2a Laq-2 PDF

2 DE MOIVRES THEOREM PAPER 2(A) E.
M
Q.NO 18 IN I.P.E
1. State and prove De Moivres theorem for integral index.
Statement:- If n is an integer, then (cos θ +i sin θ )n = cos n θ +i sin n θ . [June 2003]
Proof:-
Case (i) :- If n = 0
LHS = (cos θ +i sin θ )0 = 1 R.H.S = cos0 θ +i sin0 θ = 1+0 = 1
LHS = RHS
Case (ii) :- Suppose n is a positive integer.
Let S(n) be the given statement that (cos θ +i sin θ )n = cos n θ +i sin n θ
put n = 1
LHS = cos θ +i sin θ R.H.S = cos1 θ +i sin1 θ = cos θ +i sin θ
LHS = RHS
? S(1) is true
Let us assume that (cos θ +i sin θ )k = cos k θ +i sin k θ .
Now (cos θ +i sin θ )k+1 = (cos θ +i sin θ )k.(cos θ +i sin θ )
= (cos k θ +i sin k θ ).(cos θ +i sin θ )
= (cosk θ cos θ - sink θ sin θ ) + i (sink θ cos θ +sin θ cosk θ )
= cos(k θ + θ ) + i sin (k θ + θ )
= cos [ θ (k+1)] + i sin [ θ (k+1)]
? S(k+1) is true
? By principal of mathematical induction S(n) is true for all n.
Case (iii) :- Suppose n is a non negative integer.
Let n = - m where m is a positive integer.
1 1
(cos θ +i sin θ )n = (cos θ +i sin θ )-m = =
(cos R " i sin R )m cos mR " isin mR
= cos m θ -i sinm θ = cos (-m θ )+i sin(-m θ ) = cos n θ +i sin n θ

n
? (cos θ +i sin θ ) = cos n θ +i sin n θ for all n # Z.
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n
"1 nπ
2. i). If n is a positive integer, prove that (1+i)n + (1-i)n = 2 2 cos
4
[May 2017TS March 2015AP]
n $ n n n n n
$ $ 1 1 ¬¬ $ 1 1 ¬¬ § S S· § S S·
Sol:- (1+i)n+(1-i)n = '' 2 ''
(' (' 2
" i + '' 2 ''
2 ®® (' '( 2
* i
2 ®®
= 2 2 ¨ cos " i sin ¸ + 2 2 ¨ cos * isin ¸
© 4 4¹ © 4 4¹
n n
§ nS nS · § nS nS ·
= 2
2 ¨ cos " isin ¸ + 2 2 ¨ cos * i sin ¸
© 4 4 ¹ © 4 4 ¹
n n n
§ nS nS nS nS · nπ "1 nπ
= 2 2 ¨ cos " isin " cos * i sin ¸ = =22 2cos 4
cos 4 . 22
© 4 4 4 4 ¹
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nπ
ii). If n is a positive integer, prove that (1+i)2n + (1-i)2n = 2n+1.cos .
2
[May 2014 March 2009]
2ND YEAR MATHEMATICS 107 STUDY MATERIAL
2 DE MOIVRES THEOREM PAPER 2(A) E.M
2n ! 2n 2n 2n
! ! 1 1 ¬¬ ! 1 1 ¬¬ § S S· § S S·
Sol:- (1+i)2n+(1-i)2n = $$$& 2 $$
$& 2
%i + $$$ 2 $$
2 ®® & $& 2
(i =
2 ®®
2n ¨ cos $ i sin ¸ +2n ¨ cos ) isin ¸
© 4 4 ¹ 4 4 © ¹
§ 2nS 2nS · § 2nS 2nS ·

= 2n ¨ cos 4 $ i sin 4 ¸ +2n ¨ cos 4 ) i sin 4 ¸
© ¹ © ¹
n§ 2nS 2nS 2nS 2nS ·

= 2 ¨ cos 4 $ isin 4 $ cos 4 ) i sin 4 ¸
© ¹
2nπ nπ
= 2n 2cos = 2n+1 cos .
4 2
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)1 §1 q·
iii). If n is a positive integer, prove that (p+iq)1/n+(p-iq)1/n = 2(p2+q2)1/2n cos ¨ Tan ¸.
n p © ¹
[May 2015AP March 2018AP]
Sol:- Let p = r cos θ , q = r sin θ then Tan θ = q/p and r = p2 $ q2
θ = Tan-1(q/p)
(p+iq)1/n+(p-iq)1/n = (rcos θ +i rsin θ )1/n+(rcos θ -i rsin θ )1/n
= r1/n (cos θ +i sin θ )1/n + r1/n (cos θ -i sin θ )1/n
§ θ · θ § θ θ·
= r1/n ¨ cos n $ i sin n ¸ +r1/n ¨ cos ) i sin ¸
n n¹
© ¹ ©
§ θ θ θ θ·
= r1/n ¨ cos n $ isin n $ cos n ) isin n ¸
© ¹
1
θ
= §¨ p 2 $ q 2 ·¸ n 2cos
© ¹ 2
§1 )1 q ·
= 2 (p 2 $ q 2 )1/2n cos ¨ Tan ¸.
©n p¹
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iv). If n is a positive integer, prove that
θ nθ
(1+cos θ +i sin θ )n+(1+cos θ -isin θ )n = 2n+1cosn cos . [March2017AP, 2017TS 2010]
2 2
n n
n § θ nθ θ· § θ θ θ·
Sol:- (1+cos θ +isin θ ) +(1+cos θ -isin θ ) = ¨ 2cos2 $ i2sin cos ¸ + ¨ 2cos 2 ) i2sin cos ¸
© 2 2 2¹ © 2 2 2¹
n n
θ § θ θ· θ § θ θ·
= 2ncosn ¨ cos $ isin ¸ +2ncosn ¨ cos ) isin ¸
2© 2 2¹ 2© 2 2¹
θ § nθ nθ · θ § nθ nθ ·
= 2ncosn ¨ cos $ i sin ¸ +2ncosn ¨ cos ) i sin ¸
2 © 2 2 ¹ 2 © 2 2 ¹
θ § nθ nθ nθ nθ · θ nθ
= 2ncosn ¨ cos 2 $ i sin 2 $ cos 2 ) isin 2 ¸ = 2ncosn 2cos
2 © ¹ 2 2
θ nθ
= 2n+1cosn cos .
2 2
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3. If cos D +cos E +cos J = 0 = sin D +sin E +sin J then show that
i). cos3 D +cos3 E +cos3 J = 3cos( D + E + J ) [May 2018TS]
ii). sin3 D +sin3 E +sin3 J = 3sin( D + E + J ) [May 2018TS]
Sol:- Given cos D +cos E +cos J = 0 = sin D +sin E +sin J
Let x = cis D , y = cis E , z = cis J
? x+y+z = cis D +cis E +cis J = (cos D +isin D )+(cos E +isin E )+(cos J +isin J )
= (cos D +cos E +cos J )+i(sin D +sin E +sin J )
= 0+i(0)
=0
3 3 3
x+y+z = 0 % x +y +z = 3xyz
(cos D +isin D )3+(cos E +isin E )3+(cos J +isin J )3 = 3cis D .cis E .cis J
(cos3 D +isin3 D )+(cos3 E +isin3 E )+(cos3 J +isin3 J ) = 3cis( D + E + J )
(cos3 D +cos3 E +cos3 J )+i(sin3 D +sin3 E +sin3 J ) = 3[cos( D + E + J )+i cos( D + E + J )]
compare real and imaginary parts on both sides then
? cos3 D +cos3 E +cos3 J = 3cos( D + E + J )
? sin3 D +sin3 E +sin3 J = 3sin( D + E + J )
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iii). cos2 D +cos2 E +cos2 J = 3/2 [May 2015TS March 2018TS 2016AP 2015TS]
iv). sin D +sin E +sin J = 3/2
2 2 2
[May 2015TS March 2018TS 2016AP 2015TS]
Sol:- Given cos D +cos E +cos J = 0 = sin D +sin E +sin J
Let x = cis D , y = cis E , z = cis J
? x+y+z = cis D +cis E +cis J = (cos D +isin D )+(cos E +isin E )+(cos J +isin J )
= (cos D +cos E +cos J )+i(sin D +sin E +sin J )
= 0+i(0)
=0
? 1/x + 1/y + 1/z = (cos D -isin D )+(cos E -isin E )+(cos J -isin J )
= (cos D +cos E +cos J )-i(sin D +sin E +sin J )
= 0-i(0)
=0
§1 1 1·
? x2+y2+z2 = (x+y+z)2-2(xy+yz+zx) = (x+y+z)2-2xyz ¨ z ( x ( y ¸ = 0 - 2xyz(0) = 0
© ¹
2 2 2
? x +y +z = 0
(cos D +isin D )2+(cos E +isin E )2+(cos J +isin J )2 = 0
(cos2 D +isin2 D )+(cos2 E +isin2 E )+(cos2 J +isin2 J ) = 0
(cos2 D +cos2 E +cos2 J )+i(sin2 D +sin2 E sin2 J ) = 0
compare real part on both sides then cos2 D +cos2 E +cos2 J = 0......(1)
From (1) 2cos2 D -1+2cos2 E -1+2cos2 J -1 = 0
2cos2 D +2cos2 E +2cos2 J = 3
? cos D +cos E +cos J = 3/2.
2 2 2

