GRADUATE SCHOOL

General Luna Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600

Telefax No.: (074) 442-3071 loc 211 Website: www.ubaguio.edu E-mail Address: ubgradschool@ubaguio.edu

Proposed title Number (Number your proposed title according to your (preference): 1

Name of student: REX A. BAYANGAN Date: March 27, 2022

Program: GSMRES1_GSMPA_METHODS OF RESEARCH
Proposed Title: IMPACTS OF MODERNIZATION ON TRADITIONAL PUBLIC UTILITY JEEPNEYS IN
THE CITY OF BAGUIO.

Rationale (5 to 7 sentences):

Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP) one of the flagship programs of President
Rodrigo Roa Duterte’s (PRRD) administration was launched by the Department of Transportation
(DoTr) of the Philippines in 2017. The program, according to DoTr and LTFRB has the following
goals/objectives: (1) Safe Trips and comfortable Transportation, (2) Improve the standard of living
of drivers, operators, and their families through income augmenting measures through
Cooperative (3) Reduce the negative impact on the environment and on public health (Clean Air
Act), and (4) Discipline and Competent Drivers.

According to the Department of Transportation (DoTr) Secretary Arthur P. Tugade, the PUVMP is
not “anti-poor” and in fact, this will strengthen and guarantee the profitability of the jeepney
business. Despite this, some cordilleran does not agree with the said program because they
believe that this will affect their livelihood. However, there are Traditional jeepney Operators who
agree because of their view and their understanding of this program. The aim of the research is to
know the impact of this in every Cordilleran’s life and also, to educate them about this Program.

To be accomplished by the proponent and the panel:

Indicators for Endorsement Justification by the Remarks by the panel

proponent
1. The proposed title is not a duplication of The topic is not a duplication
existing finished or unfinished research. of an existing finished or
unfinished research because
the program was not
familiarized/adopted in the
Cordillera until then, 2020
when a Modernized Public
Utility Vehicle was out.
2. The proposed title is researchable. The research will be
conducted in a Descriptive
Qualitative Method. Data will
be gathered through
interviews and surveys to
Drivers and Operators,

3. The proposed title is aligned with the
program’s research agenda.
4. The student is knowledgeable about the
proposed study.
5. The student has the competence to
conduct the study.
*** I certify that all the information/ data provided in this form are true and correct***
___ I am endorsing the proposed title
___ I am not endorsing the proposed title because _________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Commuters, Transport
Corporations, and Transport
Cooperative.
The topic is new and catchy to
the eyes of the public,
especially to the transport
sectors who don’t want
change.
I am knowledgeable about
the proposed study because It
is connected to my field of
work as the Secretary-General
of a Transport Cooperative.
I have the competence to
conduct the study because I
believe that I have the
information, knowledge, and
experience in the study on
the impacts of Modernization
on Public Utility Jeepneys.
_____________________________
Signature of student
________________________________
Name and Signature of the Panel
Attachments:
Ten Literature reviews in APA format & C.V.
 TOPIC I

IMPACTS OF MODERNIZATION ON TRADITIONAL

PUBLIC UTILITY JEEPNEYS IN THE

CITY OF BAGUIO

Review of Related Literature

The Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP) of the Duterte Administration
is a go for the safety, welfare, and convenience of the riding public and to the future generation -
Clean Air Act. Modernization is will also consolidate the individual franchise holders to a
Cooperative or a Corporation for easier access. This study is focused on the Modernization of the
Public Utility Vehicle in the City of Baguio.

Types and ways of modernization of these systems taking into account the choice of the
development model of society are presented. Process regularity of international modernization,
including Russia, is specified. (Nataliia Vodolazskaya (2019) Types and ways of modernization in
a context of the international experience) Road transport is one of the main sources of atmospheric
pollution in urbanized areas. The volume of emissions from road transport has been increasing
starting from 2013. This is mainly due to the condition of the transport infrastructure and control
systems. (Vadim Mavrin et al. (2020) Reduction of environmental impact from road transport using
analysis and simulation methods) In recent years, the European Commission has raised the
question of how to improve the market position of rail transport. The key success factors beyond
the development of rail transport infrastructure are safety (control and command systems of rail
traffic), opening the rail transport market to competition, and improving interoperability. (Enno
Lend et al. (2020) Modernizing of the Rail Transport Curriculum and Study Process). The
development of urban transport in recent years has become one of the most important issues related
to improving the quality of life in Polish cities. Excessive pollution in the form of greenhouse gases
and other harmful substances from buses affects people’s health as does excessive noise. (Maciej
Dzikuć et al. (2021) Modernization of the Public Transport Bus Fleet in the Context of Low-
Carbon Development in Poland).

