass prove to be the strongest in every
curing days and is therefore concluded as the most effective mix. It is
recommended that paving blocks with this strength are effective in low traffic
areas.
Recommendations
Based on the results of the study, the researchers therefore recommend the
following:
• to lessen the gap of percentages of replacement of the aggregate to 5% or 2.5%;
• use concrete mixer to reduce amount of wasted materials and to have a more
consistent mix;
• sandwich the crushed glass with gravel for the safety of the pedestrians and
vehicles; and
• assess the particle size distribution for the sieved materials to have a more
accurate and detailed explanation of results.

53
REFERENCES
Qi Lian, Chun & Zhuge, Yan & Beecham, Simon. (2011). Evaluation of Permeability of
Porous Concrete. Advanced Materials Research. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269378898_Evaluation_of_Permeability_Of_P
orous_Concrete
Concrete Manufacturers Association. (2004). Concrete Block Paving Book 2: Design Aspects.
Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/document/234342123/Concrete-Block-Paving-Book-2-Design-
Aspects-Fourth-Edition
Tripathi, Hussain, & Madhav. (2009). An Experimental Study on Pervious Concrete

(Mix-Ratio, Strength and Porous Properties). International Journal of Engineering
Research & Technology, 6(12), December 2017. Retrieved from
https://www.ijert.org/research/an-experimental-study-on-pervious-concrete-mix-ratio-
strength-and-porous-properties-IJERTV6IS120054.pdf
Andrews, B., & Vuong, B. (n.d.). Specifications for Recycles Crushed Glass as an
Engineering Material. Retrieved from
tucows.nt.gov.au/infrastructure/techspecs/documents/ARRB_specifications_RCG.pdf
Otunyo, A. W., & Okechukwu, B. N. (n.d.). PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE WITH

PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATES WITH CRUSHED WASTE
GLASS. Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH), 36(2), april 2017, 403-410.
Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i2.12
Anderson I. A., Suozzo, M., Dewoolkar M. Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Pervious
Concrete. Retrieved from http://www.uvm.edu/~transctr/ research/trc_reports/UVM-
TRC-13-007.pdf
Tennis, Paul & L. Leming, Michael & J. Akers, David. (2004). Pervious Concrete
Pavements.
McCain, G. N., and Dewoolkar, M. M. (2010), "Porous concrete pavements: mechanical

and hydraulic properties", Transportation Research Record, No. 2164, Washington D.C.,
pages 66-75.
DPWH. (2016). DPWH Standard Specification for Item 741 - Interlocking Precast
Concrete Blocks. DPWH Standard Specifications for Highways, Bridges and Airports.

54
Retrieved from
http://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/sites/default/files/issuances/DO_026_s2016.pdf
DPWH. (2017). DPWH Standard Specifications for Item 1046 - Masonry Works. DPWH
Standard Specifications for Public Works Structures - Buildings, Ports and Harbors,
Flood Control and Drainage Structure and Water Supply Systems. Retrieved from
http://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/sites/default/files/issuances/DO_080_s2018.pdf
www.ce.memphis.edu/1101/notes/concrete/cylinder_concrete_mix_proportations.pdf
www.ce.memphis.edu/1101/notes/concrete/cylinder_concrete_mix_proportations.pdf
https://theconstructor.org/concrete/calculate-quantities-of-materials-for-concrete/10700/
ACI Committee 522. (2010). Report on pervious concrete : (ACI 522). Farmington Hills,
MI :American Concrete Institute, 2010.
ASTM Standard C150, 2004, "Standard Specification for Portland Cement" ASTM
International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2004.
ASTM Standard C1602, 2004, "Specification for Mixing Water Used in the Production
of Hydraulic Cement Concrete" ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2004.
ASTM Standard C494, 2004, "Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete"
ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2004.
ASTM Standard C127, 2004, "Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate" ASTM International, West
Conshohocken, PA, 2004.
ASTM Standard C188, 2004, "Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement" ASTM
International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2004.
ASTM Standard C29, 2004, "Test Method for Bulk Density (Unit Weight) and Voids in
Aggregate" ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2004.
ASTM Standard C39, 2004, "Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical
Concrete Specimens" ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2004.
ASTM Standard C192, 2004, "Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens
in the Laboratory" ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2004.

