VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI -590018

INTERNSHIP REPORT ON

“SIGNAL AND TELECOMMUNICATION”

Submitted in Fulfilment of
the Internship Required for
the Academic Year 2021-22

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY
BS SRUJAN
USN:1BY18TE008
Internship carried out at:

RAIL WHEEL FACTORY (RWF)

Department of Telecommunication Engineering

BMS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT,
Avalahalli, Yelahanka, Doddaballapura Main Road, Bengaluru-560064
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With Great pride I would like to convey my gratitude and appreciation
to “BMS Institute of Technology And Management” for giving me the
required platform for the fulfillment of the internship.

Firstly, I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to

DR. Mohan Babu G N (Principal), BMS INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY who permitted me for this internship and was also
abundantly helpful and offered a valuable assistance, support and
guidance.

I would also like to thank DR. Raju Hajare (HOD OF

Telecommunication Engineering Dept.) who was abundantly helpful
and offered a valuable assistance support and guidance.
I thank my internship Coordinator Prof. Thejaswini S for their guidance,
encouragement and valuable suggestion.

I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to Shri Ajith K Tripathy,

Principal/TTC who was abundantly helpful and offered invaluable
assistance, support and guidance.

I would also like to thank Mr. Sunil Kumar(Senior Section Engineer,

Signaling And Telecom Dept.) who was abundantly helpful and offered a
valuable assistance support guidance and knowledge.
I would also express my great many thanks to Shri. M.G. Sunil
(SSE/TTCMechanical), for their valuable and constructive suggestions
during planning and development of this internship. Willingness to spend
time so generously has been much appreciated.
Without their co-operation & assistance this internship would not
besuccessful.

I would like to extend my thanks to the Supervisors / Technicians /

operators of RAIL WHEEL FACTORY who helped us to complete the
internship and enabling us to visit their offices to observe their daily
operations and guided us in all the way.
 ABSTRACT
Signal and Telecommunication Department is responsible for installation and
maintenance of Signaling system essential for the safe & speedy movement of trains
and Telecommunication systems required for the effective utilization of the large
fleet of locomotives and other rolling stock and track as well as for the administration
of the vast Railway Network. Indian Railway has an in-house Railway
Telecommunication Network for managing Train operations and staff management
and to offer Passenger Amenities. S&T department in Indian railways plays a major
role in train operation and signaling. The performance efficiency of signaling assets
measured by existing norms provided an optimistic outlook in regard to signal
incidences. The signaling and telecommunication department at Rail Wheel Factory
are mainly responsible for telephone exchange that are communication between
railway phones and intercom exchange for phone connectivity between officers and
maintain OFC equipment for digital communication and also maintain CCTV system
for surveillance of the campus and also to maintain DTH connections in trains of
special carriage used for inspection by
GM, railway board, and other officials. The purpose of the internship at signaling
and telecommunication at Rail Wheel Factory is to provide an opportunity to seek,
identify and further develop an appropriate level of professionalism. An internship
assists with career development by providing real work experience that provide
student with opportunities to explore their interest and develop professional skills.
The main objective of the internship is to learn working of various fields where
telecommunication works and gain a practical knowledge about them.
 CONTENTS
Sl no. Topic

1) ABOUT THE COMPANY

2) PROFILE

3) ABOUT THE TELEPHONE EXCHANGE

i)DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCHANGE IN TELEPHONE
ii)TYPES OF TELEPHONE
iii)REQUIREMENTS
iv)MAKE&MODEL
4) MAIN EXCHANGE IN TELEPHONE

5) TELEPHONE CABEL

6) OFC(OPTICAL FIBRE CABEL)

7) OFC EQUIPMENT

8) OFC NETWORK

9) PASSENGER RESERVATION SYSTEM(PRS)

10) DTH(DIRECT TO HOME)

11) TRAIN TRAFFIC CONTROL

12) CCTV(COLSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION)

13) CONCULSION

14) REFERNCES
 ABOUT THE COMPANY
Rail Wheel Factory (Formerly Wheel and Axle Plant) is situated in
Bangalore, India. It is a state-of-the-art plant, meeting bulk of the
requirement of wheels, axles and wheel sets for the Indian Railways. The
spare capacity available is profitably utilized to meet the domestic demands
for non-railway customers and exports. RWF strives to build successful and
lasting relationships with its customers by consistently exceeding their
expectations. Customer focus and quality remain our watchwords. All
products are subjected to stage and final inspection, starting from the
chemical composition of the molten metal till the final inspection. This
includes micro/macro properties of the material, Magnetic Particle Testing,
Ultrasonic Testing, Hardness, War-page, dimensional parameters, surface
finish etc. All our products are accompanied with a Quality Assurance
Certificate. RWF has the full capability to design and manufacture any size
of wheels, axles and wheel sets to suit individual customer’s special
requirements. RWF Has been re-certified with latest version of Integrated
Management System (IMS) encompassing (i)Quality Management System
(QMS), ISO 9001,(ii)EMS,ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001 by M/s.ICS
Mumbai during 2015.
They Adopted to the cast wheel technology developed by M/S Griffin
Wheel CO., USA for wheel manufacture. The American Railroads have
been using cast wheels for freight operations while European Railways use
forged wheels. Adoption of cast wheel technology was found more
suitable as the productivity of the plant is higher and cost of production
lower as compared to forged wheels. The net saving in foreign exchange on
wheel imports was estimated at Rs.8 Crores per annum.
Undertake axle forging on special purpose Long Forging Machine
followed by heat treatment furnaces with automated conveyors for
movement of axles.
Provide axle-machining facilities incorporating profile copying lathes,
special purpose end machining equipment and a wheel set assembly
complex with integrated engineering for handling and movement of axles.
 PROFILE