from (1) 1-2sin2 D +1-2sin2 E +1-2sin2 J = 0
2sin2 D +2sin2 E +2sin2 J = 3
? sin D +sin E +sin J = 3/2.
2 2 2
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8/3
§ 1 ( sin( π / 8) ( icos( π / 8) ·
4. Prove that one of the values of ¨ ¸ is -1.
© 1 ( sin( π / 8) - i cos( π / 8) ¹
[May 2018AP March 2016TS]
π π 3π 3π 3π 3π 3π 3π 3π 3π
1 ( sin ( i cos 1 ( cos ( isin 2cos 2 ( i2sin cos 2 cos (cos ( i sin )
8 8 8 8 16 16 16 16 16 16
Sol:- = 3π 3π = 3π =
π π 2 3π 3π 3π 3π 3π
1 ( sin - i cos 1 ( cos - isin 2cos - i2sin cos 2 cos (cos - i sin )
8 8 8 8 16 16 16 16 16 16
3π
cis ! 3π 3π ¬
16 $$ % 3π
= § 3 π · = cis $& 16 16 ® = cis 8
cis ¨ - ¸
© 16 ¹
8/3
§ 1 ( sin( π / 8) ( icos( π / 8) · ! 3π ¬8/3
? ¨ 1 ( sin( π / 8) - i cos( π / 8) ¸ = $$cis = cis π = cos π +isin π = -1+i(0) = -1
© ¹ $& 8 ®
π !π π¬ 3π π !π π¬ 3π
Note:- sin = cos $$$& 2 ( 8 ® = cos , cos = sin $$$& 2 ( 8 ® = sin
8 8 8 8
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nπ
5. If D and E are the roots of x2 - 2x + 4 = 0 then show that D n + E n = 2n+1cos .
3
2
Sol:- Given equation x - 2x + 4 = 0 [May 2017AP 2016TS, March 2014, 2011]
2 o 4 ( 16 2 o (12 2 o 2i 3
x= = = = 1o i 3
2 2 2
Since D and E are the roots of given equation.
Let D = 1+i 3 , E = 1-i 3 .
n n n n
? D + E = (1+i 3 ) +(1-i 3 )
! !1 n ! ! n n n
$$ $$ 3 ¬¬ $$ $$ 1 3 ¬¬ § S S· § S S·
= 2
$ $$ % i
2 ®®
+ 2
$ $$ ( i
2 ®®
= 2n ¨ cos ( i sin ¸ +2n ¨ cos - isin ¸
&$ & 2 &$ & 2 © 3 3 ¹ 3 3 © ¹
§ nS nS · § nS nS · § nS nS nS nS ·
= 2n ¨ cos 3 ( isin 3 ¸ +2n ¨ cos 3 - i sin 3 ¸ = 2n ¨ cos
3
( isin
3
( cos - i sin ¸
3 3 ¹
© ¹ © ¹ ©
nπ nπ
= 2n 2cos 3 = 2n+1 cos .
3
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6. if x = cos D +i sin D , y = cos E +i sin E , show that
1 1
i).xmyn+ m n = 2cos (m D ( n E) ii).xmyn- m n = 2i.sin (m D ( n E) .
x y x y

Sol:- Given x = cos D +isin D , y = cos E +isin E .
xm = (cos D +isin D )m yn = (cos E +isin E )m xmyn = cis m D .cis n E
= cos m D +i sin m D = cos n E +i sin n E = cis(m D +n E )
= cis m D = cis n E = cos (m D ( n E) +isin (m D ( n E)
1
m n = cos (m D ( n E) - i sin (m D ( n E)
x y
m n 1
? x y + m n = [cos (m D ( n E) +isin (m D ( n E) ]+[cos (m D ( n E) - isin (m D ( n E) ]
x y
= 2 cos (m D ( n E)
m n 1
? x y - m n = [cos (m D ( n E) +isin (m D ( n E) ] - [cos (m D ( n E) -isin (m D ( n E) ]
x y
= 2i sin (m D ( n E)
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z 2n - 1
7. if n is an integer and z = cos T + i sin T , show that 2n = i.tan n T . [March 2012]
z (1
Sol :- Given z = cos T +isin T
z2n -1 = (cos T +isin T )2n -1 z2n +1 = (cos T +isin T )2n +1
z2n -1 = cos 2n T +isin 2n T -1 z2n +1 = cos 2n T +isin 2n T +1
= (1-2sin2 n T )+isin 2n T - 1 = (2cos2 n T -1)+isin 2n T +1
= 2i2sin2 n T +i.2sin n T .cos n T = 2cos2 n T +i.2sin n T .cos n T
= 2i.sin n T (con n T +isin n T ) = 2.cosn T (con n T +isin n T )
z 2n - 1 2i.sinnθ(cosnθ+isinnθ)
? 2n = = i Tan n T .
z (1 2cosnθ(cosnθ+isinnθ)
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8. Solve (x - 1)n = xn, where n is a positive integer. [March 2002]
Sol:- Given (x - 1)n = xn,
x - 1 = (xn)1/n = x(1)1/n = x(cos0+isin0)1/n
= x(cis0)1/n
! 2kπ % 0 ¬ kπ kπ kπ
= x.cis $$$& n ®
, k = 0,1,2, ....(n-1) x(2sin2 - 2isin cos ) = 1
n n n
2kπ kπ kπ kπ
= x.cis , k = 0, 1, 2, .....(n-1). 2x.sin (sin - i cos ) = 1
n n n n
2kπ 2kπ kπ kπ kπ
x - 1 = x.(cos +isin ) 2xsin = (sin +i cos )
n n n n n
2kπ 2kπ 1 i kπ
x(1 - cos - isin )=1 ? x= + 2 cot ,. k = 1,2,3,........(n-1).
n n 2 n
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11 7 4
9. i). Solve the equation x - x + x - 1 = 0.
Sol:- Given equation x11 - x7 + x4 - 1 = 0
x7(x4-1)+1(x4-1) = 0
(x4-1)(x7+1) = 0
x4-1 = 0, (or) x7+1 = 0
If x4-1 = 0 If x7+1 = 0
x4 = 1 x7 = -1
x = (1)1/4 x = (-1)1/7
= (cos0+isin0)1/4 = (cos π +isin π )1/7
= (cis0)1/4 = (cis π )1/7
! 2kπ % 0 ¬ ! 2kπ % π ¬
= cis &$$$ 4 ®
, k = 0,1,2,3 = cis $$$& 7 ®
, k = 0,1,2,3,4,5,6
kπ π
= cis , k = 0,1,2,3 = cis(2k+1) , k = 0,1,2,3,4,5,6
2 7
π 3π π 3π 5π 9π
x = cis0, cis , cis π , cis . ? x = cis ,cis ,cis ,cis π ,cis ,
2 2 7 7 7 7
11π 13π
? x = 1, i, -1, -i. cis , cis .
7 7
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ii). solve the equation x9 - x5 + x4 - 1 = 0.
Sol:- Given equation x9 - x5 + x4 - 1 = 0
x5(x4-1)+1(x4-1) = 0
(x4-1)(x5+1) = 0
x4-1 = 0, (or) x7+1 = 0
If x4-1 = 0 If x5+1 = 0
x4 = 1 x5 = -1
x = (1)1/4 x = (-1)1/5
= (cos0+isin0)1/4 = (cos π +isin π )1/5
= (cis0)1/4 = (cis π )1/5
2kπ ! 2kπ % π ¬
= cis , k = 0,1,2,3 = cis &$$$ 5 ®
, k = 0,1,2,3,4
4
kπ π
= cis , k = 0,1,2,3 = cis(2k+1) , k = 0,1,2,3,4
2 5
π 3π π 3π 7π 9π
x = cis0, cis , cis π , cis ? x = cis ,cis ,cis π ,cis ,cis .
2 2 5 5 5 5
? x = 1, i, -1, -i.
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4. THEORY OF EQUATIONS PAPER 2(A) E.M
Q.NO 19 IN I.P.E
METHODS OF FINDING ROOTS OF AN EQUATION.
I).When some roots of the equation are given.
1. i).Solve the equation x4-6x3+11x2-10x+2 = 0, given that 2+ 3 is a root.
Sol:- Given equation x4-6x3+11x2-10x+2 = 0.
2+ 3 is a root of the given equation ! 2- 3 is also a root.
The equation having the roots 2+ 3 , 2- 3 is x2-x[(2+ 3 )+(2- 3 )]+(2+ 3 )(2- 3 ) = 0.
x2-4x+1= 0.
It is a factor of given equation.
1 -6 11 -10 2
4 0 4 -8 8 0
-1 0 0 -1 2 -2
1 -2 2 0 0
2 r 4 $8 2 r 2i
? x -2x+2 = 0 ! x =
2
= 2
= 1 r i.
2
? The roots of the given equation are 2 r 3 , 1 r i.