55
ASTM Standard C936, 2004, "Standard Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking
Paving Units" ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2004.
ASTM Standard C140, 2004, "Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Concrete
Masonry Units and Related Units" ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2004.
ASTM Standard C1688, 2004, "Standard Test Method for Density and Void Content of
Freshly Mixed Pervious Concrete" ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2004.
ASTM Standard C670, 2004, "Standard Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias
Statements for Test Methods for Construction Materials" ASTM International, West
Conshohocken, PA, 2004.

56
APPENDIX A
Solution for Mix Design

57
MATERIAL UNIT WEIGHT

GRAVEL 1513.50379 kg/m³
CRUSHED GLASS 1226.18087 kg/m³
CEMENT 1440 kg/m³
MIX 1 Gravel:Cement
Cement: 1 x 1440 = 1440

Gravel: 4x 1513.50379 = 6054.01516
Mix Proportion 4:1
Ratio of Masses:
6054.01516/1440 = 4.20
4.20:1 = 5.20
MIX 2 Gravel:CG:cement
Cement: 1
Gravel: 1513.50379/1440 = 1.05
CG = 1226.18087/1449 = 0.78207
Mix Proportion: 3.6:0.4:1
4(0.9) = 3.6 3.6(1.05) = 3.78
4(0.1) = 0.4 0.4(0.78207) = 0.31
Ratio of Masses:
3.78:0.31:1 = 5.09
MIX 3 Gravel:CG:cement
Cement: 1
Gravel: 1513.50379/1440 = 1.05
CG = 1226.18087/1449 = 0.78207
4(0.8) = 3.2 3.2(1.05) = 3.36
4(0.2) = .8 0.2(0.78) = 0.63
Ratio of Masses:
3.36:0.63:1 = 4.98
MIX 1 (5.20)
4.20:1
MIX 2 (5.09)
3.78:0.31:1

58
MIX 3 (4.98)
3.36:0.63:1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Samples size = 200 x 100 x 60 mm (from ASTM C936M 5. Physical Requirements)
Water-cement ratio is 0.35
Density of CONCRETE = 150 lbs/ft3 or 2402.769505 kg/m3
-------------------------------------------------------------
VOLUME for 9 samples (200x100x60 mm)

(9 = 3trials(Curing7d) + 3trials(Curing14d) + 3trials(Curing28d))
= 0.0108 m3
= 659.056436 in3
= 0.38139840 ft3
Weight of CONCRETE for 9 samples

0.38139840059 ft3 x (150 lbs/ft3)
= 57.2097601 lbs
AMOUNT OF MATERIALS FOR 9 SAMPLES OF 200X100X60 mm
MIX 1 (9 SAMPLES)
0 % CRUSHED GLASS
Weight of CEMENT
(1/5.20) x 57.2097601 lbs =
4.99 kg
Weight of GRAVEL
(4.20/5.20) x 57.2097601 =
20.959 kg
Weight of WATER (weight of cement x 0.35)
4.99kg x 0.35 =
1.7466 kg
Weight of Admixture (weight of cement x 0.003)
4.990367417519kg x 0.003 =
14.97 g

59
MIX 2 (9 SAMPLES)
10% CRUSHED GLASS
Weight of CEMENT
CEMENT: 4.99 kg
Weight of GRAVEL
(3.78/5.09) x 57.2097601 =
19.27 kg
Weight of CRUSHED GLASS
(0.31/5.09) x 57.2097601
1.580 kg
1.7466 kg
4.99036 x 0.003 =
14.97 g
MIX 3 (9 SAMPLES)
20% CRUSHED GLASS
Weight of CEMENT
CEMENT: 4.99 kg
Weight of GRAVEL
(3.36/4.98) x 57.2097601 =
17.508 kg
Weight of CRUSHED GLASS
(0.625/4.98) x 57.2097601
3.257 kg
4.99036kg x 0.35 =
1.7466 kg
4.99036 x 0.003 =
14.97 g

60
Summary of Mix Design
MIX (9 SAMPLES OF 100% Gravel 90% Gravel 80% Gravel 20%
200X100X60mm) 0% CG 10%CG CG
CEMENT 4.990 kg 4.990 kg 4.990 kg
WATER 1.7466 kg 1.7466 kg 1.7466 kg
ADMIXTURE 14.97 g 14.97 g 14.97 g
GRAVEL 20.959 kg 19.271 kg 17.508 kg
CRUSHED GLASS 0 1.580 kg 3.256 kg