Rail Wheel Factory (earlier known as Wheel and Axle Plant) is

situated in BENGALURU, INDIA. It is a state-of-the-art plant,
meeting bulk of the requirement of wheels, axles and wheel sets
for the Indian Railways. The spare capacity available is
profitably utilized to meet the domestic demands for non-railway
customers and exports.

RWF strives to build successful and lasting relationships with its

customers by consistently exceeding their expectations. Customer
focus and quality remain our watchwords.

The plant is certified to ISO-9001: 2015 and ISO-14001: 2015

standards by M/s. BVQI. It is also certified to confirm to the
Quality Assurance Program of Association of American
Railroads (AAR) in respect of manufacture of new wheels and
axles.

All products are subjected to stage and final inspection, starting

from the chemical composition of the molten metal till the final
inspection. This includes micro/macro properties of the material,
Magnetic Particle Testing, Ultrasonic Testing, Hardness,
warpage, dimensional parameters, surface finish etc.

All their products are accompanied with a Quality Assurance

Certificate and carry a warranty of one year from shipment.
RWF has the full capability to design and manufacture any
size of wheels, axles and wheelsets to suit individual
customer’s special requirements.
 ABOUT TELEPHON EXCHANGE

1)DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCHANGE IN TELECOMMUNICATION:

1.1) Strowger Exchange:

The Strowger switch is the first commercially successful
electromechanical stepping switch telephone exchange system. It was developed by
the Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange Company founded in 1891 by Almon
Brown Strowger. Because of its operational characteristics it is also known as a step-
by-step (SXS) switch.

1.2)Electronic Exchange:
An electronic switching system (ESS) is a telephone switch that uses solid-state
electronics, such as digital electronics) and computerized common control, to
interconnect telephone circuits for the purpose of establishing telephone calls.
Both strowger and electronic exchange use low speed data for transmission of voice
data.

1.3)ISDN(Integrated Services Digital Network):

ISDN or Integrated Services Digital Network is a circuit-switched telephone
network system that transmits both data and voice over a digital line. You can also
think of it as a set of communication standards to transmit data, voice, and
signalling. These digital lines could be copper lines. It was designed to move
outdated landline technology to digital.
1.4)IP(INTERNET PROTOCOL)EXCHANGE:
IP exchange or (IPX) is a telecommunications interconnection model for the
exchange of IP based traffic between customers of
separate mobile and fixed operators as well as other types of service provider (such
as ISP), via IP based Network-to-Network Interface. IPX is developed by the GSM
Association.

2)TYPES OF TELEPHONE:

2.1)ANALOG TELEPHONE:
A telephone that sends and receives electrical frequencies in the range of the
human voice. Analog phones have been the norm since the advent of telephones in the
late 1800s. Single-line and two-line phones that plug directly into landlines from the
telephone company are analog.
2.2) Digital Telephone:
Digital telephony is used by any equipment with internet connection, and it allows you to make
and receive VoIP calls. This technology enables a greater transmission capacity. So, both voice and
data can travel at the same time.

2.3)IP PHONES:

IP telephony refers to any phone system that uses an internet connection to send and
receive voice data. Unlike a regular telephone that uses landlines to transmit analog
signals, IP phones connect to the internet via a router and modem. The first publicly
available IP phone arrived on the market as early as 1995. But, compared to a standard
phone system, it had low audio quality and was prohibitively expensive. Since then,
internet-based phone technology has improved by leaps and bounds. IP telephony now
offers HD voice quality, cheaper running costs, and advanced business phone features.
3)Requirement:
A telephone exchange is a telephone system for a small geographic area that provides the
switching (interconnection) of subscriber lines for calls made between them. Telephone
exchanges replaced small telephone systems that connected its users with direct lines
between each and every subscriber station. In RWF connectivity is required within the
organisation and also outside the organisation for communication between other railways
and also non railway location.