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ii).Solve the equation 6x4-13x3-35x2-x+3 = 0, given that 2+ 3 is a root.
Sol:- Given equation 6x4-13x3-35x2-x+3 = 0.
2+ 3 is a root of the given equation ! 2- 3 is also a root.
x2-4x+1= 0.
6 -13 -35 -1 3
4 0 24 44 12 0
-1 0 0 -6 -11 -3
6 11 3 0 0
? 6x +11x+3 = 0 ! (2x+3)(3x+1) = 0
2
x = - 1/3, - 3/2.
1 3
? The roots of the given equation are 2 r 3 , - ,- .
3 2
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iii).Solve the equation x4-5x3+4x2+8x-8 = 0, given that 1- 5 is a root.
Sol:- Given equation x4-5x3+4x2+8x-8 = 0.
1- 5 is a root of the given equation ! 1+ 5 is also a root.
The equation having the roots 1- 5 , 1+ 5 is x2-x[(1- 5 )+(1+ 5 )]+(1- 5 )(1+ 5 ) = 0.
x2-2x-4 = 0.
1 -5 4 8 -8
2 0 2 -6 4 0
4 0 0 4 -12 8
1 -3 2 0 0
? x -3x+2 = 0 ! (x-1)(x-2) = 0
2
x = 1, 2.
? The roots of the given equation are 1 r 5 , 1, 2.
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4 3 2
iv).Solve the equation x +4x +5x +2x-2 = 0, given that -1+ !1 is a root.
Sol:- Given equation x4+4x3+5x2+2x-2 = 0.
-1+i is a root of the given equation " -1-i is also a root.
The equation having the roots -1+i, -1-i is x2-x[(-1+i)+(-1-i)]+(-1+i)(-1-i) = 0.
x2+2x+2 = 0.
1 4 5 2 -2
-2 0 -2 -4 2 0
-2 0 0 -2 -4 2
1 2 -1 0 0
!2 r 4 % 4 !2 r 2 2
? x2+2x-1 = 0 " x = = = -1 r 2 .
2 2
? The roots of the given equation are -1 r i, -1 r 2 .
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v).Solve the equationx4+2x3-5x2+6x+2 = 0, given that 1+i is a root. [May 2014]
4 3 2
Sol:- Given equation x +2x -5x +6x+2 = 0.
1+i is a root of the given equation " 1-i is also a root.
The equation having the roots 1+i, 1-i is x2-x[(1+i)+(1-i)]+(1+i)(1-i) = 0.
x2-2x+2= 0.
1 2 -5 6 2
2 0 2 8 2 0
-2 0 0 -2 -8 -2
1 4 1 0 0
!4 r 16 ! 4 !4 r 2 3
? x2+4x+1 = 0 " x = = = -2 r 3.
2 2
? The roots of the given equation are 1 r i, -2 r 3 .

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vi).Solve the equation x4-4x2+8x+35 = 0, given that 2+i 3 is a root. [March 2015AP]
4 2
Sol:- Given equation x -4x +8x+35 = 0.
2+i 3 is a root of the given equation " 2-i 3 is also a root.
The equation having the roots 2+i 3 , 2-i 3 is x2-x[(2+i 3 )+(2-i 3 )]+(2+i 3 )(2-i 3 ) = 0.
x2-4x+7= 0.
1 0 -4 8 35
4 0 4 16 20 0
-7 0 0 -7 -28 -35
1 4 5 0 0
!4 r 16 ! 20 !4 r 2i
? x2+4x+5 = 0 " x = = = -2 r i.
2 2
? The roots of the given equation are 2 r i 3 , -2 r i.

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vii).Solve the equation x4+2x3-16x2-22x+7 = 0, one root being 2- 3 .
Sol:- Given equation x4+2x3-16x2-22x+7 = 0.
2- 3 is a root of the given equation " 2+ 3 is also a root.
2
The equation having the roots 2+ 3 , 2- 3 is x -x[(2+ 3 )+(2- 3 )]+(2+ 3 )(2- 3 ) = 0.
x2-4x+1= 0.
1 2 -16 -22 7
4 0 4 24 28 0
-1 0 0 -1 -6 -7
1 6 7 0 0
#6 r 36 # 28 #6 r 2 2
? x2+6x+7 = 0 " x = = = -3 r 2.
2 2
? The roots of the given equation are 2 r 3 , -3 r 2 .
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viii).Solve the equation x4-9x3+27x2-29x+6 = 0, one root being 2- 3 . [June 2003]
Sol:- Given equation x4-9x3+27x2-29x+6 = 0.
2- 3 is a root of the given equation " 2+ 3 is also a root.
x2-4x+1= 0.
1 -9 27 -29 6
4 0 4 -20 24 0
-1 0 0 -1 5 -6
1 -5 6 0 0
? x2-5x+6 = 0 " (x-2)(x-3) = 0
x = 2, 3
? The roots of the given equation are 2 r 3 , 2, 3.
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II).When a relation between roots of the equation is given.
2. i).Solve the equation x3-3x2-6x+8 = 0 the roots being in A.P. [March 2007]
3 2
Sol:- Given equation x -3x -6x+8 = 0
Let a-d, a, a+d be the roots of the given equation.
s1 = (a-d)+a+(a+d) = 3 s3 = (a-d)a(a+d) = -8 º a(a2-d2) = -8
3a = 3 (1-d2) = -8
a=1 d2 = 9
d=3
? The required roots are a-d, a, a+d = -2, 1, 4.
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ii).Solve the equation 4x3-24x2+23x+18 = 0 the roots being in A.P.
[March 2014, May 2006, July 2001]
3 2
Sol:- Given equation 4x -24x +23x+18 = 0
24 18 9
s1 = (a-d)+a+(a+d) = s3 = (a-d)a(a+d) = - 4-d2 = -
4 4 4
9 9 16 % 9 25
3a = 6 a(a2-d2) = - d2 = 4+ = =
2 4 4 4
9 5
a=2 2(4-d2) = - d=
2 2
1 9
? The required roots are a-d, a, a+d = - , 2, .
2 2
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3 2
iii). Solve the equation 8x -36x -18x+81 = 0 the roots being in A.P.
Sol:- Given equation 8x3-36x2-18x+81 = 0 [May 2017AP March 2004]
36 81 9 2 27
s1 = (a-d)+a+(a+d) = s3 = (a-d)a(a+d) = - -d = -
8 8 4 4
9 81 9 27 36
3a = a(a2-d2) = - d2 = + = =9
2 8 4 4 4
3 3 "9 ¬
a= %% & d 2 = - 81 d=3
2 2 %' 4 ® 8
3 3 9
? The required roots are a-d, a, a+d = - , , .
2 2 2
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iv). Solve the equation x3-7x2+14x-8 = 0 the roots being in G.P. [May 2007]
3 2
Sol:- Given equation x -7x +14x-8 = 0
Let a/r, a, ar be the roots of the given equation.
a "1 ¬ a
s1 = +a+ar = 7 " a %%'% r ) 1 ) r® = 7 .....(1) s3 = (a)(ar) = 8 " a3 = 8 " a = 2.
r r
"1 ) r ) r 2 ¬
% = 7
From (1) 2 %%' r ®
2+2r+2r2 = 7r
2r2-5r+2 = 0
(2r-1)(r-2) = 0
r = 1/2, 2
? The required roots are a/r, a, ar = 1, 2, 4.
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v). Solve the equation 3x3-26x2+52x-24 = 0 the roots being in G.P. [March 2015TS]
Sol:- Given equation 3x3-26x2+52x-24 = 0
a 26 "1 ¬ 26 a 24
s1 = +a+ar = " a %%'% r ) 1 ) r® = ....(1) s3 = (a)(ar) = " a3 = 8 " a = 2
r 3 3 r 3
"1 ) r ) r 2 ¬
from (1)
%
2 %%' r = 26
® 3
3(1+r+r2) = 13r
3+3r+3r2 = 13r
3r2-10r+3 = 0
(3r-1)(r-3) = 0
r = 1/3, 3
? The required roots are a/r, a, ar = 2/3, 2, 6.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
vi). Solve the equation 54x3-39x2-26x+16 = 0 the roots being in G.P.
Sol:- Given equation 54x3-39x2-26x+16 = 0
a 39 "1 ¬ 13 a 16 8 2
s1 = +a+ar = " a %%%' ) 1 ) r® = ......(1) s3 = (a)(ar) = - " a3 = - " a = -
r 54 r 18 r 54 27 3
2 "1 ) r ) r 2 ¬ 13
%% =
from (1) - %' r ® 18
3
-12(1+r+r2) = 13r
-12r2-12r-12 = 13r
12r2+25r+12 = 0
(3r+4)(4r+3) = 0
r = - 4/3, - 3/4
? The required roots are a/r, a, ar = 1/2, - 2/3, 8/9.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
vii).15x3-23x2+9x-1 = 0 the roots being in H.P. [June 2002]
3 2
Sol:- Given The roots of 15x -23x +9x-1 = 0 are in H.P
" 1 ¬3 " 1 ¬2 " 1¬
º The roots of 15 '%% ® -23 '%%% x ® +9 %%%' ® -1 = 0 are in A.P
%
x x
º The roots of 15-23x+9x2-x3 = 0 are in A.P
º The roots of x3-9x2+23x-15= 0 are in A.P
Let the roots be a-d, a, a+d.
s1 = (a-d)+a+(a+d) = 9 s3 = (a-d)a(a+d) = 15 9-d2 = 5
3a = 9 a(a2-d2) = 15 d2 = 4
a=3 3(9-d2) = 15 d=2
3 2
? The roots of x -9x +23x-15 = 0 are 1, 3, 5.
? The roots of given equation are 1/5, 1/3, 1.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
viii).6x3-11x2+6x-1 = 0 the roots being in H.P.
Sol:- Given The roots of 6x3-11x2+6x-1 = 0 are in H.P
" 1 ¬3 " 1 ¬2 "1¬
º The roots of 6 '%% ® -111 '%%% x ® +6 '%%% ® -1 = 0 are in A.P
%
x x
º The roots of 6-11x+6x2-x3 = 0 are in A.P
º The roots of x3-6x2+11x-6 = 0 are in A.P..
Let the roots be a-d, a, a+d.
s1 = (a-d)+a+(a+d) = 6 s3 = (a-d)a(a+d) = 6 4-d2 = 3
3a = 6 a(a2-d2) = 6 d2 = 1
a=2 2(4-d2) = 6 d=1
3 2
? The roots of x -6x +11x-6 = 0 are 1, 2, 3.
? The roots of given equation are 1/3, 1/2, 1.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. i).Solve the equation 4x3 + 20x2 - 23x + 6 = 0, two of the roots being equal.
Sol:- Given equation 4x3 + 20x2 - 23x + 6 = 0
Let α , α , β be the required roots.
s1 = α + α + β = - 20/4 .......(1) from (2) α 2+2 α β = - 23/4
s2 = α α + α β + β α = - 23/4 ......(2) 4 α 2+8 α β = -23
s3 = α α β = - 6/4 .........(3) 4 α 2+8 α (-5-2 α ) = -23
from (1) 2 α +β = - 5 4 α 2-40 α -16 α 2 = -23
β = -5-2 α 12 α 2+40 α - 23 = 0
(6 α +23)(2 α -1) = 0
? α = - 23/6, 1/2
If α = - 23/6 If α = 1/2
from (1) β = -5-2 α from (1) β = -5-2 α
= -5-2(-23/6) = -5-2(1/2)
= -5+23/3 = -5-1
= 8/3 = -6
1 23 8
α= , β = -6 satisfies given equation but α = - , β = does not satisfies given equation.
2 6 3
? The required roots are α , α , β = 1/2, 1/2, -6.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii). Solve the equation 9x3-15x2+7x-1 = 0, two of the roots being equal.
Sol:- Given equation 9x3-15x2+7x-1 = 0
Let α , α , β be the required roots.
s1 = α + α + β = - (- 15/9) ......(1) From (2) α 2+2 α β = 7/9
s2 = α α + α β + β α = 7/9 ......(2) α 2+2 α (5/3 - 2 α ) = 7/9
s3 = α α β = - (- 1/9) ........(3) 9 α 2+18 α (5/3 - 2 α ) = 7
from (1) 2 α + β = 5/3 9 α 2+30 α -36 α 2 = 7
β = 5/3 - 2 α -27 α 2+30 α = 7
27 α 2-30 α +7 = 0
(3 α -1)(9 α -7) = 0
α = 7/9, 1/3
7 5 5 " 7 ¬ 15 &14 1
If α = then β = -2 α = -2 %%%' 9 ® = =
9 3 3 9 9
1 5 5 " 1¬ 5#2 3
If α = then β = -2 α = -2 %%%' 3® = = =1
3 3 3 3 3
1 7 1
α = , β = 1 satisfies given equation but α = , β = does not satisfies given equation.
3 9 9
? The required roots are α , α , β = 1/3, 1/3, 1.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii). Solve the equation x3-9x2+14x+24 = 0, two of the roots being in the ratio 3 : 2.
Sol:- Given equation x3-9x2+14x+24 = 0
Let 3 α ,2 α , β be the required roots.
s1 = 3 α +2 α + β = - (-9) .......(1) From (2) 6 α 2+5 α β = 14
s2 = 3 α (2 α )+2 α ( β )+ β (3 α ) = 14 ....(2) 6 α 2+5 α (9-5 α ) = 14
s3 = (3 α )(2 α ) β = - 24 .......(3) 6 α 2+45 α -25 α 2 = 14
-19 α 2+45 α = 14
From (1) 5 α + β = 9 19 α 2-45 α +14 = 0
β = 9 - 5α (19 α -7)( α -2) = 0
7
α = ,2
19
7 "7¬ 171 & 35 136
If α = then β = 9-5 α = 9-5 %%%'19 ® = =
19 19 19
If α = 2 then β = 9-5 α = 9-5(2) = 9 - 10 = -1
7 136
α = 2, β = -1 satisfies given equation but α = ,β = does’t satisfies given equation.
19 19
? The required roots are 3 α , 2 α , β = 6, 4, -1.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 2
iv). Solve the equation x – 7x + 36 = 0 given one root being twice the other.
Sol:- Given equation x3 – 7x2 + 36 = 0
Let 2 α , α , β be the required roots.
s1 = 2 α + α + β = - (-7) ......(1) From (2) 2 α 2+3 α β = 0
s2 = (2 α ) α + α β + β (2 α ) = 0 ......(2) 2 α 2+3 α (7-3 α ) = 0
s3 = (2 α ) α β = - 36 2 α 2+21 α -9 α 2 = 0
From (1) 3 α + β = 7 -7 α 2+21 α = 0
β = 7 - 3 α ......(3) 7 α 2 = 21 α
α =3
from (3) β = 7 - 3 α = 7-3(3) = 7 - 9 = -2.