61
APPENDIX B
Materials and Permeability Apparatus Preparation

62
Improvised Permeability Test Apparatus for Constant Head Method

63
Schematic Diagram of the Permeability Test Apparatus

64
SAMPLE PREPARATION AND TEST PROCEDURE
1. Cut the part of the reservoir tank with large diameter and connect the smaller diameter
part of it to a 4” pipe with a sealant.
2. Connect the elbow pipe to the discharge pipe using the PVC cement to prevent
leakage.
3. Set the stand in the smooth balanced surface with the reservoir tank at the top.
4. Set the table below the discharge pipe to support the flow of the water
5. Prepare specimen and the PVC pipe with dimension approximately 4” diameter and 8”
length.
6. Connect the specimen on the coupling pipes.
7. Choose the constant level of water from the reservoir tank then measure the constant
head until to the center of discharge pipe.
8. For the calibration, technically adjust the flow of water from the reservoir tank until it
is in constant level.
9. Prepare the stopwatch and graduated container for reading.
10. Place the graduated container under the valve and record the weight of discharge
water from the given time (10, 15, 20) in seconds.

65
Gravel (Passing to 0.5 inches and Retained to 0.375 inches)
High Range Water Reducer

66
Crushed Glass (Passing to 0.5 inches and Retained to 0.0937 inches)
Discharge Pipe

67
Wooden Tripod
Reservoir Tank

68
Sealant
Cement

69
Solvent Cement
Rubber Baller

70
Sample Making
Weighing of Sample

71
Compressive Strength Test
Permeability Test

72
APPENDIX C
Compressive Strength Test Results

73
Compressive Strength Test Result – 7 days curing

74

75

76
APPENDIX D
Endorsement and Request for Final Defense

77

78
APPENDIX E
Certificate of Technical Editing

79
Certificate of Technical Editing
This is to certify that the research manuscript entitled:

Submitted by:
______________________ ____________________________
JEJOMAR A. AMANTE JAMES CHESTER S. INSIGNE
Proponent’s Signature Proponent’s Signature
_____________________ _____________________________
JOB C. JANEO RIGIL KENN B. PASICOLAN
for the degree ____________________ under the College of _____________________

has been reviewed and found it thorough and acceptable with respect to form, styles and
standards adhered by the institution by the undersigned Technical critic.
Date of Completion: ___________

Technical Critic’s Signature over Printed name (mm/dd/yyyy)
Contact # : ____________________________

80
APPENDIX F
Certificate of English Editing

81
Certificate of English Editing
This is to certify that the research manuscript entitled:

Submitted by:
______________________ ____________________________
_____________________ _____________________________
for the degree ____________________ under the College of _____________________

has been read and found it thorough and acceptable with respect to grammar and
composition by the undersigned English critic.

English Critic’s Signature over Printed name (mm/dd/yyyy)
Contact # : ____________________________

82
APPENDIX G
Curriculum Vitae

83
Pasicolan, Rigil Kenn B.

070 C. Abueg St., Sapa I, Rosario, Cavite
Contact Number : 09558942427
Email : rigil002@gmail.com
OBJECTIVE:
To acquire sufficient knowledge and technical skills that I can use in the
field of Civil Engineering and ultimately to become rich.
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Tertiary Education Lyceum of the Philippines University - Cavite Campus

Governor’s Drive, General Trias, Cavite
2014-Present
Secondary Education Cavite State University - Rosario

Tejeros Convention, Rosario, Cavite
2010-2014
Elementary Education Rosario Elementary School

Rosario, Cavite
2005-2010
SEMINARS ATTENDED:
September 2018 National Civil Engineering Symposium 2018

University of the Philippines – Diliman, Quezon City
February 2018 Internship Orientation

Lyceum of the Philippines University – Auditorium
General Trias, Cavite

84
March 2018 Younique-Imset: Pre-Internship Course

Lyceum of the Philippines University - Auditorium
March 2018 Image and Skills Enhancement Training

Lyceum of the Philippines University - Auditorium
2016 Engineering Calculator Techniques

Lyceum of the Philippines University - Audio Visual Theatre
PERSONAL BACKGROUND:
Date of Birth : December 2, 1997

Place of Birth : Cavite City
Age : 21 years old
Sex : Male
Civil Status : Single
Nationality : Filipino
SKILLS AND COMPETENCIES:
▪ Excellent communication skills