4)Make & Model:

4.1)Coral make:
In RWF Coral Flexicom 6000 exchange is used .The Coral Flexicom 6000 exchange is a free
standing cabinet with one control shelf expandable and supporting up to 16 peripheral shelves.
Coral Flexicom 6000 Exchange can be connected to LAN through PUGW card. This card is the
VoIP interface in this exchange. PUGW card is to be configured with two IP address. One is for
Media Gateway and the other is for Signalling. Access can be made by IP phone, FXS interface or
IP Soft Phone.
4.2)IRIS IVDK:
IRIS IVDX Lite is an upgraded version of DX 2000, built around a powerful 32-Bit
ARM processor with a fully distributed architecture that not only allows faster
processing but also optimum utilization of main CPU time. Compact 8 and 12 port,
fully-featured Line cards are based on DSP (DUSLIC) design to support features like
DTMF generation & detection, Caller ID generation (up to Analog Extensions),
Polarity Reversal, On-Hook Transmission, Echo Cancellation, Message Waiting
Lamp & Fax/Modem detection.
 MAIN EXCHANGE IN RWF
In RWF the main exchange system used is a coral make exchange system. They have
about 600 subscribers and can programme up 1000 subscriber. The exchange system
consists about four racks and each rack can accommodate about 15 subscriber line
card or futuristic line card(FLC).The FLC card comes in the range of 16,24,32
subscribers.one FLC card can be programmed accommodate 32 subscriber or
ordinary telephones. And it also consist of digital card for digital telephone and can
accommodate 8 or 16 subscriber. The PRI card is responsible for providing
connections to other exchanges such as BSNL, South western railways(SWR) and
other railways all over India. The MCC card(Master controller card) this the main
processor card of the exchange and also RCPC card (Rack controller processor card)
this card is provided in each rack .

1)SUBSCRIBER LINE CARD OR FUTURISTIC LINE CARD (FLC):

In coral exchange name of the card is FLC(futuristic line card ).The futuristic line
card typically interfaces the twisted pair cable of a plain old telephone
service (POTS) local loop to the public switched telephone
network (PSTN). Telephone line cards perform multiple tasks, such as analog -to-
digital and digital-to-analog conversion of voice, off-hook detection, ring
supervision, line integrity tests. In some telephone exchange designs, the line cards
generate ringing current and decode signals. The line card in a subscriber loop
carrier is called a subscriber line interface card (SLIC). The FLC card consists about
32 subscriber which provides connectivity to 32 ordinary telephone numbers . The
card generally comes in 16,24or32 subscribers.

2)DIGITAL CARD:
In order to connect one phone to another, a phone call will be routed through a
number of switches which operate on local, regional, national or international
systems to Put it simply, a telephone exchange links your line with the receiver's line
to create a circuit this itself is a connected call. It usually supports digital phone
proprietary digital telephone same make as exchange and supports about 16
subscriber per card.
A line card or digital line card is a modular electronic circuit designed to fit on a
separate printed circuit board (PCB) and interface with a telecommunications access
network.

3)PRIMARY RATE INTERFACE CARD(PRI):

The PRI card uses the Primary Rate Interface standard to carry multiple voice and
data lines over traditional copper wire telephone lines. A PRI phone system is
connected to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) through a physical
connection and uses a circuit-switched model for making connections. Primary Rate
Interface is used in the telecommunications industry to send voice and data
transmissions over the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). ISDN gives you
better call quality and enables the transmission of data by making use of packet-
switched networks. The PRI is an end-to-end, digital telecommunications connection
that allows for 32 concurrent transmissions of voice, data, or video traffic between
the network and the user the PRI uses 4 wires one pair for transferring and another
one pair for receiving . The PRI line, or circuit, is a physical piece of equipment.

4)ANALOG TRUNK CARD:

These analog trunk lines carry a single channel of voice call per line meaning, one person can make
or receive a phone call from outside at any given point of time. These devices convert the analog
calls into IP so that an IP PBX can understand them and transmit them over the network.

5)COMBINATION CRAD:
The combination card comes in the coral exchange system. It is a combination of
analog, digital and analog trunk in a single card. It can support 16 analog subscriber,8
digital subscriber and 8 analog trunk subscriber and so total of 32 different subscriber
.

6)CONTROL CARD:

6.1)MCC CARD(MASTER CONTROLLER CARD): The master controller card is

the main processor card of the exchange. It is responsible for providing connectivity
for both incoming and outgoing calls meaning providing connection for telephone
who are trying
To call within the same exchange or different exchange.
6.2)RCPC CARD(RACK CONTROLLER PROCESSOR CARD):
The rack controller processor card(RCPC card) is provided in each rack.The each
rack as about 15 slots so it controls all the 15 PRI card in that rack. If the subscriber
is making an outgoing call it first communicates with RCPC Card and this later
communicates with MCC card and vice- versa for the incoming call also. Each rack
as two RCPC card one is in active mode and the other in standby mode. The standby
card undergoes duplication process:
i) COLD STANDBY: The extra spare card is available when the main
card fails the spare card is connected to the exchange till spare card is
connected exchange will not work.
ii) HOT STANDBY: spare card is kept connected when main control
card fails automatically spare card will take over it has a flash RAM
whatever data is there in the main RCPC card the same data copied
onto the stanby card.
The exchange usually has an HOT standby RCPC CARD so when the main card fails
the standby card can take over.