? The required roots are 2 α , α , β = 6, 3, -2.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
v). Solve the equation 2x3+3x2-8x+3 = 0 one root being double(twice) the another root.
Sol:- Given equation 2x3+3x2-8x+3 = 0 [June 2003]
Let 2 α , α , β be the required roots.
s1 = 2 α + α + β = - 3/2 ......(1) From (2) 2 α 2+3 DE = - 4
s2 = (2 α ) α + DE + β (2 α ) = - 8/2 ......(2) 2 α 2+3 α (-3/2 - 3 α ) = - 4
s3 = (2 α ) DE = - 3/2 4 α 2+6 α (-3/2 - 3 α ) = - 8
From (1) 3 α + β = - 3/2 4 α 2-9 α -18 α 2 = - 8
β = -3/2 - 3 α -14 α 2-9 α = - 8
14 α 2+9 α - 8 = 0
(7 α +8)(2 α -1) = 0
α = - 8/7, 1/2
If α = - 8/7 If α = 1/2
3 3 8 &21 ) 48 27 3 3 1
β = - -3 α = - +3 = = . β - -3 α = - - 3 =-3
2 2 7 14 14 2 2 2
1 8 27
α = , β = -3 satisfies given equations but α = - , β = does’t satisfies given equation.
2 7 14
? The required roots are 2 α , α , β = 1, 1/2, -3.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
vi). Solve the equation 18x3+81x2+121x+60= 0 one root being half the sum of the other two
Sol:- Given equation 18x3+81x2+121x+60 = 0 [May 2018TS 2011]
α+β
Let α , β , be the required roots.
2
α+β 81 α+β 121
s1 = D % E + =- ......(1) From (2) DE + (E % D ) =
2 18 2 18
α+β α+β 121 " 3¬ 121
s2 = DE + β + α = ......(2) DE + '%%%& 2 ® (-3) =
2 2 18 18
α+β 60 9 121
s3 = DE =- . DE + =
2 18 2 18
3 9 121 9 121 & 81 40 20
from (1) (D%E ) = - DE = - = = =
2 2 18 2 18 18 9
D%E = - 3
20 4 5
? α + β = - 3, DE = ºα =- , β =-
9 3 3
α+β 4 5 3
? The required roots are α, β, =- ,- ,- .
2 3 3 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. i). Solve the equation x4-2x3+4x2+6x-21 = 0 the sum of two roots being zero.
Sol:- Given equation x4-2x3+4x2+6x-21 = 0
Let α , - α , β , γ be the required roots.
s1 = α - α + β + γ = 2 .....(1) From (3) - α 2( β + γ ) = -6
s2 = - α + DE + αγ - DE - α γ + EJ = 4 .....(2)
2
α 2(2) = 6
s3 = - α 2 β - α 2 γ + α β γ - α β γ = -6 ......(3) α2=3
s4 = α (- α ) EJ = -21 ......(4) α = 3
From (1) β + γ = 2 From (2) - α + EJ = 4
2
-3+ EJ = 4
EJ = 7
? β + γ = 2, EJ = 7 º β = 1-i 6 , γ = 1+i 6 .
? The required roots are α , - α , β , γ = o 3 , 1oi 6 .
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii). Solve the equation 8x4-2x3-27x2+6x+9 = 0 two of the roots being equal in magnitude but
opposite in sign.
Sol:- Given equation 8x4-2x3-27x2+6x+9 = 0
Let α , - α , β , γ be the required roots.
s1 = α - α + β + γ = 2/8 ......(1) From (3) - α 2( β + γ ) = -3/4
s2 = - α 2+ DE + αγ - DE - αγ + EJ = -27/8 .....(2) α 2(1/4) = 3/4
s3 = - α 2 β - α 2 γ + α β γ - α β γ = - 6/8 .....(3) α2=3
s4 = α (- α ) EJ = 9/8 α = 3
From (1) β + γ = 1/4 From (2) - α + EJ = - 27/8
2
-3+ EJ = - 27/8
EJ = 3 - 27/8 = - 3/8.
? β + γ = 1/4, EJ = - 3/8 º β = 3/4, γ = - 1/2.
? The required roots are α , - α , β , γ = o 3 , 3/4, - 1/2.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii). Solve the equation x4-5x3+5x2+5x-6 = 0 the product of two the roots being 3.
Sol:- Given equation x4-5x3+5x2+5x-6 = 0
Let α , β , γ , δ be the required roots such that DE = 3.
s1 = α + β + γ + δ = 5.......(1) From (3) 3 γ +3 δ + α (-2)+ β (-2) = - 5
s2 = DE + αγ + αδ + EJ + EG + JG = 5.....(2) 3 γ +3 δ -2 α -2 β = - 5
s3 = DEJ + DEG + DJG + EJG = - 5....(3) 3 γ +3 δ -2( α + β ) = - 5
s4 = DEJG = -6 .......(4) 3 γ +3 δ -2(5- γ - δ ) = - 5
3 JG = -6 3 γ +3 δ -10+2 γ +2 δ = - 5
JG = -2 5 γ +5 δ = 5
γ +δ = 1
From (1) α + β +1 = 5 º α + β = 4
If α + β = 4, DE = 3 º α = 1, β = 3
If γ + δ = 1, JG = -2 º γ = -1, δ = 2.
? The required roots are α , β , γ , δ = -1, 1, 2, 3.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 3 2
iv). Solve the equation x +x -16x -4x+48 = 0 the product of two of the roots being 6.
Sol:- Given equation x4+x3-16x2-4x+48 = 0 [May 2012, 2009]
Let α , β , , δ be the required roots such that DE = 6.
γ
s1 = α + β + γ + δ = -1......(1) From (3) 6 γ +6 δ +8 α +8 β = 4
s2 = DE + αγ + αδ + EJ + EG + JG = - 16......(2) 6( α + β + γ + δ )+2 α +2 β = 4
s3 = DEJ + DEG + DJG + EJG = 4.......(3) 6(-1)+2( α + β ) = 4
s4 = DEJG = 48 .......(4) -6+2( α + β ) = 4
6 JG = 48 2( α + β ) = 10
JG = 8 α +β = 5
From (1) 5+ γ + δ = -1 º γ + δ = -6
If α + β = 5, α β = 6 º α = 2, β = 3,
If γ + δ = -6, γ δ = 8 º γ = -2, δ = -4.
? The required roots are α , β , γ , δ = -4, -2, 2, 3.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
v). Solve the equation x4+4x3-2x2-12x+9 = 0 lf it has two pairs of equal roots.
Sol:- Given equation x4+4x3-2x2-12x+9 = 0 [March 2011, 2003]
Let α , β , α , β be the required roots.
s1 = α + β + α + β = - 4........(1) From (2) α 2+ β 2+4 α β = - 2
s2 = DE + α 2+ DE + ED + β 2+ DE = - 2....(2) ( α + β )2+2 α β = - 2
s3 = α 2 β + α β 2+ α 2 β + β 2 α = 12......(3) 4+2 α β = - 2
2 2
s4 = α β = 9.....(4) 2 α β = -6
From (1) 2( α + β ) = - 4 α β = -3
α +C = - 2
If α + β = - 2, α β = -3 º α = 1, β = -3.
? The required roots are α , β , α , β = 1, -3, 1, -3.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
III).Trial And Error Method.
5. Find the roots of x4 – 16x3 + 86x2 – 176x + 105 = 0. [March 2002]
4 3 2
Sol:- Let f(x) = x -16x +86x -176x+105 = 0
f(1) = 1-16+86-176+105 = 192 - 192 = 0
? (x-1) is a factor of f(x) = 0
1 -16 86 -176 105
1 0 1 -15 71 -105
1 -15 71 -105 0
Let g(x) = x3-15x2+71x-105
g(3) = 27-135+213-105 = 240 - 240 = 0
? (x-3) is a factor of g(x)
1 -15 71 -105
3 0 3 -36 105
1 -12 35 0
Let x2-12x+35 = 0
(x-3)(x-5)(x-7) = 0
x = 5,7
? The roots of given equation are 1, 3, 5, 7.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RECIPROCAL EQUATIONS.
6. i). Solve the equation x4 -10x3+26x2-10x+1 = 0. [May 2018AP March 2018TS 2012]
4 3 2
Sol:- Given equation x -10x +26x -10x+1 = 0 it is a reciprocal equation of Ist class even degree.
10 1
Given equation can be written as x2-10x+26- + =0
x x2
§ 2 1 · § 1·
¨ x ( 2 ¸ -10 ¨ x ( x ¸ +26 =0 1 1
© x ¹ © ¹ put x ( = a - x 2 ( 2 +2 = a2
x x
a2-2-10a+26 = 0
1
a2-10a+24 = 0 x2 (
2
= a2-2
x
(a-4)(a-6) = 0
a = 4 or 6
1 1
If a = 4 then x ( = 4 If a = 6 then x ( = 6
x x
2 2
x +1 = 4x x +1 = 6x
x2-4x+1 = 0 x2-6x+1 = 0
4 o 16 $ 4 4o2 3 6 o 36 $ 4 6o4 2
x= = = 2o 3 . x= = = 3o2 3 .
2 2 2 2
? The required roots are 2o 3 , 3o2 3 .

