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10th Grade Mark scheme/ Human Digestion:

Question 1:
(a)

(b)

• saliva
– amylase
» enzyme digests starch
– mucin
» slippery protein (mucus)
» protects soft lining of digestive system
» lubricates food for easier swallowing
– buffers
» neutralizes acid to prevent tooth decay
– anti-bacterial chemicals
» kill bacteria that enter mouth with food
Other section: Contraction of longitudinal muscle expand the lumen in front of the food giving it space to
move into. Contraction of circular muscles behind the food propels it forwards.

(c)
 (d)

Question 2:
(a)
as age increases liver transplant due to cancer increases
(b)

a. hemoglobin taken up by Kupffer cells ✔ Do not accept confusion between erythrocytes and hemoglobin.

b. broken down into heme and globins ✔

c. globin hydrolysed/broken down to amino acids ✔

d. iron removed from heme group
OR
heme broken down to form bilirubin/bile pigment ✔

(c)
When the bile ducts become blocked, bile builds up in the liver, and jaundice (yellow color of the skin)
develops due to the increasing level of bilirubin in the blood.

Question 3
(a) stomach 1

(b) enzymes speed up the digestive processes;

(chemical) break down of food/food particles/large molecules;
make soluble products/molecules small enough to be absorbed;
 (c)

(d)
a. reduced resistance to pathogens ✔

b. pH not optimum for pepsin activity ✔

c. activation of enzymes/pepsinogen is reduced ✔

d. reduced food/protein digestion ✔

Question 4: