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Arts
Third Quarter

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Module 1: Elements and Principles of Arts in the Production of One’s Arts and Crafts Inspired by the
Arts of Mindanao

What Is It? …………………………………………….. 3-8

What’s More ………......................................... 8-9

Module 2: Characteristics of Arts and Crafts in Mindanao

What Is It? ………......................................... 9-14
What I Have Learned …………………………………………….. 14
What I Can Do …………………………………………….. 15-16

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 Module Elements and Principles of Art in the
Production of One’s Arts
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and Crafts inspired by the Arts of Mindanao

What is It

There are many definitions of the term “art”. In this module, art will be described as a visual
statement that communicates an idea, expresses a feeling, or represents an interesting design.

The following are the elements and principles of art.

ELEMENTS OF ART PRINCIPLES OF ART

1. Line 1. Balance
2. Shape 2. Contrast
3. Forms 3. Emphasis
4. Color 4. Pattern
5. Value 5. Movement
6. Texture 6. Rhythm
7. Space 7. Unity/Variety

The elements and principles of art can be found in all forms of art. Many of these concepts are
related, overlapping with one another to bring out the best of each technique of Mindanao arts and
crafts.

ARTS AND CRAFTS OF MINDANAO

Place Arts and Crafts Description
ZAMBOANGA - built to protect the people
from pirates of the Sulu Sea.

Port Pilar of Zamboanga

BUTUAN - large wooden boat - oldest

watercraft found in the
Philippines.

Balanghai/Balangay
Butuan Boat

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LANAO -multi-colored cotton cloth,
bearing a variety of geometric or
floral designs.

Malong

-composed of eight different

sized brass gongs with
complicated designs and
imprinted top.

Kulintang

-unique carving and important to

any design among the Moro
ethno-linguistic communities.

-used flowing flowers, vines

(okir a datu) and geometric
patterns (okir a bay).

Okir a Bay
And
Okir a Datu

-wing-like decoration usually

features the naga or serpent.

Panolong

- dwelling place of the datu that

signifies rank, prestige and
wealth.

Torogan

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 -symbol of Maranao art,
depicted as a fowl (rooster) with
Sarimanok colorful wings and feathered tail,
the head is decorated with
scroll, leaf and spiral motifs.

-metallic armor made of brass

plates, carabao horn
interconnecting ringlets.

Raru B-A-Klong

-steel sword with a handle made

of hand craved ivory in a form of
the head of the naga or a
serpent.

Kampilan
-large manually carved wooden
top inlaid with mother-of-pearl.

Batige

-antique teapot or kettle.

Kendi

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 -large complex decorated
white metal tobacco container.

Gador
BASILAN -used bold colors and geometric
patterns.

Yakan Fabric

-have complicated design.

-dots and lines are painted in

various patterns on the faces,
creating the effect of formal and
decorated masks which match
Face Make-Up the flowery costumes of the
couple.
COTABATO -known for embroidery, brass
ornaments and beadwork
integrated in their traditional
clothing.

Bilaan/B’laan Textile

-largest mosque in the

Philippines that occupies 5,000
square meters of a five hectare
land.

The Grand Mosque of Cotabato

-obtain complicated designs,

decorated with floral patterns,
checkered or prints.

T/boli T’nalak

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 -heavy brass belt worn by
women during festivals.

Hilot

-wooden comb with colored

glass beads.

Suwat Imimot

-get their inspiration from the

wildlife in their local area.

-sculpture with complicated

designs.
Wood Carving and Brass Casting
Pottery
DAVAO -obtain complicated designs,
decorated with floral patterns,
checkered or prints.

Bagobo T’nalak
SULU -sea gypsies or wanderer of the
Sulu Sea.

-most of the Bajaos live in boat

houses/houses on stilts.

Bajao Houses

-consists of several colors and

geometric shapes, representing
the colorful culture and history
of the Muslim
Vinta
people.

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 BUKIDNON -located at the top of the hill of
Malaybalay, Bukidnon.