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii). Solve the equation 6x4 - 35x3+62x2 - 35x+6 = 0. [May 2013, June 2010]
4 3 2
Sol:- Given equation 6x -35x +62x -35x+6 = 0 it is a reciprocal equation of first class and of
even degree.
35 6
Given equation can be written as 6x2-35x+62- + =0
x x2
§ 2 1 · § 1·
6¨x ( x ( ¸ +62 1
2 ¸ -35 ¨© x¹
=0 1 2
put x ( = a - x ( +2 = a2
© x ¹
x x2
6(a2-2)-35a+62 = 0
1
6a2-12-35a+62 = 0 x2 ( = a2-2
x2
6a2-35a+50 = 0
(3a-10)(2a-5) = 0
a = 10/3 or 5/2
1 10 1 5
If a = 10/3 then x( = If a = 5/2 then x( =
x 3 x 2
3(x2+1) = 10x 2(x2+1) = 5x
3x2-10x+3 = 0 2x2-5x+2 = 0
(3x-1)(x-3) = 0 (2x-1)(x-2) = 0
x = 1/3, 3 x = 1/2, 2
? The required roots are 3, 1/3, 2, 1/2.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii).4x3 - 13x2 - 13x + 4 = 0.
Sol:- Given equation 4x3 - 13x2 -13x + 4 = 0 it is a reciprocal equation of first class and of odd
degree then x = -1 is a root.

