GROUP 3

ASSIGNMENT 2: FUZZY LOGIC

‘RAINFALL PREDICTOR’

GROUP MEMBERS STUDENT CLASS

ID
1. NUR NAZIFAH BINTI MOHD YUSRI 2018272834 EE2428B

2. NUR ANIS NAJWA BINTI SAIMI 2018200264 EE2428B

3. NAJAH ZAHIRAH BINTI MOHD NASIR 2018259988 EE2428B

4. NUR ASMA SYAZWINA BINTI RASHID 2018200348 EE2428B

5. NOR ZULAIKA ZAFIRAH BINTI AZMIN 2019314963 EE2828A

LECTURER’S NAME : PROFESSOR IR. DR. ZUHAINA BT HAJI ZAKARIA

 SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
EPO666: SELECTED TOPICS FOR POWER ENGINEERING
ASSIGNMENT EVALUATION FORM

Weighted
Marks Marks
Performance Criteria CO PO Marks Obtained
Alloted (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (WMO)
Very Weak Weak Moderate Strong Very Strong
Introduction: CO3 PO 12 15 Introductio Introduction Introduction Introduction is Introduction is =(MX3)
Discuss the appropriate industrial n is given is given but is complete complete and complete and
process related to engineering field but not not but without includes includes
Appropriate complete references references references
Demonstrate needs in life-long from various
learning resources

Contents: CO1 PO6 30 Perform Perform the Perform the Perform the Perform the =(MX6)
Discuss the societal, health, safety, (WP1, only partial assigned assigned assigned assigned
legal and cultural issues pertaining WP3, of the tasks tasks with tasks within tasks beyond
to working environment WP4, assigned without references expectation, expectation,
WP7) tasks references complete with complete with
Identify the advantages and references references
disadvantages of the selected
method based on societal, health,
safety, legal and cultural issues
and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to
professional engineering practice
 CO2 PO7 30 Perform Perform Perform Perform the Perform =(MX6)
Contents:
(WP1, only partial assigned assigned assigned assigned
Explain the latest technologies
WP3, of the tasks tasks with tasks within tasks beyond
available in industries in
WP4, assigned without references expectation, expectation,
addressing the element of
WP7) tasks references complete with complete with
sustainable development goal
references references
Discuss the reasons for the
selection while considering the
effect on the society,
environmental and sustainable
development. Consequent
responsibilities relevant to
professional engineering practice

Conclusion: CO3 PO12 15 Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion is Conclusion is =(MX3)

Discuss the appropriate industrial is given but is given and is given and given and given and
process related to engineering not partially partially aligned with aligned with
field. aligned aligned with aligned with the one of the both contents
with the the one of both contents
Demonstrate needs in life-long content the contents contents
learning.

90 TOTAL WMO
Max Marks
 Introduction | Rainfall Predictor

1.0 Introduction

1) Fuzzy Logic

Engineering and technology provide us the ability to build and develop applications that
serve us in the actual world. In this regard, fuzzy logic is a gift to us, since it may be used in a
wide range of commercial applications. [4] Additionally, attempts are being made to supply
diverse sectors of applications that use fuzzy logic's services. [5] Fuzzy logic is a pattern
recognition theory that was created to identify the imprecise with precision. It is now mostly
used in applied fields like control and systems engineering. [2] With the goal of converting
numeric value to fuzzy set, fuzzy logic tends to express human reflection by combining: IF–
THEN rules and logical operators AND–OR (Fuzzification process). Each fuzzy set is allocated
a membership and then transformed to a numerical value using "if–then" logic (Defuzzification
process). [1] Fuzzy logic is multi value logic which evaluate its data with respect to Boolean
logic (yes or no, true or false). For some project, due to the high number of rules, arriving at a
judgment will be challenging. Fuzzy logic, on the other hand, plays a key role in project
management and has been effectively used to deal with project uncertainty. [3]