▪ proficient in visual design
▪ video editing and writing
▪ Computer literacy

85
APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis entitled prepared UTILIZATION OF CRUSHED GLASS AS PARTIAL

REPLACEMENT TO AGGREGATE FOR POROUS CONCRETE PAVING
BLOCK and submitted by JEJOMAR A. AMANTE, JAMES CHESTER S. INSIGNE,
JOB C. JANEO, and RIGIL KENN B. PASICOLAN has been reviewed and
recommended as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of
Science in Civil Engineering
ENGR. MARK G. COSTELO

Research Adviser
Accepted and approved by the panel of examiners following a successful Oral Defense on
May 2, 2019 with a grade of __________.
____________________________ _________________________________
ENGR. DREXLER R. SIBAL ENGR. CARMELO ZAPANTA JR.
Panelist Panelist
_________________________
ENGR. SIVA DAS ABAYA
Panel Chairman
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor
of Science in Civil Engineering
ENGR. ARNEL M. AVELINO

Chairperson, DOE
DR. RAMON C. MANIAGO

Executive Dean
Date: __________

i
Certificate of Originality
We hereby declare that the research paper entitled:

is our own work and that, to the best of my/our knowledge and belief, it contains
no material previously published or written by another person nor material to which to a
substantial extent has been accepted for award of any other degree or diploma of a
university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement is made
in the text.
We also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of our work,
even though we may have received assistance from others on style, presentation and
language expression.
______________________ ____________________________
_____________________ _____________________________
Attested by:
____________________________ ____________________________
ENGR. MARK G. COSTELO ENGR. ARNEL M. AVELINO
Research Adviser’s Signature Chairperson’s Signature
Noted by:

Dean/College Secretary’s Signature (mm/dd/yyyy)

ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With deepest appreciation and gratitude, the researchers would like to take this
opportunity to thank Lyceum of the Philippines University for providing them with such a
vibrant and learning atmosphere.
Foremost, they want to offer this endeavor to our GOD Almighty for the wisdom
He bestowed upon them, the strength and peace of mind in order to finish this research.
To their family who serve as their inspiration, who kept on encouraging them to
always make the best out of everything, for being with them since the beginning, for
showing them unconditional love and for providing all their needs financially and morally.
To their friends and blockmates, for being there to support and comfort them
whenever they experience some difficulties during the process.
To all the professors of the Department of Civil Engineering especially their

adviser, Engr. Mark G. Costelo. for the collective knowledge imparted to them, making
them capable enough to see through the entire process.
AMANTE, JEJOMAR A.
INSIGNE, JAMES CHESTER S.
JANEO, JOB C.
PASICOLAN, RIGIL KENN B.

iii
College of Engineering, Computer Studies and Architecture

Abstract

Jejomar A. Amante, James Chester S. Insigne2, Job C. Janeo3, Rigil Kenn B. Pasicolan4
and Engr. Mark G. Costelo5
Proponents1234, Adviser5
The purpose of this research is to investigate the properties and viability of the
porous paving block utilizing 0%, 10%, and 20% crushed glass as partial replacement to
aggregates in three curing periods 7, 14, and 28 days with 35% water cement ratio.
Experimental and qualitative research were the design used in this study. The paving blocks
that was produced were tested to determine physical property, compressive strength, and
permeability. The results of this study showed that paving blocks with 10% crushed glass
as a partial replacement to aggregate have the highest compressive strength than paving
blocks with 0% and 20% crushed glass and all have permeability that exceeded the average
permeability for porous concrete. It was concluded that the paving block with 10%
crushed glass replacement to aggregate is viable to be used as permeable bases and edge
drain and recommended to be used in low traffic areas.
Keywords: Aggregate, Compressive strength, Crushed glass, Paving block,