4 -13 -13 4
-1 0 -4 17 -4
4 -17 4 0
Let 4x2-17x+4 = 0 º (4x-1)(x-4) = 0
x = 1/4, 4
? The required roots are 1/4, 1, 4.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iv).2x5+x4-12x3-12x2+x+2 = 0. [May 2017TS 2015TS March 2017AP 2016AP 2008 2007]
Sol:- Given equation 2x5+x4-12x3-12x2+x+2 = 0 it is a reciprocal equation of first class and of
odd degree then x = -1 is a root.
2 1 -12 -12 1 2
-1 0 -2 1 11 1 -2
2 -1 -11 -1 2 0
4 3 2
? Let 2x -x -11x -x+2 = 0
1 1
2x2-x-11- +2 =0
x x2
§ 2 1 · § 1· 1 1 1
2¨x ( 2 ¸ - ¨©
x ( ¸ -11
x¹
=0 put x ( = a - x 2 ( 2 +2 = a2 - x 2 ( 2
= a2-2
© x ¹ x x x
2(a2-2)-a-11 = 0
2a2-4-a-11 = 0
2a2-a-15 = 0
(2a+5)(a-3) = 0
a = - 5/2 or 3
1 5 1
If a = - 5/2 then x( =- If a = 3 then x ( =3
x 2 x
2(x2+1) = -5x x2+1 = 3x
2x2+5x+2 = 0 x2-3x+1 = 0
3o 9$4 3o 5
(2x+1)(x+2) = 0 x= =
2 2
x = -1/2, -2.
3o 5
? The required roots are -1, -1/2, -2, .
2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
v).6x6-25x5+31x4-31x2+25x-6 = 0. [May 2015 March 2018AP]
Sol:- Given equation 6x6-25x5+31x4-31x2+25x-6 = 0 it is a reciprocal equation of Second class
and of even degree then x = -1, 1 are the roots.
6 -25 31 0 -31 25 -6
1 0 6 -19 12 12 -19 6
6 -19 12 12 -19 6 0
-1 0 -6 25 -37 25 -6
6 -25 37 -25 6 0
4 3 2
? Let 6x -25x +37x -25+6 = 0
25 6
6x2-25x+37- + =0
x x2
§ 2 1 · § 1· 1 1 1
6¨x ( 2 ¸ -25 ¨©
x ( ¸ +37
x¹
=0 put x ( = a - x 2 ( 2 +2 = a2 - x 2 ( 2
= a2-2
© x ¹ x x x
6(a2-2)-25a+37 = 0
6a2-12-25a+37 = 0
6a2-25a+25 = 0
(3a-5)(2a-5) = 0
a = 5/3 or 5/2
1 5 1 5
If a = 5/2 then x( = If a = 5/3 then x ( =
x 2 x 3
2 2
2(x +1) = 5x 3(x +1) = 5x
2x2-5x+2 = 0 3x2-5x+3 = 0
5 o 25 $ 36 5 o i 11
(2x-1)(x-2) = 0 x= =
6 6
x = 1/2, 2.
5 o i 11
? The required roots are -1, 1, 1/2, 2, .
6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
vi).x5-5x4+9x3-9x2+5x-1 = 0 [May 2016AP, March 2013]
5 4 3 2
Sol:- Given equation x -5x +9x -9x +5x-1 = 0 it is a reciprocal equation of Second class and odd
degree then x = 1 is a root.
1 -5 9 -9 5 -1
1 0 1 -4 5 -4 1
1 -4 5 -4 1 0
4 3 2
? Let x -4x +5x -4x+1 = 0
4 1
x2-4x+5- + =0
x x2
§ 2 1 · § 1· 1 1 1
¨ x ( 2 ¸ -4 ¨ x ( x ¸ +5 = 0 .....(1) put x ( = a - x 2 ( +2 = a2 - x 2 ( = a2-2
© x ¹ © ¹ x x 2
x 2
(a2-2)-4a+5 = 0
a2-4a+3 = 0
(a-1)(a-3) = 0
a = 1 or 3
1 1
If a = 1 then x ( =1 If a = 3 then x ( =3
x x
x2+1 = x x2+1 = 3x
x2-x+1 = 0 x2-3x+1 = 0
1o 1$ 4 1o i 3 3o 9$4 3o 5
x= = x= =
2 2 2 2
1o i 3 3o 5
? The required roots are 1, , .
2 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. BINOMIAL THEOREM PAPER 2(A) E.M
Q.NO 20 IN I.P.E
BINOMIAL THEOREM FOR POSITIVE INTEGRAL INDEX.
If n is a positive integer then (x+a)n = nC0 xn +nC1 xn-1 a1+nC2 xn-2 a2+nC3 xn-3 a3+.....+nCn an.
[March 2009]
Sol:- Let S(n) be the given statement.
S(n) = (x+a)n = nC0 xn +nC1 xn-1 a1+nC2 xn-2 a2+nC3 xn-3 a3+.......+nCn an.
put n = 1 L.H.S = x+a R.H.S = 1C0 x1 +1C1 x0 a1 = x+a
L.H.S = R.H.S
? S(1) true.
Let us assume the statement is true for n = k.
S(k) = (x+a)k = kC0 xk +kC1 xk-1 a1+kC2 xk-2 a2+kC3 xk-3 a3+.......+kCk ak.
(x+a)k+1 = (x+a).(x+a)k
= (x+a).( kC0 xk +kC1 xk-1 a1+kC2 xk-2 a2+kC3 xk-3 a3+.......+kCk ak )
= ( kC0 xk+1 + kC1 xk a1 + kC2 xk-1 a2 + kC3 xk-2 a3 +.......+ kCk x ak )
+ ( kC0 xk a + kC1 xk-1 a2 + kC2 xk-2 a3 + ......................+ kCk ak+1 )
= xk+1 +(kC1+kC0) xk a1 +(kC2+kC1) xk-1 a2 +(kC3+kC2) xk-2 a3 +.......... + ak+1
= k+1C0 xk+1+k+1C1 xk a1+k+1C2 xk-1 a2+k+1C3 xk-2 a3+..........+k+1Ck+1 ak+1
S(k+1) is true.
? By principle of mathematical induction S(n) is true for all n ! N.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. i).Find the sum of the coefficients of x32 and x -18 in the expansion of (2x3 - 3/x2)14.
Sol:- In the expansion of (2x3 - 3/x2)14.
r
r "%& 3 ¬
Tr+1 = 14 3 14 -
Cr (2x ) % = 14Cr 214 - r x42 - 3r (-3)r x -2r = 14Cr 214 - r (-3)r x42 - 5r
'% x 2 ®
To get coefficient of x32 then To get coefficient of x-18 then
42- 5r = 32 42- 5r = -18
5r = 10 5r = 60
r=2 r = 12
Coefficients of x32 = 14C2 212 32 Coefficients of x-18 = 14C12 22 312
= 14C2 22 312
? The sum of the coefficients is = 14C2 212 32 + 14C2 22 312 = 14C2 22 32 (210 + 310)
= 14C2 36 (210 + 310).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).If the coefficient of x10 in (ax2 + 1/bx)11 is equal to the coefficient of x–10 in (ax - 1/bx2)11.
Find the relation between a and b where a and b are real numbers. [May 2015AP]
" 2 ¬11 " ¬11
Sol:- In the expansion of %%ax ) 1 In the expansion of %%ax & 1
'% bx ® '%
bx 2 ®
" 1 ¬r " &1 ¬r

Tr+1 = 11Cr (ax2)11 - r %%% Tr+1 = 11Cr (ax)11 - r %%%
' bx ® ' bx 2 ®
= 11Cr a11 - r x22 - 2r b-r x -r = 11Cr a11 - r x11 - r (-1)r b-r x -2r
= 11Cr a11 - r b-r x22 - 3r = (-1)r 11Cr a11 - r b-r x11 - 3r

To get coefficient of x10 º 22- 3r = 10 To get coefficient of x -10 º 11- 3r = -10
3r = 12 3r = 21
r=4 r=7
coefficient of x10 = 11C4 a11- 4 b-4 -10 7 11
coefficient of x = (-1) C7 a 11- 7
b-7
= 11C4 a7 b-4. = - 11C4 a4 b-7
11
Given C4 a7 b-4 = - 11C4 a4 b-7
a3 = - b-3
a3b3 = -1
(ab)3 = -1
? ab = -1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).If the coefficients of x11 and x12 in the bionomial expansion of (2+8x/3)n are equal find n.
Sol:- In the expansion of (2 + 8x/3)n
r 11 12
n n - r "% 8x ¬ n n - 11 "% 8¬ n n - 12 "% 8¬
General term Tr+1 = Cr (2) %%& ® Given C11 2 %%& ® = C12 2 %%& ®
3 3 3
" 8¬r r §8·

= nCr 2n - r %% x
%& 3® 2 nC11 = nC12 ¨ 3 ¸
© ¹
11 n
n n - 11 "% 8 ¬
C12 6
11
Coefficient of x = C11 2 %%
& 3®
, n =
C11 8
" 8¬12 n ( 11 3
Coefficient of x12 = nC12 2n - 12 %%
%& 3® =
12 4
n - 11 = 9
? n = 20.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. i).Find the values of a , x and n if the 2nd, 3rd and 4th terms in (a+x)n are 240 , 720 and
1080. [March 2016TS, May 2009, 2006]
Sol:- In the expansion of (a + x)n general term Tr+1 = nCr an - r x r.
T2 = nC1 an - 1 x 1 = 240 .....(1) T3 = nC2 an - 2 x 2 = 720 .....(2)
T4 = nC3 an - 3 x 3 = 1080 .....(3)
(3) u (2) º (2) u (1) º (4) u (5) º
n n n)2 x
C3 a n)3 x 3 1080 C2 a n)2 x 2 720
. . = . n)1 . = 3 a = 1
n n
C2 a n)2 x 2 720 C1 a x 240 n )1 x 2
2 a
n )2 x 3 n )1 x 2 1
. = ......(4) . = 3 ......(5) =
3 a 2 2 a 3 2
4(n-2) = 3(n-1)
4n-8 = 3n-3
?n=5
4 x 3
From (5) =3 º x= a .....(6)
2 a 2
"3 ¬ 3
From (1) 5
C1 a5 - 1 &%%% 2 a ® = 240 From (6) ? x = .2 = 3
2
3
5.a4. a = 240
2
a5 = 32
? a = 2.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).If 36, 84, 126 are three successive bionamial coefficients in the expansion of (1+x)n then
find n.
Sol:- In the expansion of (1+x)n general term Tr+1 = nCr x r.
Let rth, (r+1)th, and (r+2)nd terms are three successive bionamial terms.
The coefficient of rth term n
Cr-1 = 36.......(1)
The coefficient of (r+1)th term n
Cr = 84..........(2)
The coefficient of (r+2)nd term n
Cr+1 = 126.....(3)
n n
84Cr C r*1 126
(2) u (1) then n = (3) u (2) then n =
Cr)1 36 Cr 84
n ) r *1 7 n)r 3
= =
r 3 r *1 2
3n-3r+3 = 7r 2n-2r = 3r+3
10r = 3n+3.........(4) 5r = 2n-3
10r = 4n-6.........(5)
from (4)&(5) 3n+3 = 4n - 6
?n=9
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. i). If the coefficients of rth, (r + 1)th and (r + 2)th terms in the expansion of (1+x)n
are in A .P then show that n2 - (4r +1) n + 4r2 - 2 = 0.
[March 2018TS 2015AP May 2016TS 2012]
Sol:- In the expansion of (1+x) n
general term Tr+1 = Cr x r. n
The coefficient of
rth term = nCr-1 (r+1)th term = nCr , (r+2)nd term = nCr+1
Given nCr-1 , nCr , nCr+1 are in A.P then 2 nCr = nCr-1 + nCr+1
n n
C r)1 Cr *1
2= n + n
Cr Cr
r n)r
2= +
n ) r *1 r *1
2(r+1)(n-r+1) = r(r+1)+(n-r)(n-r+1)
2(nr-r2+r+n-r+1) = r2+r+n2-nr+n-nr+r2+r
2nr-2r2+2n+2 = 2r2+2r+n2-2nr+n
n2- 4nr + 4r2- n - 2 = 0
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).If the coefficients of x9, x10, x11 in the expansion of (1+x)n are in A.P .then prove that
n2 - 41n + 398 = 0.
Sol:- In the expansion of (1+x)n general term Tr+1 = nCr x r.
The coefficient of x9 = nC9 The coefficient of x10 = nC10
The coefficient of x11 = nC11
Given nC9 , nC10 , nC11 are in A.P then 2 nC10 = nC9 + nC11
n n
C9 C11
2= n +n
C10 C10
10 n )10
2= +
n )9 11
2(11)(n-9) = 10(11)+(n-9)(n-10)
22(n-9) = 110+n2-9n-10n+90
22n-198 = n2-19n+200
2
? n -41n+398 = 0.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. If a1, a2, a3, a4 are the coefficients of four consecutive terms respectively in the expansion of
a1 a3 2a 2
(1 + x)n where n is a positive integer then show that a * a + a * a = a * a .
1 2 3 4 2 3
[March 2017AP 2011, May 2017TS 2011 2007]