Based on the existing methods of selecting vehicle models for an excavator and dump truck
fleet, it is proposed to use a generalized selection algorithm, taking into account, among other
things, factors that dynamically change in time and negatively affect the performance of the
production facilities in the Arctic. In order to test this algorithm as part of modernizing the
transport system of the Lomonosov Mining and Processing Plant (Arkhangelsk Region) to adapt it
to the increasing volume of extracted ore, we calculated the parameters lying in the optimal range
of values for excavator and dump truck models, and performed a theoretical experiment to establish
the relationship between the integral performance indicator in the form of the rate of trips per shift
and the carrying capacity of a particular dump truck model, the length of run-of-mine (ROM)
transportation, and factors that negatively affect the performance of the vehicles. (Evgeny Botyan
et al. (2021) Improving the methodology of choosing machinery models for the formation of an
excavator and vehicle fleet during the modernization of a mining transport system, with account for
the Arctic specifics).

The paper is aimed to figure out the cost of modernization of the transport infrastructure of
the Northern Sea Route. Main unfavorable factors, such as a fall in prices for energy resources and
the necessity of the implementation of ecologically safe and energy-efficient technologies are taken
into account. (Dmitry Radushinsky et al. (2017) The evaluation of the modernization cost of the
transport infrastructure of the Northern Sea Route in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation).
The article is devoted to studying the possibilities of attracting private businesses to finance state-
owned infrastructural facilities. The purpose of the paper is to study the practice of attracting
private business for the modernization of infrastructure, including railway, and the development of
an approach to the formation of a variety of infrastructural objects transferred to the public-private
partnership, based on an assessment of the possible reduction of their potential. Methodology.
(Kravchenko, O. (2019). PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP AS A MECHANISM FOR
FINANCING INFRASTRUCTURE MODERNIZATION. Baltic Journal of Economic Studies,
5(1), 112-117. https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-1-112-117.).

The Arctic zone of Russia has significant multifactorial potential. It is necessary to

maximize this potential, taking into account all the features of this region. The development of
transport and logistics infrastructure in the region is an important factor. (Vitaly Sergeev et al.
(2021) Transport and Logistics Infrastructure of the Arctic Zone of Russia). Three model scenarios
of changes in road infrastructure sustainability under permafrost thawing and degradation due to
global climate change in nine Russian Arctic regions are considered. (B. N. Porfiriev et al. (2020)
Economic Assessment of Permafrost Degradation Effects on Road Infrastructure Sustainability
under Climate Change in the Russian Arctic) The directions of realization of transport and logistics
potential with the introduction of modern technology-digitalization are Considered. According to
the results of the assessment of the logistics index, the dynamics in the development of
infrastructure and logistics system in the country was noted. Digitalization of processes in the
multimodal transport sector is aimed at the development of transit container transport, a single
platform for an electronic exchange has been created. The information systems introduced in rail
freight transportation are noted to improve the organization of the transportation process, ensure
timely delivery, the safety of goods, simplify border crossing procedures. (ABDILDIN N. K1,
MIZANBEKOV I.T.1 (2019) MODERNIZATION OF THE TRANSPORT INDUSTRY ON THE
BASIS OF DIGITALIZATION).

Jeepney is one of the most used public transportation in the Philippines wherein Filipino
passengers used Jeepney as their primary mode of transportation in their everyday lives to get to
their desired destination. (Avi Ben P. Andalecio et al. (2020) Implementation, challenges and
stakeholders perception of modernized Jeepneys in Metro Manila). For many long years, jeepneys
had been improved by ordinary citizens to better serve the Filipino people. Unfortunately, with the
government’s recently-issued Public Utility Vehicle (PUV) Modernization Program, the jeepney
industry is currently facing its unimaginable dissolution. (Reyina Keren V. Silva-netto (2019)
TIGIL-PASADA: A Critical Political Economy Perspective of Jeepney Modernization).
 The Philippines is moving towards a more sustainable public transport system by
introducing a public utility vehicle (PUV) modernization program with electric jeepneys (e-
jeepneys) and modernized diesel jeepneys. (Casper Boongaling Agaton et al. (2019) Diesel or
Electric Jeepney? A Case Study of Transport Investment in the Philippines Using the Real Options
Approach). We aim to contribute to the theorization in the governance of sustainable mobility
transition in the informal transport sector with the State as the central actor and meta-governor.
Because of the need to accelerate radical transitions in shorter timeframes, the role of the State as
an agent is being recently considered. Using the ongoing Public Utility Vehicle Modernization
Program (PUVMP) as a case study, we expound on the governance styles of the State in reforming
the various sub-systems that make up the complex informal transport sector of a developing
country, the Philippines. (Varsolo Sunio et al. (2020) The State in the governance of sustainable
mobility transitions in the informal transport sector). This paper uncovers the (in)justices that arise
from the three cases of ongoing transport system transition in the Philippines, namely the (non–)
legitimation of motorcycle taxis, the formalization of jeepney and the implementation of the high-
priority bus system (Varsolo Sunio et al. (2021) Unpacking justice issues and tensions in transport
system transition using multi-criteria mapping method.