7)POWER SUPPLY:
The exchange works on -48v DC supply. The AC 230v is given as input to the battery
charger the output is given as 52v DC supply in this the 48v DC supply is given for
the working of the exchange and rest 4v is used for battery charging. Usually there
are two battery charger or two battery bank one is connected to the exchange and the
other is kept as spare. The cards in the exchange use +5v,-5v,+12v,-12v&-48v DC .

8)VSN CARD:
Voice card consists of standard voice recorded message which is predefined or
variable which is user programable. It’s a logger which records all the calls that are
made.
 TELEPHONE CABELS
Telephones are an important invention that have the ability to connect people all over
the world. They consist of numerous pairs of copper insulated wires having a
diameter that ranges from 0.3 to 0.9 and are either twisted into two or four pairs.
These pairs of wires are then connected to each phone jack in your house. There are
many different cables that serve different purposes and vary in configuration, size and
performance. Here are the most common types of telephone cables.
1. Coaxial cable
One of the most common telephone cables is called the coaxial cable. It is called
coaxial because it has one physical channel, which is an insulated layer that is a
woven shield of copper. This inner layer carries the signal and is surrounded by
another physical channel that is created out of a plastic sheath. The outer channel is
considered the ‘ground’ where many of the pairs of coaxial tubes are placed and
transmit information over a great distance. It is essential that you take proper
precautions to maintain your home electrical wire to ensure they are in perfect
working condition. Coaxial cables come in many different sizes and have various
performance and power-handling capabilities. In addition to serving as a
telecommunication connection, they can also be used to connect audio and video
equipment, LAN and television networks. A few coaxial cables include twin-axial,
bi-axial and RG/6 cables.
2. Twisted pair cable
Another type of telephone cable is the twisted pair cable which contains a pair of
copper wires- usually colour coded – that are twisted around each other. These cables
have a diameter in the range of 0.4 to 0.8 mm. In each twisted pair cable, the number
of twisted pairs can vary. In most cases, the higher the number of wire pairs, the
better, because it reduces the risk of cross talk and any external noise. However, it is
important to note that although twisted pair cables are incredibly cost-effective when
compared to other telephone cables, they have a high attenuation and low bandwidth.
There are essentially two types of twisted cables:
a. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
These twisted cables do not rely on a physical shield to block any connectivity issues
or interference. This is the most common type of twisted pair cable used for both
business and residential use. There are various UTPs that differ in their bandwidth as
you go up the scale. Like a CAT1 scale has 1Mbps and CAT2 has a bandwidth of up
to Mbps.
b. Shielded twisted pair
The second type of twisted cable is the shielded twisted pair (STP). Unlike the
unshielded twisted pair (UTP), the STP blocks external interference with foil jacket.
This type of twisted cable is used on a larger scale for big enterprises and high-end
applications that may be exposed to environmental elements.
3. Fibre optic cables
One of the latest telephone cables out there is the fibre optic cable. Unlike traditional
telephone cables that transmit data over copper wires, this cable uses optical fibres to
transmit data with light rather than electricity. For added protection, each of these
optical fibres has a plastic layer that is contained in a protective tube. This layer
makes it resistant to external interference resulting in an incredibly fast internet
connection that around 26,000 times faster than the connectivity provided by twisted
pair cables. There are two types of fibre optic cables
a. Single mode fibre optic cable
This cable has a small core and only allows one mode of light to enter at any given
time. This reduces the number of light reflections as they pass through the core of the
cable. This allows the data to travel faster and a low attenuation rate. This type of
fibre optic cable is commonly used in telecommunications.
b. Multimode fibre optic cable
This cable has a larger diameter and allows more modes of light and data to enter
through its core. Since the light is more dispersed in a multi-mode cable, there is a
lower attenuation rate and reduced bandwidth. The connection with a multimode
fiber optic cable can only be used for communication over a short distance like
telecommunications, LAN and security systems.
4. Jelly-filled telecom cable
A cable that is filled with petroleum jelly which is water resistant is a jelly filled
cable. This cable is an underground cable that uses the material polythene as
insulation on the conductors. The spaces between the conductors is filled with
petroleum jelly. This jelly has numerous benefits, for one it prevents the entry of
moisture or water from entering the core of the cable in the event that the cable is
damaged. Thy are suitable for both hot and cold climates.
COLOR CODE:
With the development of new generations of telecommunication cables with
polyethylene-insulated conductors (PIC) by Bell Laboratories for the Bell System in
the 1950s, new methods were developed to mark each individual conductor in cables.
Each wire is identified by the combination of two colours, one of which is the major
colour, and the second the minor colour. Major and minor colours are chosen from
two different groups of five, resulting in 25 colour combinations. The colour
combinations are applied to the insulation that covers each conductor. Typically, one
colour is a prominent background colour of the insulation, and the other is a tracer,
consisting of stripes, rings, or dots, applied over the background. The background
colour always matches the tracer colour of its paired conductor, and vice versa.
The major, or primary group of colours consists of the sequence of white, red, black,
yellow, and violet. The minor, or secondary colour is chosen from the sequence blue,
orange, green, brown, and slate.
 OFC(OPTICAL FIBER CABEL)
A fibre-optic cable, also known as an optical-fibre cable, is an assembly similar to
an electrical cable, but containing one or more optical fibres that are used to carry
light. The optical fibre elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers
and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable is
used. Different types of cable are used for different applications, for example, long
distance telecommunication, or providing a high-speed data connection between
different parts of a building. It follows total internal reflection principal for
transmission of light. The OFC is the core cable with 5,12,24 fibre in railways they
use 24 fibre OFC cabel.
 OFC EQUIPMENT
In telephone exchange or any other communication equipment we use electrical
signals for OFC equipment we need to convert electrical signal to light signal. The
electrical signal to light signal is converted using a optical line terminating equipment
(OLTE).