Sol:- Let nC0 , nC1 , nC2 , nC3 be the coefficients of four consecutive terms In the expansion
of (1+x)n .
Let a1 = nC0 a2 = nC1 a3 = nC2 a4 = nC3.
nC n n n nC
a1 a3 0 C2 C0 C2 1 2
+ = +n = (n* 1) C + (n * 1) = 1* n
+ n *1
a1 * a 2 a 3 * a 4 n C *n C
0 1 C 2 * n C3 1 C3 qn C2
3
1 3 4
= 1* n + 1* n = 1* n
2a 2 nC n nC
1 C1 1 4
=2 =2 (n * 1) C = 2 n * 1 n =
a 2 * a3 n
C1 *n C2 2 q C1 1* n
2
a1 a3 2a 2
? + = .
a1 * a 2 a 3 * a 4 a2 * a3
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. If the sum of odd terms and the sum of even terms in the expansion of (x+a)n are p and q
respectively then show that
i).p2 - q2 = (x2 - a2)n ii).4pq = (x+a)2n - (x-a)2n
[March2016AP, 2010]
n n n n n-1 1 n n-2 2 n n-3
Sol:- (x+a) = C0 x + C1 x a + C2 x a + C3 x a +.........+ Cn a n
3 n
(x-a)n = nC0 xn - nC1 xn - 1 a 1 + nC2 xn - 2 a 2 - nC3 xn - 3 a 3 +.........+(-1)n nCn a n

n
In the expansion of (x+a)
Sum of odd terms p = nC0 xn + nC2 xn - 2 a 2 + nC4 xn - 4 a 4 +.........
Sum of even terms q = nC1 xn - 1 a 1 + nC3 xn - 3 a 3 + nC5 xn - 5 a 5 +..........
p+q = nC0 xn + nC1 xn - 1 a 1 + nC2 xn - 2 a 2 + nC3 xn - 3 a 3 +.........+nCn a n = (x+a)n
p-q = nC0 xn - nC1 xn - 1 a 1 + nC2 xn - 2 a 2 - nC3 xn - 3 a 3 +.........+(-1)n nCn a n = (x-a)n
i). p2 - q2 = (p+q)(p-q) ii). 4pq = (p+q)2 - (p-q)2
= (x+a)n (x-a)n = [(x+a)n]2 - [(x-a)n]2
= (x2 - a2)n = (x + a)2n - (x - a)2n
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. i).If (4+ 15 )n = I+F where I and n are positive integers and 0<F<1 then show that I is an
odd integer and (I+F)(1-F) = 1. [Sept 2000]
Sol:- Given (4+ 15 )n = I+F
Let (4- 15 )n = f
Now 3< 15 <4 then -4<- 15 <-3 º 0<4- 15 <1 º 0<(4- 15 )n<1 º 0<f<1.
I+F+f = (4+ 15 )n + (4- 15 )n
= [nC0 4n + nC1 4n - 1 ( 15)1 + nC2 4n - 2 ( 15)2 +.........+nCn ( 15) n ]
+[nC0 4n - nC1 4n - 1 ( 15)1 +nC2 4n - 2 ( 15)2 -.....+(-1)n. nCn ( 15) n ]
= 2[nC0 4n +nC2 4n - 2 ( 15)2 + .........]
= 2k where k is an integer
? I+F+f is an even integer..
' I is an integer then F+f is an integer..
0<F<1 and 0<f<1 then 0<F+f<2
? F+f = 1
I+1 is an even integer.
? I is an odd integer..
? (I+F)(1-F) = (I+F)f = (4+ 15 )n(4- 15 )n = [(4+ 15 )(4- 15 )]n = (16-15)n = 1.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).If (7+4 3 )n = I+F where I and n are positive integers and 0<F<1 then show that I is an
odd integer and (I+F)(1-F) = 1.
Sol:- Given (7+4 3 )n = I+F
Let (7-4 3 )n = f
Now 6<4 3 <7 then -7<-4 3 <-6 º 0<7-4 3 <1 º 0<(7-4 3 )n<1 º 0<f<1.
I+F+f = (7+4 3 )n + (7-4 3 )n
= [nC0 7n + nC1 7n - 1 (4 7)1 + nC2 7n - 2 (4 7) 2 + .........+nCn (4 7)n ]
+[nC0 7n - nC1 7n - 1 (4 7)1 + nC2 7n - 2 (4 7) 2 - .........+(-1)n. nCn (4 7)n ]
= 2[nC0 7n +nC2 7n - 2 (4 7)2 + .........]
= 2k where k is an integer
? I+F+f is an even integer then
' I is an integer then F+f is an integer
0<F<1 and 0<f<1 then 0<F+f<2
? F+f = 1
I+1 is an even integer
? I is an odd integer
? (I+F)(1-F) = (I+F)f = (7+4 3 )n(7-4 3 )n = [(7+4 3 )(7-4 3 )]n = (49-48)n = 1.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS.
n *1 ) 1
n C C Cn n (1 * x)
7. If Cr denotes Cr , then C0 + 21 .x + 32 .x 2
+..............+ .x = (n * 1)x
n *1
[March 2014 2002 May 2018TS 2017AP 2016AP 2014 2013]
C1 C2 Cn 2n *1 )1
and hence prove that i). C0+ + +......+ = . [March 2017 TS]
2 3 n *1 n *1
3 9 27 3n 4n "1 # 1
ii). C0 + C1+ C2+ C3+........+ Cn = [May 2018AP]
2 3 4 n "1 3(n " 1)
C C C
Sol:- C0 + 21 x + 32 x2+..............+ n .xn
n *1
n n(n # 1) 1
= 1+ x+ x2+.......+ .xn
1.2 1.2.3 n "1
1 (n " 1)n (n " 1)n(n # 1)
= [(n+1) x+ x2+ x3+.......+.xn+1]
(n " 1)x 2! 3!
1
= [(n+1)C1 x+(n+1)C2 x2+(n+1)C3 x3+.......+(n+1)Cn+1 xn+1]
(n " 1)x
1
= [(n+1)C0+(n+1)C1 x+(n+1)C2 x2+(n+1)C3 x3+.......+(n+1)Cn+1 xn+1 - (n+1)C0]
(n " 1)x
(1 * x)n *1 ) 1
= (n * 1)x
C1 C C (1 * x)n *1 ) 1
? C0 + 2 .x + 32 .x2+..............+ n .xn =
n *1 (n * 1)x
C C C (1 * 1) n *1 ) 1 2n *1 ) 1
i). Put x = 1 then C0 + 21 + 32 +..............+ n = = .
n *1 (n * 1) (n * 1)
C C C (1 * 3)n*1 ) 1
ii). Put x = 3 then C0 + 21 .3 + 32 .32+..............+ n .3n =
n *1 3(n * 1)
3 9 3n 4n "1 # 1
? C0 + C1+ C2+........+ Cn = =
3(n " 1)
.
2 3 n "1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. For r = 0, 1, 2, .....n, prove that C0Cr +C1Cr+1 +C2Cr+2 +.....+Cn – rCn = 2nCn+r and hence prove
2n
that i). C02 + C12 + C22 + ......+ C2n = Cn.
ii).C0C1 +C1C2 +C2C3 + ......+Cn-1Cn = 2nCn+1.