According to the resolution by the LTFRB, public vehicle operators will not be approved
for a franchise, extend their Certificate of Public Convenience (CPC), an increase of a number of
vehicles, or substitute their vehicles if their unit is more than the minimum age requirement of
fifteen (15) years old from the date of manufacture of the subject vehicle. (Hanz Ivan Manzano et
al. (2019) The Advantage and Dis-Advantage of Jeepney Modernization Program in Brgy. Greater
Lagro Novaliches, Quezon City). Integrated sustainable transport systems involve appropriate
pedestrian linkages to public transport services. Determining an appropriate design for pedestrian
linkages to public transport services requires a study on the willingness of public transport users to
walk, which is partly contingent on the quality and reliability of the public transport service that
pedestrians attempt to connect to. (Lovely RANOSA et al. (2017) Providers’ and Users’
Assessment of Public Transport and Facilities: Baguio City, Philippines).

Airports are no longer places used only for taking off and landing. We consider them to be
institutions of great economic and social importance. They are economic generators and have an
impact on the development of tourism and business in the regions. (Tatiana Remencová et al.
(2021) Modernization of Digital Technologies at Regional Airports and its Potential Impact on the
Cost Reduction). With the traditional ways of public transportation in the Philippines, the current
transportation system has been deemed inconvenient to daily commuters and public utility
operators - traffic congestion, lack of public vehicles for commuters resulting in longer
transportation time and hassle rides, and the environmental problems that arise in the continuity of
using polluting gas are the main reasons as to why Filipinos continue to demand a better transport
system. (Arion Mari P. Malasique et al. (2022).
 Analyzing the Implementation of the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program
(PUVMP) to the Employment of PUV Drivers in the Philippines). Electrification of public utility
vehicles plays a vital role in the transition towards a more sustainable transport system. However,
the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) encounters varying challenges ranging from financing
issues, government policies, and public acceptance. Using the Philippines as a case, this research
applies political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental (PESTLE) analysis to
determine how different drivers affect the adoption of EVs in the public transport system from
various transport stakeholders’ vantage points. Survey results identified economic and
technological factors as the main barriers to the adoption of electric public transport. (Charmaine
Samala Guno et al. (2021) Barriers and Drivers of Transition to Sustainable Public Transport in the
Philippines).
 REFERENCE LIST

Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board. 2020.

Extension of time file application for consolidation pursuant to
industry consolidation of PUVMP:
https://ltfrb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/MC-2020-084.pdf

Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board. 2021.

Extension of Time to File for consolidation pursuant to the
industry consolidation of the PUVMP under the enhanced community
quarantine (ECQ):
https://ltfrb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/MC-2021-020.pdf

Inquirer.net. 2017. Roque: PUV modernization program ‘not anti-

poor: https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/955822/roque-puv-
modernization-program-not-anti-poor#ixzz6zM0vcj4

World Electr. Veh. J. 2019, 10(3), 51; Diesel or Electric Jeepney?

A Case Study of Transport Investment in the Philippines Using the
Real Options Approach: https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/10/3/51/htm

Philippine News agency. 2017. Operators, drivers urged to support

PUV modernization program: https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1009218

Philippine News Agency. 2017) DOTr welcomes PRRD’s support to PUV

Modernization Plan: https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1013148

Estipular, J. (2020) Looking into the Implementation of Public

Utility Vehicle Modernization
Program:https://cpbrd.congress.gov.ph/images/PDF%20Attachments/CPB
RD%20Policy%20Brief/PB2020-02_PUV.pdf

Mettke C, Cruz M & Mariano P. (2018) The Jeepney+ NAMA.