Figure 1.1: Fuzzy Logic Configuration

For process control, optimization, performance assessment, and categorization, fuzzy logic
has been employed in a variety of research. [3] Hissel et al. (2004) suggested a fuzzy logic-
based PEMFC diagnostic model for detecting water management issues. [1] Other than that,
because shrimp farming is frequently located in complicated environments that are influenced
by variables such as pH, salt levels, and temperature, researchers have begun to use fuzzy logic
systems in these settings. The use of a fuzzy logic system also might help farmers plan for
catastrophes, especially in times of climate uncertainty and environmental degradation. [2] Not
only are computer science applications benefiting from fuzzy logic, but so are mechanical
engineering, electronics and communication, traffic control, and other areas [5]. As a result,

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 Introduction | Rainfall Predictor

there is a wide range of applications and their applicability. The fuzzy system's ability makes
it more and more acceptable in our real-world problem-solving method [6].

2) Rainfall Prediction Fuzzy Logic System

The major focus of this fuzzy inference system is on predicting rainfall using wind and
temperature variations. The fuzzy rule basis is created via Mamdani implication. This was done
with Matlab fuzzy tool box software.

Input and output of Rainfall Predictor

The input data, such as humidity, temperature, and other meteorological parameters,
fluctuates in a sensible manner. In this system there are two input variables and one output
variable. The input variables are temperature and wind speed, while the output variable is the
rainfall.

Figure 1.2: Fuzzy Logic Designer of Rainfall Predictor

The reason used temperature as input because the temperature of the air determines
whether it is snow, rain, sleet, or hail. The precipitation will most likely be rain if the air
temperature is above freezing. The precipitation will most likely be snow if the air temperature
is below freezing. [27] On the other hand, the wind is also basic meteorological variable. The
sun heats the Earth's surface and atmosphere, causing winds to blow, which transport heat and
moisture from one location to another. The weather we experience on a daily basis is
determined by changes in large-scale wind circulation patterns. For assessing the condition of
the atmosphere at certain periods and locations on Earth, observations of wind speed and
direction, as well as other factors like temperature are required. [28]

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 Introduction | Rainfall Predictor

Membership Function for Rainfall Prediction Variables

A membership function is a curve that describes how each input value is transferred to
a membership value. As a result, it indicates the degree to which a given input is connected to
a set or a notion. [28]

Linguistic variable is a variable whose value are sentences in a natural or artificial

language. Each of linguistic terms is associated with a fuzzy set defined by a corresponding
membership function. The values of the fuzzy variable temperature and wind speed are divided
into five fuzzy sets of membership function which are very low (VL), low (L), normal, high
(H) and very high (VH) as shown in Figure 1.3 and 1.4. Figure 1.5 shows five fuzzy sets of
membership function of output which are very low, low, normal, high and very high. All the
linguistic variables were choosen for each membership function based on the input and output
variable itself.

Figure 1.3: Membership function of Input Variable 1 (Temperature)

The range used for temperature is between 0 to 30. All the membership function used the
triangular membership function, only VL using the trapezoidal membership function. The
parameter for each membership function shown as below:

1. VL = [-10 -5 5 10]
2. L = [5 10 15]
3. Normal = [10 15 20]
4. H = [15 20 25]
5. VH = [20 25 25]

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 Introduction | Rainfall Predictor

Figure 1.4: Membership function of Input Variable 2 (Wind Speed)

The range used for wind speed is between 0 to 14. All the membership function used the
triangular membership function. The parameter for each membership function shown as below:

1. VL = [2 2 4]
2. L = [2 4 6]
3. Normal = [4 6 8]
4. H = [6 8 10]
5. VH = [8 10 12]

Figure 1.5: Membership function of Output Variable (Rainfall)

The range used for rainfall is between 0 to 100. All the membership function used the
triangular membership function. The parameter for each membership function shown as below:

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 Introduction | Rainfall Predictor