-pyramid-likestructure designed
by the National Artist for
Monastery of the Transfiguration of
Bukidnon Architecture, Leandro Locsin.

CAMIGUIN -used coral stones, reconstruct

with steel bars, having wood
chandeliers and altar.

Santo Rosario Church of Camiguin

SARANGANI PROVINCE -first discovered in 1991.

-artistically significant and also

hold key information of
historical and anthropological
importance.
Maitum Jar

What’s More

Activity 2: THINK BACK, IDENTIFY N’ GIVE

Directions: Give the description, the element and the principle of art present in the following artworks
to complete the table below. Number 1 is done for you.
PLACE ARTS AND CRAFTS DESCRIPTION ELEMENT/PRINCIPLE
1. BUTUAN -a large wooden boat Element: Shape
Principle: Balance

Balanghai/Balangay
2. LANAO

Malong

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 3. BASILAN

Yakan Fabric

Module Characteristics of Arts and Crafts in

2 Mindanao

What is It

In this module, you will learn how animism (cultural beliefs) and the Islamic religion fused together and
produced a uniquely Filipino artistic tradition. You are invited to explore the arts of the people of Mindanao. To make
your journey more exciting, a series of activities is prepared for you to enjoy.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTS AND CRAFTS OF MINDANAO

ATTIRE, TEXTILES, AND TAPESTRIES

1. Bilaan/B’laan
 is an ethno-linguistic group that live some parts of South Cotabato, North
Cotabato, and Davao del Sur.

 is a combination of two words, “bila”, which means “house,” and “an”,

which means “people.”

 are known for embroidery, brass decorations and beadwork that are
integrated in their traditional clothing.

 wear clothes woven from abaca decorated with embroidery, buttons, and beads and also cut mother-of-pearl
into small shapes that look like sequins called takmunto form geometric patterns.

 women wear heavy brass belts with numerous tiny bells that hang around their waistline. These produce
pleasing chiming sounds when they move.

 weave highly-polished abaca textiles using the ikat process.

 put high value on their textiles and considered as an important part of the bride’s dowry.

2. Bagobo
 are group of people that live in Davao.

 the name of this ethno-linguistic group comes from the words “bago” (new)
and “obo” (growth).

 ceremonial attire of the Bagobos are elaborate.

 make these clothes from a special textile woven abaca fibers called t’nalak.

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  t’nalak is a woven from deep brown abaca treated in the ikat process to obtain complicate designs.

 Bagani (hero/warrior) wear blood-red clothes and a head kerchief called tangkulu. These articles of clothing
represent their courage

 blouses are adorned with floral patterns, checkered, or paisley prints.

 wear rows of bells around their waist and ankles that produce ringing sounds when they walk.

3. T’boli
 are famous for their complicated beadwork, wonderful woven fabrics, and beautiful
brass ornaments.

 regard the t’nalak as sacred.

 traditional wedding rituals involve the exchange of this textile (t’nalak). During births, it
is used as a cover.

 weavers believed that their gods and ancestors visit them in their dreams to teach them the designs and patterns
that they have to weave.

 design has its own meaning such as snake, flowers, or people’s names.

4. Maranao
• means “People of the Lake,” referring to people who occupy the lands surrounding
Lake Lanao.

• famous for their artworks, complicate weaving, wood

carving, metal craft, and their epics.

• are known for their malong. The malong is a traditional Filipino tube skirt that is
made of handwoven or machine-made multi-colored cotton cloth, bearing a
variety of geometric or floral designs.
5. Yakan
• Basilan is the home to the Yakans.

• are popular for their skills in weaving.

• weave very complicate designs in their textiles, which they use for their clothes
and other accessories.

• Yakan hand-loomed fabrics are known for their use of bold colors and
geometric patterns.

• traditionalYakan art of weaving originated from Lamitan in the island of Basilan.

• Yakan fabrics are traditionally used as garments.