Modernizing public transport in the Philippines:
https://www.changing-transport.org/modernizing-public-transport-
in-the-philippines/

CNN Philippines.2020. The modernization plan is changing jeepney

drivers’ lives forever:
https://cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/transportation/2020/12/11/
jeepney-modernization-deadline.html

All About PUV Modernization Program Guidelines: Advantages &

Disadvantages: https://techiestuffph.com/all-about-puv-
modernization-program-guidelines-advantages-disadvantages/
 GRADUATE SCHOOL
General Luna Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Telefax No.: (074) 442-3071 loc 211 Website: www.ubaguio.edu E-mail Address
Proposed title Number (Number your proposed title according to your (preference): 2

Name of student: REX A. BAYANGAN Date: March 27, 2022

Program: GSMRES1_GSMPA_METHODS OF RESEARCH
Proposed Title: EFFECTIVENESS OF AUTOMATED FARE COLLECTIONS VERSUS MANUAL
COLLECTION ON PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN THE CITY OF BAGUIO.

Rationale (5 to 7 sentences):

Automatic fare collection (AFC) is a general term for public transport ticketing systems, where
fees are paid not directly, but through ticket machines, online services, or other methods. In fact,
AFC is the standard toll collection method for modern public transport systems. Nowadays we are
now using mobile phones in paying our bills and others. AFC is more efficient and friendly to the
transportation sectors group because it is now linked directly to their banks and it is safer. The
city of Baguio is one of the most visited places in the Philippines and Automatic fare collection
(AFC) is a must.

Improving the Automated Fare Collections Transport system in the City of Baguio will bring
exceptional feedback from tourists and locals. As of now, the Automated Fare Collections
Transport system in the City of Baguio is not being utilized they still use the traditional ways of
collecting fares from the commuters like cash basis. But, the question is, how will we implement
the Automated Fare Collections Transport system? Will the Automated Fare Collections Transport
system be a big help? The research aims to know the effectiveness of the Automated Fare
Collections Transport system on the improvement of the Automated Fare Collections Transport
system in the city of Baguio.

To be accomplished by the proponent and the panel:

Indicators for Endorsement Justification by the Remarks by the panel

proponent
1. The proposed title is not a duplication of
existing finished or unfinished research. Based on my research
online, I have not found any
similarities to my study.

2. The proposed title is researchable. The resources are available

online and research can be
done through interviews
and surveys.
 3. The proposed title is aligned with the
program’s research agenda.
4. The student is knowledgeable about the
proposed study.
The topic is trending
because it is about the
Automated Fare Collections
Transport system that
people need nowadays due
to Covid-19 Pandemic.
I am knowledgeable about
the proposed study because
It is connected to my field of
work as Secretary-Genera of
a Transport Cooperative.

5. The student has the competence to I have the competence to

conduct the study. conduct the study because it
is connected to my
educational background and
also in my work.

*** I certify that all the information/ data provided in this form are true and correct***

_____________________________
Signature of student

___ I am endorsing the proposed title

___ I am not endorsing the proposed title because _________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________
Name and Signature of the Panel

Attachments:
Ten Literature reviews in APA format & C.V.
 TOPIC II

EFFECTIVENESS OF AUTOMATED FARE COLLECTIONS VERSUS

MANUAL COLLECTION ON PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION

IN THE CITY OF BAGUIO

Review of Related Literature

The Modernization Program of the public utility vehicle requires that every modernized
vehicle must install automated fare collection system that is link to the banks of the Cooperative or
Corporation. This Will help the Cooperative and Corporation to avoid “Kupit” from the drivers.
Cashless transaction will also help prevent the spread of virus since all are now automated and no
passenger and driver interaction. The effectiveness also of the automated fare collections will help
the operator’s tract online the sales of the drivers automatically not like the manual collections they
have to compute the sales every day.

Smart cards and other automated fare collection (AFC) technologies are becoming
increasingly popular among transit operators across the world. Users are required to scan their
cards at the beginning of their journeys (i.e., entry-only system) or both at the beginning and
conclusion of their trips (DIAB, E. et al, 2021). Data quality is the foundation of data-driven
applications in transportation. Data problems such as missing and invalid data can severely
degrade the performance of the methods used in these applications. Although there are many
studies related to data quality issues, they only focus on data that is missing or invalid due to
infrastructure failure. (PENGFEI ZHANG, et al, 2021). The data generated in the public transport
system has proven to be of great importance in increasing knowledge about the public transport
system, which is very valuable in promoting the sustainability of the public transport system.
public transport through proper management. However, analyzing this data involves many tasks,
so when the value of data analysis is finally verified, the effort is enormous. There are certain
difficulties in the management and analysis of the collected data. This is the case with data
collected by current automated ticketing systems. (BENITO ZARAGOZÍ et al, 2021).