1. VL = [0 10 30]
2. L = [10 30 50]
3. Normal = [30 50 70]
4. H = [50 70 90]
5. VH = [70 90 100]

Rules

Historical data can be used to acquire the fuzzy rule base, which is then used to test the
rule base's performance. If this is not acceptable, the fuzzy membership functions and/or
character is altered, and a new rule base is created. The testing of the system is done several
times, as are the forms of the membership function, to develop the proper rule-based system
[7]. Train and set is the term for this procedure. For a huge data collection, this is the most
beneficial option. For this system, the selection of rules is based on the problem itself.

Figure 1.6: Fuzzy Rule Base 1-8

Figure 1.7: Fuzzy Rule Base 9-16

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 Introduction | Rainfall Predictor

Figure 1.8: Fuzzy Rule Base 17-25

Predicted output using Rule and Surface Viewer

The use of Rule Viewer is to view and comprehend the complete fuzzy inference
process at once. The Rule Viewer also demonstrates how the structure of some membership
functions affects the final outcome. [8] The input values may be change to see the output of
each fuzzy rule, the aggregated output fuzzy set, and the defuzzified output value. To view the
inference process, first must define the input and output variables, as well as their related
membership functions and fuzzy rules. [9] As shown in Figure 1.2 above, the temperature is
set at 15 and the wind speed is set at 7. The result for total percentage rainfall comes out to be
50%.

Figure 1.9: Rule Viewer of Rainfall Predictor

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 Introduction | Rainfall Predictor

Figure 1.10: Surface Viewer of Rainfall Predictor

Surface viewer show the output surface for any system output vs any one or two system
inputs is shown in this graphic. It displays the reliance of one of the outputs on any one or two
of the inputs. [8]

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 Issues | Rainfall Predictor

2.0 Issues Pertaining to Working Environment

Discuss the societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues pertaining to working environment.

Climates change is widely regarded as one of the most serious challenges to both
environment and humanity today. It is an undeniable, widespread, and insidious global problem
affecting all aspects of our lives and future. Rainfall continues to be one of the most important
meteorological elements in many parts of our everyday life. Floods and other extreme weather
events are predicted to become more common and divesting in the coming years as a result of
climate change. [10]

Weather forecasting, on the other hand, is one of the most important and challenging
operational duties carried out by meteorological agencies all over the world. Rainfall forecasting
is an important approach these days. Every year, many people are killed or displaced as a result of
excessive rain and flooding [11]. Shallow landslides and debris flow triggered by excessive rainfall
are common and catastrophic natural hazards in mountainous areas. Landslides, which have
complicated geographical histories, are frequently the material sources of debris flows, and they
can occur in conjunction as a hazard chain [12].

Next, the socio-economic implications of rainfall are significant, ranging from

infrastructure damage in the case of a flood to interruptions in the transportation network [10].
Therefore, the prediction of rainfall is a major tool these days. Those implications will end up
involving all parties. As a result of the damages, there will be no place for them to take shelter, to
go work and so on. When the transportation is interrupted, those people who are involved will be
having trouble moving from here to there.

Apart from that, rainfall forecast information is extremely valuable in agricultural settings,
because the majority of crop irrigation is dependent on rainwater. Physical damage, agricultural
harvest loss, decrease in productivity, vitality, and other crop potential effects are examples of
direct and indirect effects of severe rainfall. Thus, the occurrence of a calamity due to significant
rainfall might have a negative influence on the economic, social life, and psyche of those impacted.

More significantly, recent research has shown that meteorological conditions might
potentially enhance air pollution (another important issue of discussion with climate change in

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 Issues | Rainfall Predictor

recent years) during the winter and summer seasons [13]. It is important to highlight that rising air
pollution causes health concerns such as asthma and other lung-related issues.