An optical line terminal (OLT) is the endpoint hardware device in a passive optical
network (PON).

An OLT has two primary functions:

1. Converting the standard signals used by a FiOS service provider to

the frequency and framing used by the PON system.
2. Coordinating the multiplexing between the conversion devices on the
optical network terminals (ONTs) located on the customers' premises.

The OLT contains a central processing unit (CPU), passive optical network cards,
a gateway router (GWR) and voice gateway (VGW) uplink cards. It can transmit a
data signal to users at 1490 nanometres (nm). That signal can serve up to 128 ONTs
at a range of up to 12.5 miles by using optical splitters.

As it was mentioned above there are two functions performed by OLT, and the main
function of OLT is to control the information float across the optical distribution
network (ODN), going both directions, while being located in a central office.
Maximum distance supported for transmitting across the ODN is 20 km. OLT has
two float directions: upstream (getting an distributing different type of data and voice
traffic from users) and downstream (getting data, voice and video traffic from metro
network or from a long-haul network and send it to all ONT modules on the ODN.
The OFC equipment in railways is used for connectivity from one station to other.
They use 24 core fibre one fibre is for transferring and another is for receiving. There
are 4 connections made between two stations the first two are the main connections
used foe communication between the two station and the other two is used as standby
for communication between the two station if the main connections fails.

1)IN RWF OFC EQUIPMENT IS USED FOR FOLLOWING

CONNECTIVITY:

1)PRI for SWR(south western railways): 2mbps

2)PRI for Railway STD: 2mbps
3)Internet Access: 200mbps
4)Passenger reservation system(PRS): Two circuits are used:- i) At Admin- 2mbps
ii) At east colony- 2mbps
5)Video conference- 6mbps
6)Video phone for GM-2mbps
7)Internet access for vigilance-2mbps
8) Internet access for accounts-2mbps
9)Electical department open access-2circuts-2mbps

2)STM(SYNCHRONOUS TRANSPORT MODULE):

In telecommunications networks, STM or Synchronous Transport Module is a fibre
optic network standard for SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy).The transmission
format is considered the main building block for Synchronous Digital Hierarchies.

The STM-1 (Synchronous Transport Module level-1) is the SDH ITU-T fibre
optic network transmission standard. It has a bit rate of 155.52mbps in practical we
get about 144mbps. Higher levels go up by a factor of 4 at a time: the other currently
supported levels are STM-4, STM-16, STM-64 and STM-256. Above STM-
256 wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is commonly used in submarine
cabling.

In RWF we are using STM-4 which gives 622.08mbps(155.52*4=622.08) but in

practical we get about 576mbps. The equipment is maintained by RCIL which is the
RAILTEL COPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED.
 OFC NETWORK
Optic fibre communication System (OFC) consisting of OFC cable, Quad cable and
associated electronics such as STM equipment’s etc. in the railways.

Transmitting power over an optical fibre has multiple advantages over transmitting
the same power over copper conductors as given below:
i) Greater bandwidth Fibre provides far greater bandwidth and greater fidelity
than copper wire.
ii) Low attenuation and greater distance Because the fibre optic signal is made of
light, very little signal loss occurs during transmission, and data can move at
higher speeds and greater distances.
iii) Security Your data is safe with fibre cable. It doesn’t radiate signals and is
extremely difficult to tap.
iv) Immunity and reliability Fibre provides extremely reliable data transmission.
It’s completely immune to many environmental factors that affect copper
cable. The core is made of glass, which is an insulator, so no electric current
can flow through. It’s immune to electromagnetic and radio-frequency
interference (EM/RFI), crosstalk, impedance problems, and more.
v) Design Fibre is lightweight, thin, and more durable than copper cable. Plus,
fibre optic cable has pulling specifications that are up to 10 times greater than
copper cables. Its small size makes it easier to handle, and it takes up much
less space in cabling ducts.
vi) Migration The proliferation and lower costs of media converters are making
copper to fibre migration much easier. The converters provide seamless links
and enable the use of existing hardware.
vii) Cost The cost for fibre cable, components, and hardware is steadily
decreasing. Installation costs for fibre are higher than copper because of the
skill needed for terminations. Overall, fibre is more expensive than copper in
the short run, but it may actually be less expensive in the long run.