CRAFTS, ACCESSORIES, AND BODY ORNAMENTS

1. Sarimanok
• is a legendary bird of the Maranao.
• comes from the words “sari” meaning cloth or garment and “manok” for
chicken.
• has become a significant symbol of Marano art.
• Is said to be a symbol of good fortune.

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2. Okir
• refers to traditional and unique carving and important to any design among the
Moro ethnolinguistic communities.
• name comes from an old Malayan word which means carve or “ukit” in Filipino.
• is referred to as okir in Maranao while okkil in Maguindanao.
• Is a general term for both the scroll and the geometric form.
• the scroll is called okir a datu (gentlemen’s design) as distinguished from okir a
bay (ladies’design), referring to the geometric forms.

3. Face Makeup and Body Ornaments

 a distinct form of visual arts of the Yakan is the facial make-up applied on
brides and grooms.

Wedding attire:
The bride and groom wear different accessories.
Male
• Pis – hand-woven head cloth; worn as symbolic protection from spears or
knives
• Kandit– 15-m belt or sash made of gilim(red cloth)
• Shirts that are believed to be bullet proof with Arabic script designs prepared by imams and hadjis

Female
• Short skirt over trousers
Both
• Saruk – hat worn to add elegance
Ornaments:
• Crocodile tooth necklace for fortune
• Triangular amulets with symbols wrapped in black cloth (anting-
anting) against bullets
• Snake bone belts to guard from pain
• Maniktegiyas – a necklace or bracelet of beads from dried fruit
seeds to protect from illness caused by evil spirits
• Maniksembulan – necklace or bracelets made of a bamboo stems
cut into short pieces; serves as added protection
Functional articles:
• Pegupaan – bamboo container for chewing betel nut
• Lutuan – a small bronze box with engravings carried at the waist

4. T’boli Accessories
• Hilot is a heavy brass belt worn by women during festivals.
• The T’boli nobility wear it with bracelets and anklets, furnished with ball-bearings that
make a sound as the wearer walks.
• The bells that are hung from the distinctive brass or beaded belts signal the approach
of a woman.

• SuwatImimot is a wooden comb with colored glass beads worn toward the back of
the head.

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5. Brass Making - Kulintang
• The kulintang is a musical instrument composed of eight different – sized
brass gongs laid upon a wooden rack.
• It is made of brass with complicate designs and embossed top where it can be
hit by a wooden mallet to produce music.

ARCHITECTURE
1. Torogan
• is the ancestral house of the upper-class Maranao.
• is the dwelling place of the datu along with his wives and children.

2. Panolong
• is a wing-like decoration of a torogan flaring out from the beams.
• this okir carving usually features the naga or serpent, pakorabong or stylized
fern, as well as floral and star-and-bud motifs.

3. Badjao Houses
• the Bajau, also known as Sama-Bajau, are the “Sea Gypsies” or nomads of the
Sulu Sea.
• source of livelihood is fishing and hunting, thus, most of them live in boat
houses or houses on stilts around the Sulu archipelago.

4. The Grand Mosque of Cotabato

 largest mosque in the Philippines, the Sultan Haji HassanalBolkiah Masjid or also
known as the Grand Mosque sitting near the idle banks of Tamontaka River.

5. Fort Pilar of Zamboanga also called Real Fuerza de Nuestra Senora del Pilar de
Zaragoza,
• was founded in 1635 and still stands strong until today.
• was built to protect the people from pirates of the Sulu Sea.

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6. Monastery of the Transfiguration of Bukidnon
• is located at top of the hill of Malaybalay, Bukidnon,
• a pyramid-like structure designed by the National Artist for Architecture,
Leandro Locsin.

7. Santo Rosario Church of Camiguin

• is located at the town of Sagay, Camiguin Island.
• original church was built in1882 using coral stones,
• was retrofitted (make repair) with steel bars using modern building techniques.
• unique things you can find in the church are the driftwood chandeliers and altar.
• builders used local materials, particularly woven bamboo skin which highlights the
local traditions of the island.