Permeability, Porous

iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………..……… i
APPROVAL PAGE………………………………………………………………… ii
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY……………………………………………….. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………….. iv
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………........... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………... vi
LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………… viii
LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………….. ix
LIST OF EQUATIONS…………………………………………………………….. x
LIST OF APPENDICES……………………………………………………………. xi
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study……….………………………………………….… 1
Objectives of the Study……….………………………………………........... 3
Scope and Delimitation……………….………………………..……............. 4
Theoretical Framework……….………………………….……..…………… 5
Significance of the Study……….……………………………….………...… 6
Definition of Terms……………….…………………………..……………... 7
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Conceptual Literature……………………………………………...……...…. 10
Paving Block…………………………………………….................... 10
Waste Glass Bottles………………………………………………..… 11
Paving Block Dimension………………………................................. 11
Proportioning And Mixing Concrete………………………………... 11
Absolute Volume Method……………………….………..…………. 12
ASTM Standards………………………………….…………………. 12
Mix Ratio for Pervious Concrete………………….………………… 13
Specific Gravity of the Coarse Aggregates……….…………………. 13
Unit Weight of the Coarse Aggregates……………………………… 14
Permeability Tester……………………………………..…………… 15
Average Permeability of Porous Concrete………..…………………. 17
ACI 522r-10 Compressive Strength Standard for Pervious
Concrete……………………………………………………... 17
Coarse Aggregate replacement ratio………………….……….…….. 18
Precision and Bias Test Results Corrections…………………..…..... 19

v
Related Studies…………………………………….……………………….. 21
Pervious Concrete………………………….…….............................. 21
Concrete Paving Blocks…………….…….………………………… 22
Advantage and Disadvantage of Pervious Concrete………............... 23
Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Pervious Concrete…………….. 25
Pervious Concrete as Replenishment to Groundwater……………… 28
Synthesis……………..………………………………….………………….. 28
METHODOLOGY
Research Design…………………………………………………….……… 29
Procedure………………………………………………..…………..……… 30
Preparation of Materials.……………………………….…………... 30
Determination of The Physical Properties ………………………… 31
Specific Gravity of the Coarse Aggregates………................ 31
Unit Weight of the Coarse Aggregates………….…………. 32
Preparation of The Specimens……………………………..………. 32
Dimensions of the Specimen………………………….……. 33
Mix Design for Compressive Strength Test………….…….. 33
Mix Design for Permeability Test…………………….……. 34
Production of Specimens………………...…………………............. 34
Mixing……………………………..…………………….…. 34
Molding…………………………………….…..……….….. 35
Compaction…………………………….........……................ 35
Rodding………………………………...………………..…. 35
Curing…………………………………..…………............... 35
Test for The Specimens………….………...………………….….… 36
Determination of Unit Weight……………………................ 36
Seven Days Curing Compressive Strength Test.………..….. 36
Permeability Test for the Cylindrical Specimens…... 36
Fourteen Days Curing Compressive Strength Test………… 36
Twenty-Eight Days Curing Compressive Strength Test…… 37
Project Model………………………………………………..……………... 37
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Physical Properties of the Gravel……………………………………..…..... 38
Unit Weight of the Coarse Aggregates…………………………..… 38
Specific Gravity of the Gravel…………………………………..…. 39
Unit Weight of The Paving Blocks……………………………………........ 40
Permeability and Flow rate………..….…………………………....…...….. 41
Compressive Strength of the Paving Blocks…………………...s……….… 46

vi
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary……………………………………………………………………... 51
Conclusion…………………..……………………………………………..… 51
Recommendations………………………………………………………….… 53
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………. 54
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………….. 57

vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1.1. Theoretical Framework………………………..………..…………...…… 3

2.1. Constant Head Permeability Tester……………………..…………..…… 13
3.1. Project Model…………………………………………….……………… 37
4.1. Unit Weight of The Paving Blocks.………………………..………..…... 40
4.2. Permeability of The Cylindrical Specimens…………...……....……….... 43
4.3. Permeability of The Cylindrical Specimens with Varying Percentage
of Crushed Glass…………………………………..…………….……... 45
4.4. Compressive Strength Of 0% CG at Varying Curing Days….…….......... 47
4.5. Compressive Strength Of 10% CG at Varying Curing Days….….....…... 48
4.6. Compressive Strength Of 20% Cg at Varying Curing Days……......…… 49
4.7. Compressive Strengths at Varying Curing Days…………………..…….. 50

viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2.1. Maximum Acceptable Range of Individual Measurements……..………. 20