Limitations of OFC :
· Difficulty in jointing (splicing)
· Highly skilled staff would be required for maintenance
· Precision and costly instruments are required
· Tapping for emergency and gate communication is difficult.
· Costly if under- utilized
· Special interface equipment’s required for Block working
· Accept uni-polar codes i.e. return to zero codes only.

In Railways 6 quad cables is used along with OFC keeping in view requirement of
quads for block instrument, emergency communication, gate telephone etc in non-
Automatic Block Signalling sections. It is also mentioned in the directives that in
Automatic Block Signalling (ABS) sections, where requirement of BPAC and block
instruments would not require, use of 4 quad cables will be adequate for axle counters
and other applications.
In the OFC networks in the railways use ring protection between stations for
communication if the main path fails between the station it uses the protection path
for communication.
 PASSENGER RESERVATION SYSTEM
Modernization of Ticketing System in Railways. Indian Railways provide
computerized PRS (Passenger Reservation System) and UTS (Unreserved Ticketing
System) counters at various locations. The Centre for Railway Information
Systems (CRIS) designs, develops, implements and maintains most of the important
information systems of Indian railways It is located in Chanakyapuri, New Delhi.
CRIS was established by India's Ministry of Railways in 1986. The Indian Railways
carries more than 10 lakh reserved passengers a day. The Passenger Reservation
System (PRS) of the Indian Railways carries out more than 15 lakh transactions a
day. The number of transactions far exceeds the number of passengers, because of
waitlisted tickets and cancellation. Only about 4 lakh transactions a day are done
through the IRCTC website. The remaining transactions, more than 10 lakh a day, are
carried out at the PRS counters. Therefore, the importance of the PRS counters
cannot be understated. The character mode PRS application runs on UNIX servers,
and is accessed online using Dumb Terminals and Thin Clients running in terminal
emulation mode. The system is completely network dependent. Passenger operated
kiosks for reservation are currently not provided. Third party reservation is now
mostly done at Internet cafes. Passenger Reservation System (PRS): A nationwide
online passenger reservation and ticketing system, developed and maintained by
CRIS, was developed in C and Fortran on a Digital OpenVMS operating system
using RTR (Reliable Transaction Router) as middleware.
 DTH(DIRECT TO HOME)
Direct to Home Technology provides better picture and sound quality. It also offers
services like internet access, video conferencing and email. HDTV (High Definition
TV) and 3D TV are the enhanced features of this Technology. It also has options to
record/rewind/pause live TV.

1)Components of DTH Technology

DTH (Direct to Home) System consists of the following components:
Dish Antenna
LNBF (Low Noise Block Down Converter plus Feedhorn)
Coaxial Cable
Set Top Box

Dish Antenna
It is a Parabolic Reflector. It receives the signal and redirects it to the LNBF which
works as receiver for signal transmitted by satellite Parabolic Reflector.
LNBF (Low Noise Block Down Converter Feedhorn)
Small metal horn antenna on the Dish is called as Feedhorn. It collects the signal
from dish and amplifies the signal bouncing off the dish and filters out the noise
(signals not carrying programming).
Coaxial Cable
It is the Cable that connects mini Dish and Set Top Box.
DTH Set Top Box
DTH Set Top Box, unlike the regular cable connection, decodes the encrypted
transmission data and converts these signals into audio & video signal.

2)Architecture of Direct To Home Technology

The architecture of Direct to Home System includes:
1)Satellite
2)Broadcasting Centre
3)Multiplexer
4)Modulator
5)Encoder
6)DTH Receiver
1)Satellite:
A Geo-Stationary Satellite plays an important role in Direct To Home system.
Satellites have a much larger “line of sight” range as they are higher in the sky than
TV antennas. It transmits the signals to the DTH Antenna.
2)Broadcasting Centre
The Broadcast Centre is the central hub of the system. The television provider
receives signals here from various programming sources and then beams a broadcast
signal to satellites which are in Geostationary orbit. The satellites receive the signals
from the broadcasting station and rebroadcast them to the ground.
3)Multiplexer
Multiplexer is a device which transmits the information of many channels in one
channel. It is a part of the broadcasting centre. In the Broadcasting Centre, the
Multiplexer compresses all the frequency signals into one single channel & transmits
it to the Geo-Stationary satellite. It sends the single channel to the Modulator.
4)Modulator
Modulation is a process in which the information signal is imposed on a carrier signal
which is of high strength. The Modulator modulates the signals and sends to the
Encoder.
5)Encoder
The Encoder encodes the signals to transmit the signals. The satellite sends the
signals to the DTH Antenna which further transmits them to the Set Top Box.
6)DTH Receiver
Receiver is the end component in the entire DTH System. It decodes or descrambles
the encrypted signal. For unlocking signal, it needs the proper decoder chip for that
programming package. The service provider can communicate with that chip with the
help of satellite signal to make required operations to its decoding program.