Direct consequences might include heat-related mortality or respiratory disorders caused

by air pollution, while indirect consequences could include increased food and water-borne
infections caused by changes in rainfall patterns. According to an Institute for Medical Research
(IMR) model, heavy rainfall is necessary for high dengue transmission [14]. As a result, several
researchers have explored and recommended rainfall forecasting systems as a mitigation strategy
to be prepared for any scenario.

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 Advantages, Disadvantages and Consequent | Rainfall Predictor

3.0 Advantages, Disadvantages and Consequent

Identify the advantages and disadvantages of the selected method based on societal, health,
safety, legal and cultural issues, and the consequent responsibilities relevant to professional
engineering practice.

Societal

Advantages

 Rain prediction improves in comprehending previous weather models, which can speed
up decision-making before starting the activity.
 Damage the property which requires high compensation will be minimised if rain
prediction is implemented.
 The society will schedule ahead of time for long-distance driving to avoid poor
visibility.

Health

Advantages

 Rain prediction will keep individuals from becoming extremely ill as a consequence of
unpredictable rainfall.
 Rain forecasting will eliminate a lot of life-threatening floods.

Safety

Advantages

 Rain prediction will minimise flood-related death in the society.

 There will be no sudden flood in the urban area [15].
 Rain forecasting can help to keep construction workers safe. Rain not only increases
the risk of injuries and accidents, but it also reduces vision and the ability to concentrate
on their assigned job.

Cultural issues

Advantages

 Agricultural- Most of the crop irrigation is depending on rainwater [16].

 Monitoring of pollutant concentration levels.

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 Advantages, Disadvantages and Consequent | Rainfall Predictor

 Accurate decision-making enables farmers to make critical decisions which do not

result in massive losses and encourages farmers in meticulous planning.

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 Latest Technologies on Sustainable Development Goal | Rainfall Predictor

4.0 Latest Technologies on Sustainable Development Goal

Explain the latest technologies available in industries in addressing the element of sustainable
development goal.

Modern sustainable development goals explicitly include minimizing cross-scale

human impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services [19]. There are three major obstacles in
assessing the progress of sustainability policies. First, the lack of quantifiable benchmarks for
complicated sustainability goals makes assessing policy performance difficult, especially when
goals are unclear, broad, or do not fully reflect stakeholder desires. Moreover, ambiguous or
insufficient data make judgments difficult, necessitating the use of proxy and composite
indicators. Thus, fuzzy logic provides a useful framework for assessing and managing
organizational sustainability.

The process of fuzzy reasoning used includes several stages including determination of
rules, fuzzification or transforming numerical values of individual indicators into fuzzy values
of linguistic variables and defuzzification or transforming fuzzy values of the linguistic
variables used to evaluate sustainability into specific numerical values of sustainability
indicators [17].

Fuzzy inference is the process of formulating the mapping from a given input to an output
using fuzzy logic. The mapping then provides a basis from which decisions can be made, or
patterns discerned. Fuzzy inference systems have been successfully applied in fields such as
automatic control, data classification, decision analysis, expert systems, and computer vision.
Because of its multidisciplinary nature, fuzzy inference systems are associated with a number
of names, such as fuzzy-rule based systems, fuzzy expert systems, fuzzy modeling, fuzzy
associative memory, fuzzy logic controllers, and simply (and ambiguously) fuzzy systems [18].

In fuzzy logic, values of variables are expressed by linguistic terms, the relationship is
defined in terms of IF-THEN rules and the outputs are also fuzzy subsets which can be made
crisp using defuzzification techniques. First the crisp values of system variables are fuzzified
to express them in linguistic terms. Fuzzification is a method for determining the degree of
membership that a value has to a particular fuzzy set. This is determined by evaluating the
membership function of the fuzzy set for the value [18] The fuzzy logic expert system

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 Latest Technologies on Sustainable Development Goal | Rainfall Predictor

developed here allows for evaluating progress towards sustainability policy goals, highlighting
the key factors in progress, and prioritizing research and collection of information.