More than midway through the implementation of the Philippine Development Plan (PDP)
2017-2022, a review of the Build, Build, Build (BBB) program's contribution to achieving the
goals of the PDP is considered to be very important. With this in mind, the study aims to delve
deeper into the BBB program and its component projects, as a good understanding of the program
is essential to consider its impacts on its goals. of the PDP. The BBB program should be clearly
defined for what it is and what it includes. Based on available data and information, the study
examines the impact of these projects on the goals of the PDP. Such an understanding is
envisioned to guide future public policy formulation regarding the acceleration of infrastructure
development and also the prioritization of infrastructure projects. (CUENCA, JANET S. 2021).

The paper presents the research results on the impacts arising from the introduction of the
contactless ticketing system on urban public transport, including technical, technological,
economic impacts, organization, management, environment, and synergies. Based on the selected
positive impacts, the possible economic benefits, and risks associated with one or another type of
impact, the method of evaluating the results of implementing an innovative pricing system has
been developed. (BUDRIN et al 2019). Jeepneys has been around the Philippines for several years
and is served as the most popular means of transport, but technology improvement is always on
the way to Jeepneys. Electronic payment is currently deployed on buses and trains, but not on
Jeepneys because of the design and payment methods that make it difficult to make e- payment.
With Jeepney's new design, promoters were able to make a specific electronic payment for
Jeepneys. This system has used RFID marking technology along with the database. Materials
include Arduino connecting all components such as RFID readers and activation meters. A local
computer is also used to manage incoming and outgoing data on the database. The software
includes a WAMP server. The system can track the distances traveled by passengers and uses
RFID tags to store passenger information from the database. The system can collect payments
seamlessly on a jeepney. (REGGIENALD I. INGCO et al, 2018. Public transport in urban areas of
the Philippines makes for many day trips, with the Philippines being the second-most populous
country in Southeast Asia. Buses and jeeps represent these trips, which people use for their work
and life. With the increasing demand for public transport, paying for fares can be very
complicated for drivers and passengers.

The main objective of this study is to explore the potential of smart card system
implementation in the Philippines to improve the fare payment matrix in public transport services
and analyze its impact to address assuming the aggravation of traffic problems in urban areas, a
change in the implementation of the tariff matrix and the requirement of non-discrimination to
benefit from the reduction for the disabled. disabled, students, and the elderly. A survey
questionnaire used for data collection and purported snowball sampling was applied to involve
300 study participants from several demographic groups, including service passengers the public
is classified into four (4), namely the general population, students, persons with disabilities
(PWD), and the elderly; public transport operators and drivers. A quantitative method and a
deductive approach were used in this process to assess the validity of the results. Participant
observations were also made to understand the participants' satisfaction about the benefits that the
framework can provide to people as a result of qualitative research and to understand the
correlation of quantitative findings based on the survey. With the proposed framework, the
adoption of intuitive smart cards could lead to a highly sustainable transport payment system in
the country that could help promote a faster fare collection and payment matrix, convenient
and standardized, satisfied and peaceful passenger experience in the region, and actively
realizing a cost-effective means of transport for economic commuters. (CENDANA,
DESIREE I., et al, 2018).
 Understanding the factors that determine the decision to choose a car for work is a
potential way to design consistent and proactive policies to prevent dependence on cars. This
study attempts to develop a model of commuting mode for commuters commuting from home to
work in Metro Manila, considering a range of determinants, namely socioeconomic
characteristics, travel behavior, and characteristics of the built environment. The study used a
primary data set of 3,877 observations collected in 2017. (MONOROM RITH et, al 2019). This
exploratory study aims to discuss the multifaceted challenges and opportunities of the Philippine
tourism industry during the COVID19 pandemic. These challenges and opportunities are aligned
with elements of the pandemic strategy of the COVID19 management framework. Some of the
pressing challenges are reduced travel demand, worker layoffs, demand for online/digital
transactions, avoidance of travelers occupying hotel rooms used as quarantine facilities, and
compliance with preparedness protocol for disaster control and management.