3)WORKING Direct To Home (DTH) Technology:

The Geo-Stationary Satellites which are located approximately 35700 km above the
Earth’s surface transmits signals to the Broadcast stations on the Earth’s Surface. The
Broadcast Centre receives the signals and Transponder on the satellite helps in
establishing Communication channel between Transmitting and Receiving Units.
Satellite rebroadcasts the signals which are encoded.
The Encoder converts the data, audio and video signals into the digital format and
these signals are muxed or combined by the multiplexer. There will be a small Dish
Antenna and Set Top Box at the user end to Receive, Decode and view numerous
channels.

Advantages of DTH Technology:

i) Greater service coverage.
ii) More channels.
iii) Better signal quality.
iv) Multiple language options.
v) Pay only for the channels and services that the user wants.
vi) Applications such as Parental Lock, Pre-booked Pay-Per-View and Impulse
Pay-Per-View.
Disadvantages of DTH Technology
i) One of the major problems for the subscribers of Direct To Home service is
unable to view any channel during heavy rains due to weak signals.
ii) Changing service provider is not easy as the user has to pay additional cost
to buy new Set Top Box from new service provider.
 TRAIN TRAFFIC CONTROL
AXLE COUNTER:
An axle counter is a device on a railway that detects the passing of a train between two
points on a track. A counting head (or detection point) is installed at each end of the
section, and as each train axle passes the counting head at the start of the section, a
counter increments. A detection point comprises two independent sensors, therefore
the device can detect the direction and speed of a train by the order and time in which
the sensors are passed. As the train passes a similar counting head at the end of the
section, the counter compares count at the end of the section with that recorded at the
beginning. If the two counts are the same, the section is presumed to be clear for a
second train.

This is carried out by safety critical computers called ‘evaluators’ which are centrally
located, with the detection points located at the required sites in the field. The detection
points are either connected to the evaluator via dedicated copper cable or via a
telecommunications transmission system. This allows the detection points to be located
significant distances from the evaluator. This is useful when using centralised
interlocking equipment but less so when signalling equipment is distributed at the
lineside in equipment cabinets.
SIGNALLING
Signalling is one of the most important components of the many which make up a
railway system. Train movement safety depends on it and the control and
management of trains depends on them. Over the years many signalling and train
control systems have been evolved so that today a highly technical and complex
industry has developed.
Interlocking
Another safety feature introduced in the mid-19th Century was mechanical
interlocking of points and signals. The purpose was to prevent the route for a train
being set up and its protecting signal cleared if there was already another, conflicting
route set up and the protecting signal for that route cleared. The interlocking was
performed by a series of mechanically interacting rods connected to the signal
operating levers in the signal box.

The arrangement of the rods physically prevented conflicting moves being set up. As
the systems developed, some larger signal cabins at complex junctions had huge
frames of interlocking levers, which gave the name "lever frame" to the row of
operating levers in a signal box.

Eventually, by the time signal levers were being replaced by small (miniature) levers or
push buttons, mechanical interlocking frames were superseded by relay interlockings.
Electro-magnetic relays were used in series to ensure the safety of route setting at
junctions. Complex "control tables" were drawn up to design the way in which these
relays would interact and to ensure safety and integrity. Now, most of this is
computerized.
The Track Circuit:
Nowadays for signalling purposes, trains are monitored automatically by means of
"track circuits". Track circuits were first tried in the US in the 1890s and soon
afterwards appeared in Britain. London Underground was the first large-scale user of
them when they introduced them in 1904-6 as part of their electrification
programmed.
Low voltage currents applied to the rails cause the signal, via a series of relays
(originally) or electronics (more recently) to show a "proceed" aspect. The current
flow will be interrupted by the presence of the wheels of a train. Such interruption
will cause the signal protecting that section to show a "stop" command. Any other
cause of current interruption will also cause a "stop" signal to show.
Such a system means that a failure gives a red aspect - a stop signal. The system is
sometimes referred to as "fail safe" or "vital". A "proceed" signal will only be
displayed if the current does flow. Most European main lines with moderate or heavy
traffic flows are equipped with colour light signals operated automatically or semi-
automatically using track circuit train detection

Track Circuit - Block Unoccupied:

Track Circuit - Block Occupied:

The above provides a simplified description of the track circuit. The reality is somewhat
more complex. A block section is normally separated electrically from its
neighbouring sections by insulated joints in the rails. However, more recent
installations use electronics to allow jointless track circuits. Also, some areas have
additional circuits which allow the signals to be manually held at red from a signal
box or control centre, even if the section is clear. These are known as semi-automatic
signals. Even more complexity is required at junctions.