For this task, fuzzy regions were divided into five areas such as, very low, low,
normal, high and very high. After the analysis of sensitivity for rain fuzzy division
and above-mentioned signals, the general form of a collected fuzzy membership
functions are assigned. As a result, Mamdani fuzzy inference system has used for
seasonal rainfall forecasting. There are 2 inputs used which are temperature and wind
speed; and 1 output which is rainfall.

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 Reasons and Consequent | Rainfall Predictor

5.0 Reasons and Consequent

Discuss the reasons for the selection while considering the effect on the society, environmental
and sustainable development. Consequent responsibilities relevant to professional engineering
practice.

Rainfall prediction is important as heavy rainfall can lead to many disasters. Therefore,
rainfall prediction is chosen because it can help people to take preventive measures and
moreover the prediction should be accurate. Without the prediction, the excessive and irregular
rainfall will affect the society, environmental and also the sustainable development. By having
a good prediction, it primarily benefits the society such as farmers, and water resources may
be used more efficiently [20]. Agriculture and farming are heavily reliant on the seasons and
weather such as the rainfall [21], [22]. Accurate prediction allows farmers to make educated
decisions that will not result in losses and helps in the proper planning of farming activities.

Next, the selection of this rainfall prediction was also selected to assist the society in
making plans that involve outdoors activities. Weather and climate factors are thought to
influence environmental variables important for outdoor recreation activities. The background
and culture, as well as the quality of recreation experiences, were all factors in the kind of
activity [23]. From the fuzzy inference system, the temperature and the wind speed are a
significant factor to consider before enrolling in outdoor activities. These relevant factors may
be seen in almost any prediction.

Other than that, the selection of rainfall prediction because it is an important and useful
tool these days. Every year, many individuals are dead or expelled as a result of heavy rains
and floods [22]. Meanwhile, this prediction was considered because it has the potential to
minimise flood-related deaths in the society. Furthermore, this prediction might help the
society prepare for a severe flood that will cause property damage [24]. Therefore, an early
prediction is required for early warning that can limit risks to life and property.

Besides, the selection of this rainfall prediction is also significant for the environment.
This is because if a flood hits without warning due to no rainfall prediction, it will pollute the
environment. This is caused by flood water dragging rubbish and clogging sewers. It has a
negative impact not just on the environment but also on society since it emits an unpleasant
scent. Therefore, rainfall prediction model is necessary to prevent the occurrence of floods that
harm the environment.

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 Reasons and Consequent | Rainfall Predictor

Last but not least, the rainfall prediction is selected because it has a good effect on
sustainable development. Real-Time Control (RTC) technology used in Rainwater Harvesting
Systems (RWH) can increase performance in areas such as water supply, flood control, and
environmental flow providing. Such systems use rainfall prediction information to release
water prior to storm events, reducing uncontrolled overflows [25].

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 Conclusion | Rainfall Predictor

6.0 Conclusion

There are many issues that ultimately encourage the growth of new technologies and
systems. These issues include societal, health, safety, legal and cultural. In order to create a
good system, careful evaluation must be made to ensure its impact on users and the
environment. This project introduced rainfall predictor using fuzzy inference system. By
considering the situation looks uncertainties, fuzzy logic offers important flexibility. Fuzzy
logic helps in solving all relevant evidence and making the best conclusion possible on
determining the rainfall percentage. The fuzzy logic technique simulates human decision-
making by taking into account all possible outcomes between True and False digital values of
temperature and wind speed variables. The rainfall prediction can really reduce the risks to
people's lives and property, as well as better managing life.

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 References | Rainfall Predictor

7.0 References

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[2] Adetunji C, Anani O, Olugbemi O, Hefft D, Wilson N, Olayinka A. Toward the design of
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[3] Mohammadi V, Minaei S. Artificial Intelligence in the Production Process. Engineering

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