3.1. Concrete Mix Ratio………………………………………………....…… 32
3.2. Mix Design for Compressive Strength Test……………………..………. 33
3.3. Mix Design for Permeability Test….……………………………..……... 34
4.1. Unit Weight of the Coarse Aggregates……….……………..…..….……. 38
4.2. Specific Gravity and Absorption of the Gravel……………….…..……... 39
4.3. Unit Weight of the Paving Blocks………………………….……...…….. 40
4.4. Flow of the 0% Crushed Glass Cylindrical Specimens………......……… 41
4.5. Flow of the 10% Crushed Glass Cylindrical Specimens…….…..………. 42
4.6. Flow of the 20% Crushed Glass Cylindrical Specimens……………........ 42
4.7. Permeability of the 0% Crushed Glass Cylindrical Specimens….….....… 43
4.8. Permeability of the 10% Crushed Glass Cylindrical Specimens…..…..… 44
4.9. Permeability of the 20% Crushed Glass Cylindrical Specimens….…..…. 44
4.10. Seven Days Curing Compressive Strength…………………………….... 46
4.11. Fourteen Days Curing Compressive Strength.…...................................... 46
4.12. Twenty-Eight Days Curing Compressive Strength………….…….......... 46

ix
LIST OF EQUATIONS
Equation Page
2.1. Specific Gravity….………………………………………………………..13

2.2. Absorption…….……………………………………………….…………..14
2.3. Unit Weight………………………………………………………………..14
2.4. Coefficient of Permeability…………………………………………...…...16

x
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Page
A. Computation for Mix Design……………………………………………. 57

B. Materials and Permeability Apparatus Preparation………………..….… 62
C. Compressive Strength Test Results………………………………..….…. 73
D. Endorsement and Request for Final Defense……………………….……. 77
E. Certificate of Technical Editing…………………………………….……..79
F. Certificate of English Editing……………………………………….….... 81
G. Curriculum Vitae…………………………………………………...……. 83

xi

Concrete Porus Thesis

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LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE

UTILIZATION OF CRUSHED GLASS AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT TO

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, COMPUTER STUDIES AND ARCHITECTURE

crushed glass as partial replacement to aggregate in the production of a porous concrete

Background of the Study

De Pedro et al. (2014) described concrete paving blocks as construction materials

add strength contributing to good serviceability. These attributes of paving blocks

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, COMPUTER STUDIES AND ARCHITECTURE

material to create another remedy starting with discovering alternative materials to

lessen the growing crisis of the economy.

the interconnectivity of the voids. Pervious concrete is traditionally used in parking

materials. According to NSWMC, disposed waste is dominated by biodegradable

Philippine Solid Wastes (2017).

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, COMPUTER STUDIES AND ARCHITECTURE

of them is by using it as a construction material. Crushed glass bottles can be a partial

in fully concreted areas caused by barred water infiltration.

Objectives of the Study

coarse aggregates. Specifically, the study aims:

1. to determine the physical properties of the gravel;

as partial replacement to aggregates;

as partial replacement to aggregates;

4. to determine the compressive strengths of the porous paving blocks utilizing

crushed glass as partial replacement to aggregates;

5. to evaluate the specimen’s strengths based on ACI standard; and

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, COMPUTER STUDIES AND ARCHITECTURE

crushed glass as partial replacement to aggregate.

Scope and Delimitation

The extent of the study was narrowed in determining the compressive

will be evaluated to determine its possible application.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, COMPUTER STUDIES AND ARCHITECTURE

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Environmental 1. Preparation of 1. Results of Physical

Figure 1.1: Theoretical Framework

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, COMPUTER STUDIES AND ARCHITECTURE

materials, determination of physical properties of the materials, mix designs, production

analysis and interpretation of data.

Significance of the Study

information about the research outcome.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, COMPUTER STUDIES AND ARCHITECTURE

producing porous concrete paving blocks instead of slabs.

1. Aggregates - is a broad category of coarse particulate material used

in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete

and geosynthetic aggregates.

2. ACI - is the acronym of American Concrete Institute.

3. ASTM - or the American Society for Testing and Materials; an

international standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary

consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products,

systems, and services.

4. Bulk Density - is a property of powders, granules, and other "divided" solids,

especially used in reference to mineral components (soil, gravel).

5. CGB - stands for crushed glass bottles.

6. Compressive Strength - is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand

loads tending to reduce size.

7. Concrete - is a composite material composed of coarse granular material

particles and glues them together.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, COMPUTER STUDIES AND ARCHITECTURE

8. Curing - is the maintenance of a satisfactory moisture content and

temperature in concrete for a period of time immediately following placing

and finishing so that the desired properties may develop.

sieve and predominantly retained on the 75 mm (No. 200) sieve.

use of available materials to produce mortar or concrete of the required

12. Porous - is a material that allows liquid to pass through.

13. Pervious - capable of being penetrated by another body or substance.

15. Saturated Surface-dry – is the description of a concrete surface condition