Multi-Aspect Signals
The basic, two-aspect, red/green signal is fine for lower speed operation but for
anything over about 50 km/h the driver of a train needs a warning of a red signal
ahead to give him room to stop. This led to the idea of caution signals (originally
called "distant" signals when they were mechanically operated semaphore arms)
placed far enough back from the signal protecting the entrance to the block to give
the driver a warning and a safe braking distance in which to stop. When this was
developed for track circuited signalling, the caution signal was provided a block
further back from the stop signal. Each signal would now show a red, yellow or green
aspect - a multi-aspect signal.

The diagram shows a line with 3-aspect signals. The block occupied by Train 1 is
protected by the red signal at the entrance to the block. The block behind is clear of
trains but a yellow signal provides advanced warning of the red aspect ahead. This
block provides the safe braking distance for Train 2. The next block in rear is also
clear of trains and shows a green signal. The driver of Train 2 sees the green signal
and knows he has at least two clear blocks ahead of him and can maintain the
maximum allowed speed over this line until he sees the yellow.
 COLSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION(CCTV)
CCTV stands for Closed Circuit Television. It is a video system that consists of
strategically placed video cameras around an area that records footage, and is then
transmitted to a display monitor(s) for real-time viewing as well as footage playback.

1)COMPONENETS OF CCTV:
i) Camera
ii) Display
iii) Storage

1)CAMERA:
A camera is an optical instrument that captures a visual image. At a basic level,
cameras as a small hole that allows light in to capture an image on a light-sensitive
surface usually photographic film or a digital sensor. Cameras have various
mechanisms to control how the light falls onto the light-sensitive
surface. Lenses focus the light entering the camera and the size of the aperture can be
widened or narrowed. A shutter mechanism determines the amount of time
the photosensitive surface is exposed to the light.
TYPES OF CAMERS:
I)Wired security cameras use cables to transmit footage and conduct video
surveillance, but the signal can weaken when the transmission range exceeds 300
meters. Using the appropriate networking cables, switches, and signal boosters can
help overcome this problem. Several cameras can be interconnected to a single
monitor located in a security room.
II)Analog cameras have been around for years and are still the most common type
of CCTV camera installed today. They have basic functionality and store video
onsite.
III)IP (Internet protocol) cameras carry out the same functions as their analog
counterparts, but with vastly greater capabilities. IP cameras boast sharper, higher
resolution images and more flexible features like remote zoom and repositioning.
They also give you the option to view footage on a web browser. This makes it
possible to receive notifications regarding anything peculiar your cameras records—
such as movement inside your business at 3:00 am—and view it live from anywhere
via a computer or smartphone. The major drawback of IP cameras is their higher
price tag.
2)DISPLAY:
To view live or recorded footage from your security cameras, you must hook up your
DVR or NVR to a TV or monitor. The display unit for your CCTV system can range
from a simple monochrome screen to an HD colour monitor. If you have IP cameras,
you can also view footage remotely from a smartphone or computer.
I)DVRs, or digital video recorders, are the modern replacement for analog recorders
that use videotapes. DVRs capture footage from analog cameras in a digital format at
the desired resolution and frames per second. When the hard disk gets full, new
images will record over the oldest footage first.
II)NVRs, or network video recorders, work similarly to DVRs, but they’re
compatible with IP cameras. Your cameras and NVR connect via a network switch or
router. You can easily access footage on an NVR through a web browser or mobile
app.

3)STORAGE:
To Make sure to select surveillance-grade hard disks for your DVR or NVR. These
are built with more durable components than regular computer hard drives so they
can run 24/7 if necessary.
 Conclusion
On the whole, this internship was a useful experience. I have gained new
knowledge, skills and met many new people.

I’d Like to express my sincere gratitude to all who guided and helped us
throughout my internship period.

I achieved several of my learning goals. I got insight into professional

practice. I learned the different facets of working within an Industrial Plant.

I experienced that financing, as in many organisations, is an important

factor for the progress of projects.

Related to my study I learned more about the Different Aspects & method
of Signalling and Telecommunication . There is still a lot for me to
discover about myself and to improve.

The internship was also good to find out what my strengths and
weaknesses are. This helped me to define what skills and knowledge I
have to improve in the coming time.

It would be better that the knowledge level of the language is sufficient to

contribute fully to projects. After my bachelors I think that I could start my
working career.

However, I could perform certain tasks in research better if I practice/know

more the research methodologies applied in certain studies.
It would also be better if I can present and express myself more
confidently.

At last this internship has given me new insights and motivation to pursue
a career in Production Industry.
 REFERENCES
1) https://www.conceptdraw.com/examples/block-diagram-working-of-cctv-camera

2)Rakib, Sakhawat, Switching and Signaling in Telecommunication Network, 1984

3)Elements of Railway Signaling, General Railway Signal (June 1979)
4)Brian, Frank W. Railroad's Traffic Control Systems. Trains. Kalmbach Publishing Co.
Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2006.

5)CS Chang, CS Chua, HB Quek, Development of train movement simulator for analysis and
optimization of railway signaling systems, IET Digital Library,2000.