Example of solution the problem 2 of course work.

To design a helicopter transmission shafts V1 , V2 un V3 of the strength and stiffness

conditions in two versions: ring (1) and round cross-section (2). Compare alternatives
using transmission theoretical weight criterion.

Transmission scheme:

1 2
3 4

1 2
3 4 5

1 2
V1 the shaft of engine (1-2)
V2 the shaft of transmission (3-4)
V3 the shaft of the tail propeller (4-5)

Input data:
1. Information about the helicopter power plant
1.1.Number of engines………………………………2
1.2.An engine power at output shaft…………….1200 kW
1.3.The rotation frequency of engine shaft …………10000 rev/min
1.4.Portion of general power for the tail propeller ……0.12

2. Information about the transfer ratios between shafts

2.1. V1 un V2 …………………………………….8
2.2. V2 un V3 ……………………………………..2

3. Geometrical parameters of shafts

3.1.Length of the shat V1 ……………………1 m
3.2.Length of the shat V2 …………………………8 m
3.3.Length of the shat V3 …………………………1.5 m
3.4.A ring cross-section ratio of diameters……………. 0.8

4. Material mechanical properties and safety coefficient.

4.1.All shafts material is steel with:
• Yield stress………………………………1100 MPa
 • Elasticity shear modulus ………………………….8ּ104 MPa
• Density………………………………………..8500 kg/m3

4.2.Safety coefficient ……………………………..1.5

5. Allowable (admissible) relative angle of torsion …………………1 °/m

Solution:

1. Shaft V1 (engine shaft) torque

1.1. Shaft V1 angular velocity

2πn 2π 10000
ω1 = = = 1047.2 rad / s
60 60

1.2. Shaft V1 torque

W 1200
M z1 = = = 1.15 kNm
ω1 1047.2

2. Allowable (admissible) stress

τ lim550
τ adm = = = 366.7 MPa
f 1 .5
where τ lim = 0.5σ 0.2 = 0.5 ⋅ 1100 = 550 MPa, σ 0.2 = 1100 MPa is yield stress

3. Shaft V1 safe dimensions

3.1. From strength condition

16 M z 16 ⋅ 1.15 ⋅ 10 −3
D1τ = 3 =3 = 0.0301m = 30.1mm
π (1 − α 4 )τ adm ( )
π 1 − 0.8 4 366.7

3.2. From stiffness condition

32 M z 32 ⋅ 1.15 ⋅ 10 −3
D1θ = 4 =4 = 0.0613m = 61.3mm
π (1 − α 4 )Gθ adm ( )
π 1 − 0.8 4 8 ⋅ 10 4 ⋅ 1 / 57.3

3.3. Accepted diameters

Outer diameter
D1 = max ( D1τ , D1θ ) = 61.3mm
Inner diameter
d 1 = αD1 = 0.8 ⋅ 61.3 = 49.1mm
Cross-section area

π (D12 − d 12 ) π (6.13 2 − 4.91 2 )

A1 = = = 10.64cm 2
4 4
3.4. Theoretical mass of the shaft V1

m 1 = ρA1 l 1 = 8500 ⋅ 10.64 ⋅ 10 −4 ⋅ 1 = 9.04kg

4. Shaft V2 torque

4.1. Angular velocity of the shaft V2

ω1 1047.2
ω2 = = = 130.9 rad / s
i 12 8

4.2. Shaft V2 power

W 2 = W ap = β Wndz = 0.12 ⋅ 1200 ⋅ 2 = 288kW

where n dz is number of engines.

4.3. Shaft V2 torque

W2
288
M z2 = =
= 2.2 kNm
ω 2 130.9
5. Shaft V2 safe dimensions
5.1. From strength condition

16 M z 2 16 ⋅ 2.2 ⋅ 10 −3
D2τ = 3 = 3 = 0.0374m = 37.4mm
π (1 − α 4 )τ adm ( )
π 1 − 0.8 4 366.7

5.2. From stiffness condition

32 M z 2 32 ⋅ 2.2 ⋅ 10 −3
D2θ = 4 =4 = 0.0722m = 72.2mm
π (1 − α 4 )Gθ adm ( )
π 1 − 0.8 4 8 ⋅ 10 4 ⋅ 1 / 57.3

5.3. Accepted diameters

Outer diameter
D2 = max ( D 2τ , D2θ ) = 72.2mm

Inner diameter
d 2 = αD2 = 0.8 ⋅ 72.2 = 57.8mm

Cross-section area
 π (D22 − d 212 ) π (7.22 2 − 5.78 2 )
A2 = = = 14.74cm 2
4 4
5.4. Shaft V2 theoretical mass

m 2 = ρA2 l 2 = 8500 ⋅ 14.74 ⋅ 10 −4 ⋅ 8 = 100.25kg

6. Shaft V3 safe dimensions

6.1. Angular velocity of the shaft V3

ω2 130.9
ω3 = = = 65.45 rad / s
i 23 2

6.2. Shaft V3 power

W 3 = W 2 = β Wndz = 288kW

6.3. Shaft V3 torque

W3 288
M z3 = = = 4.4 kNm
ω3 65.45

7. Shaft V3 safe dimensions

7.1. From strength condition a

16 M z 3 16 ⋅ 4.4 ⋅ 10 −3
D3τ = 3 =3 = 0.0471m = 47.1mm
π (1 − α 4 )τ adm ( )
π 1 − 0.8 4 366.7

7.2. From stiffness condition

32 M z 3 32 ⋅ 4.4 ⋅ 10 −3
D3θ = 4 = 4 = 0.0859m = 85.9mm
π (1 − α 4 )Gθ adm ( )
π 1 − 0.8 4 8 ⋅ 10 4 ⋅ 1 / 57.3

7.3. Accepted diameters

Outer diameter
D 3 = max ( D 3τ , D 3θ ) = 85.9mm
Inner diameter
d 3 = αD3 = 0.8 ⋅ 85.9 = 68.7 mm
Cross-section area

A3 =
(
π D32 − d 32
=
) (
π 8.59 2 − 6.87 2
= 20.85cm 2
)
4 4
7.4. Shaft V3 theoretical mass
 m 3 = ρA3 l 3 = 8500 ⋅ 20.85 ⋅ 10 −4 ⋅ 1.5 = 26.58kg

8. All shafts of transmission total theoretical mass

m = 2 ⋅ m 1 + m 2 + m 3 = 2 ⋅ 9.04 + 100.25 + 26.58 = 144.92kg

9. Designing results of transmission with round cross-section of the shaft.

Table 1. Diameter of round cross-section of the shaft and their mass

Shaft Diameter of cross- cross-section Shaft theoretical
number section, mm area, cm2 mass, kg
V1 53.4 22.71 19.3
V2 63.3 31.47 214
V3 75.27 44.5 56.74

10. Total theoretical mass of transmission with round cross-section of the shaft

m a = 2 ⋅ m 1 + m 2 + m 3 = 2 ⋅ 19.3 + 214 + 56.74 = 309.32kg

11. Comparison of theoretical mass of transmissions with round and ring cross-
section

m a 309.32
= = 2.13
m 144.92

So, the ring cross-section transmission of 2.13 times lighter than the transmission
with round cross-section of shafts.