However, the tourism industry can thrive thanks to many opportunities such as
discovering local tourism, training employees in digital services and security protocols,
rebranding the company, improving commercial premises, adapting to modern technology, and
working with disaster and risk management consultants. These challenges and opportunities
provide the basis for recommendations and recommendations to improve future pandemic
planning policies in order to generate any potential impact on the tourism industry. (DEOAN D.
ANDULANA et al, 2021). Traditionally, connecting the islands of the archipelago was done by
boat. Today, millions of people still use ships to cross the strait between the main islands, as there
is no bridge except Leyte to Samar. Cebu is at the heart of the ferry network, while small banks
ferry people to remote isles or across estuaries and harbors. The establishment of the Forte
Republic Nautical Route aims to speed up and streamline transportation from one island to
another. The Port of Manila, a minor player in the dynamic Western Pacific Rim, could be
congested with the rise of Batangas and Subic. Aviation, with a focus on the overcrowded
Manila airport, has grown rapidly since the deregulation of competition with new entrants (Cebu
Pacific) against Philippine Airlines. A good part of intercity travel is done by bus, as today the
country has almost no rail transport. At the local level, mobility is accomplished with Filipino
vehicles considered excellent: a jeepney (sometimes transformed into a masterpiece of pop art),
tricycle, cyclo, or even is a skateboard. Today, efforts are underway to transform the system by
introducing clean electric vehicles and reforming truck rental rules, despite strong opposition.
(YVES BOQUET, 2017).

Public transportation affords a cost-powerful shuttle for human beings to attain their
destination. In the Philippines, it's far ruled via way of means of street automobiles which includes
Jeepneys, taxicabs, Asian application automobiles, and tricycles, with maximum if now no longer
all, commuters move through a couple of companies for each day routine. The surprisingly
contagious coronavirus has placed the sector on excessive alert in terms of touching excessive
touch public surfaces. When it involves deciding to buy public delivery offerings via way of
means of cash, touch is necessarily unavoidable. Recent research has concluded that the
coronavirus can persist on inanimate surfaces like metal, glass, or plastic for up to a few days
relying on the conditions. Interest might be on how drivers and passengers may be included inside
the age of coronavirus and beyond.

With the developing difficulty over the protection of drivers and commuters, it'd be an
awful lot recommended to apply contactless bills to lessen the danger of transmission. With no
apparent quit to the outbreak insight, the look at delved at the feasibility of making use of the
cashless fee device for the multi-provider commuting public. Results supplied a higher knowledge
of the complexities, issues, standards, and advantages of a Multi-Carrier Contactless Payment
System for public transportation and all its stakeholders. (RICHARD JEROME L. CAYA et al,
2021).
 REFERENCE LIST

DIAB, E. et al, (2021) EFFECTS OF SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS OF

AUTOMATED FARE COLLECTION ON TRANSIT TRIP ORIGIN–DESTINATION
ESTIMATION IN GREATER TORONTO AND HAMILTON AREA:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12469-021-00283-z

PENGFEI ZHANG, et al, (2021) RECOVERING THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN

UNLINKED FARE MACHINES AND STATIONS USING AUTOMATED FARE
COLLECTION DATA IN METRO SYSTEMS:
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/03611981211045370

BENITO ZARAGOZÍ et al, (2021) DEVELOPMENT OF A COMMON FRAMEWORK

FOR ANALYSING PUBLIC TRANSPORT SMART CARD DATA:
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/19/6083

CUENCA, JANET S. (2021) REVIEW OF THE "BUILD, BUILD, BUILD"

PROGRAM: IMPLICATIONS ON THE PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2017-
2022:
https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/241043

BUDRIN ET AL, (2019) METHODS FOR IMPLEMENTATION RESULTS

ASSESSMENT OF THE CONTACTLESS FARE COLLECTION SYSTEM:
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-
899X/632/1/012066/meta

REGGIENALD I. INGCO ET AL, (2018) PUJ FARE COLLECTION SYSTEM:

AN IOT APPLICATION:
https://lpulaguna.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/1-PUJ-
FARE- COLLECTION-SYSTEM.pdf

CENDANA, DESIREE I. ET AL, (2018) E-PURSE TRANSIT PASS:

THE POTENTIAL OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SMART CARD SYSTEM IN THE
PHILIPPINES:
file:///C:/Users/Rex%20A.%20Bayangan/Downloads/
EasyChair- Preprint-39.pdf