SCULPTURES

1. Maitum Jar
• is an earthenware (clay) jar for secondary burial from Sarangani province.
• is not only artistically significant; but also hold key information of historical and
anthropological importance.

2. T’boli Wood Carving and Brass Casting and Pottery

• Wood carvers get their inspiration from the wildlife in their
local area.
• Artisans use the lost-wax casting method to produce more copies of sculpture
with complicate designs such as bells, boxes and figures.

• The mold is made from wax then using this mold, covers it with clay.

3. Maranao Wood Carving and Metal Casting

• Rarub-A-Klong is a metallic protective armor of Moro, made of brass plates, carabao
horn and interlocking ringlets.

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 • Kampilan is a single-edged steel sword with a handle made of hand carved ivory in a form
of the head of the naga or serpent, handcrafted gold, and hanged horse hair at the
bottom of the handle.

• Batige is a large manually carved wooden top inlaid with mother-of-pearl used by adult
males to test their skills and strength.
•

• Kendi is a heirloom (pamana) teapot or kettle used for hot water, coffee, or tea.

• Gador is a large intricate tobacco container decorated with white metal which is an item
of interior decoration in proper Maranao households.

FUNCTIONAL ART
1. Balanghay
• also known as balangay or Butuan boat, is a large wooden boat used for cargo and raiding
purposes by the pre-colonial Filipinos to traverse the seas for trade or migration.

• It serves as evidence that Butuan played a central role in trade.

2. Vinta
• is a sailboat traditionally made by the Badjaos who live in the Sulu archipelago.

• consists of several colors and geometric shapes, representing the colorful culture and
history of the Muslim people.

• is small and not meant to be used for long ocean travel.

• is used for transportation and livelihood activities such as fishing and diving for pearls.

What I Have Learned

Activity 3: Fill Me
Directions: Fill in with the missing words. Choose your answers inside the box.
Belief Infusing Islamic Mindanao Tradition

The crafts and other art forms of Mindanao are attributed to the indigenous culture of the society.

I have learned that the unique artistic _____ of the arts and crafts of _____ is a product of _____ the _____ and
the _____ religion.

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 What I Can Do

Activity 4: Drawing Okir Designs

Directions: Below are the two kinds of Maranao Okir designs. In a piece of bond paper, choose one and draw Okir a Datu
or Okir a Bay.

Okir a Datu Okir a Bay

Questions to Answer:

1. Which okir design is easier to draw? Why?

2. How did the activity help you appreciate Maranao art style?
3. What values did you learn from the okir design-making activity?

RUBRICS in drawing an Okir Desings:

5 4 3 2 1 Unsatisfactory
Excellent Above Average Below
Average Average
Planned Applied the Used some Used few Did not use any
carefully, principles principles of elements or art elements and
showed using one or design but with and did not principles of art in
effective use of more elements few elements apply the creating their
the of arts in of art in their principles of artworks.
elements and creating artworks design in
principles of products or creating their
art design artwork artworks

Illustrates/ Shows original The student tries Does not try The student
show original ideas and an idea, but it new idea nor shows no
ideas and interpretations lacks innovate on evidence of
interpretation but does not originality, the materials original thought.
s of the given innovate on does not used.
artworks and the materials innovate on
innovates on used the materials
materials used used.

The activity is The activity is The activity is The artwork The artwork is
beautifully finished and finished and was passed on unfinished and
and neatly passed on time passed on time time but was not passed on
finished and but shows lack but needs unfinished. time.
passed on of effort. many
time. improvements.

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 The artwork With a little The student The student The student
was beautiful more effort, showed average showed below showed poor
and patiently the work could craftsmanship; average craftsmanship;
done. have been adequate, but craftsmanship; evidence of
outstanding; not as good as it lack of pride in laziness or lack
lacks finishing could have finished work. of
touches. been; a bit understanding.
careless.

Answer Key

Module 1 Module 2

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