[March 2018AP 2015TS 2012]
n n
Sol:- (1+x) = C0+C1 x+C2 x2+.......+Cn x .......(1)
(x+1)n = C0 xn+C1 xn -1+C2 xn -2+.......+Cn.......(2)
Multiplying (2) and (1) we get
(C0 xn+C1 xn -1+C2 xn -2+.......+Cn)(C0+C1 x+C2 x2+.......+Cn xn) = (x+1)n (1+x)n
= (1+x)2n
Comparing the coefficients of xn+r on both sides, we get
2n
? C0Cr +C1Cr+1 +C2Cr+2 + ......+Cn-rCn = Cn+r
i). Put r = 0 then C0C0 +C1C1 +C2C2 + ......+CnCn = 2nCn

2n
? C0 + C1 + C2 + ......+ Cn = Cn
2 2 2 2
ii). Put r = 1 then C0C1 +C1C2 +C2C3 + ......+Cn-1Cn = 2nCn+1

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2
n § nC · 2
9. Show that 3¨
¦r ¨n r ¸ = n(n " 1) (n " 2) . [March 2013]
¸
r 1 © C r #1 ¹ 12
2
n § nC · n
3 § n # r "1·
2 n (n " 1 # r) 2 n
Sol:- 3¨
¦r ¨n r ¸ = ¦r ¨ ¸ = ¦ r3 = ¦ r [(n+1)-r]2
¸
r 1 © Cr #1 ¹ r 1 © r ¹ r 1 r2 r 1
n
= ¦ r ((n+1)2-2(n+1)r+r2)
r 1
n n n
2 3
= (n+1)2 ¦ r - 2(n+1) ¦ r + ¦ r
r 1 r 1 r 1
n(n * 1) n(n * 1)(2n * 1) n 2 (n * 1) 2

= (n+1)2 2
- 2(n+1) 6
+
4
n(n * 1) 2
= (6(n+1)-4(2n+1)+3n))
12
n(n * 1)2
= (6n+6-8n-4+3n)
12
n(n " 1)2 (n " 2)

= .
12
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. If (1+x+x2)n = a0+a1x+a2x2+.......+a2nx2n then show that
3n * 1
i).a0+a1+a2+.......+a2n = 3n ii).a0+a2+a4+.......+a2n =
2
3n )1
iii).a1+a3+a5+.......+a2n-1 = iv).a0+a3+a6+a9+.......= 3n-1
2
Sol:- Given a0+a1x+a2x2+a3x3+.......+a2nx2n = (1+x+x2)n
put n = 1 then a0+a1+a2+a3+.......+a2n = (1+1+1)n = 3n .......(1)
put n = -1 then a0-a1+a2-a3+.......+a2n = (1-1+1)n = 1 .......(2)
(1)+(2) º (a0+a1+a2+.......+a2n)+(a0-a1+a2-.......+a2n) = 3n+1
2(a0+a2+a4+.......+a2n) = 3n+1
3n " 1
? a0+a2+a4+.......+a2n =
2
(1)-(2) º (a0+a1+a2+.......+a2n) - (a0-a1+a2-.......+a2n) = 3n - 1
2(a1+a3+a5+.......+a2n-1) = 3n - 1
3n #1
? a1+a3+a5+.......+a2n-1 =
2
put x = Z then a0+a1 Z +a2 Z 2+a3 Z 3+.......+a2n Z 2n = (1+ Z + Z 2)n = 0 .....(3)
put x = Z 2 then a0+a1 Z 2+a2 Z 4+a3 Z 6+.......+a2n Z 4n = (1+ Z 2+ Z 4)n
= (1+ Z 2+ Z )n = 0 .....(4)
(1)+(3)+(4) then 3 a0 + a1(1+ Z + Z 2) + a2(1+ Z 2+ Z 4) + 3 a3+ .........= 3n
3 a0 + a1(1+ Z + Z 2) + a2(1+ Z + Z 2) + 3 a3+ .........= 3n
3 a0 + a1(0) + a2(0) + 3 a3+ ..........= 3n
3 a0+3 a3+3 a6+ ............= 3n
? a0+a3+a6+ ........ = 3n-1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q.NO 21 IN I.P.E
BINOMIAL THEOREM FOR RATIONAL INDEX.
1 1.3 1.3.5
1. i).Show that 1+ + + ....... f = 3. [March 2015TS]
3 3.6 3.6.9
2 3
1 1.3 1.3.5 1 1 1.3 § 1 · 1.3.5 § 1 ·
Sol:- Let S = 1+ + + +....... f = 1+ . + ¨ ¸ + ¨ ¸ +....... f
3 3.6 3.6.9 1! 3 2! © 3 ¹ 3! © 3 ¹
2 3
p § x · p(p ( q) § x · p(p ( q)(p ( 2q) § x · -p/q
It is in the form of 1+ ¨ ¸+
q ¨ ¸ + ¨ ¸ +....... f = (1-x)
1! © ¹ 2! ©q¹ 3! ©q¹
here p = 1 p+q = 3 ) 1+q = 3 ) q = 2 x/q = 1/3 ) x/2 = 1/3 ) x = 2/3
1 1
+ +
-p/q § 2· 2 §1· 2
? S = (1-x) = ¨1 + ¸ = ¨ ¸ = 31/2 = 3 .
© 3¹ © 3¹
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 3
2 1 2.5 § 1 · 2.5.8 § 1 ·
ii). Show that 1+ . + ¨ ¸ + . ¨ ¸ ....... f = 3
4.
3 2 3.6 © 2 ¹ 3.6.9 © 2 ¹
2 3 2 3
2 1 2.5 § 1 · 2.5.8 § 1 · 2 1 2.5 § 1 · 2.5.8 § 1 ·
Sol:- Let S = 1+ . + ¨ ¸ + . ¨ ¸ +....... f = 1+ . + ¨ ¸ + . +....... f
3 2 3.6 © 2 ¹ 3.6.9 © 2 ¹ 1! 6 2! © 6 ¹ 3! ¨© 6 ¹¸
2 3
p § x · p(p ( q) § x · p(p ( q)(p ( 2q) § x · -p/q
q ¨ ¸ + ¨ ¸ +....... f = (1-x)
1! © ¹ 2! ©q¹ 3! ©q¹
here p = 2 p+q = 5 ) 2+q = 5 ) q = 3 x/q = 1/6 ) x/3 = 1/6 ) x = 1/2
2 2
+ +
-p/q § 1· §1·
? S = (1-x) = ¨1 + ¸
3
= ¨ ¸
3
= 22/3 = 3 4 .
© 2¹ ©2¹
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3
4 4.7 4.7.9 625
iii).Show that 1- + - + ...... = 16
[May 2017TS]
5 5.10 5.10.15
2 3
4 4.7 4.7.9 4 1 4.7 § 1 · 4.7.10 § 1 ·
Sol:- Let S = 1- + - + ...... f = 1- + ¨ ¸ - ¨ ¸ + ...... f
5 5.10 5.10.15 1! 5 2! © 5 ¹ 3! © 5 ¹
2 3
p § x · p(p ( q) § x · p(p ( q)(p ( 2q) § x · -p/q
It is in the form of 1- ¨ q ¸ + ¨ ¸ - ¨ ¸ +....... f = (1+x)
1! © ¹ 2! ©q¹ 3! ©q¹
here p = 4 p+q = 7 ) 4+q = 7 ) q = 3 x/q = 1/5 ) x/3 = 1/5 ) x = 3/5
4 4 4 4
+ + 3
-p/q §8· § 5 ·3 § 5 ·3 625
= §¨1 ( ·¸
3 3 3
? S = (1+x) = ¨ ¸ = 16= ¨ ¸ = ¨ 3¸
© 5¹ © 5¹ ©8¹ ©2 ¹
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 ! ¬
iv).Show that $$1 % 1 % 1.3 . 1 % 1.3.5 . 1 % .... = 2 [May 2013 March 2018AP 2016AP]
&$ 10 2 1.2 10 4 1.2.3 10 6 ®
5
! ¬
Sol:- Let S =
7 $1 % 1 % 1.3 . 1 % 1.3.5 . 1 % ....
5 $&$ 102 1.2 104 1.2.3 106 ®

5 1 1 1.3 § 1 ·2 1.3.5 § 1 ·3
S = 1+ . + ¨ ¸ + ¨ ¸ +....... f
7 1! 100 2! © 100 ¹ 1.2.3 © 100 ¹
2 3
p § x · p(p ( q) § x · p(p ( q)(p ( 2q) § x · -p/q
q ¨ ¸ + ¨ ¸ +....... f = (1-x) .
1! © ¹ 2! ©q¹ 3! ©q¹
x 1 x 1
here p = 1 p+q = 3 ) 1+q = 3 ) q = 2 q = ) = ) x = 1/50
100 2 100
1 1 1
* *
5 § 49 · § 50 · 2 5 2
S = (1-x)-p/q = §¨1 * ·¸ 2 = ¨ 50 ¸
1 2
= ¨ ¸ =
7 © 50 ¹ © ¹ © 49 ¹ 7
?S= 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 3.5 3.5.7
2. i).Show that + + +........ f = 8 - 1. [March 2011, June 2010]
4 4.8 4.8.12
3 3.5 3.5.7
Sol:- Let S = + + +........ f
4 4.8 4.8.12
2 3
3 1 3.5 § 1 · 3.5.7 § 1 ·
x+1 = 1+ + ¨ ¸ + ¨ ¸ + ....... f
1! 4 2! © 4 ¹ 3! © 4 ¹
2 3
p § x · p(p ( q) § x · p(p ( q)(p ( 2q) § x · -p/q
q ¨ ¸ + ¨ ¸ +....... f = (1-x)
1! © ¹ 2! ©q¹ 3! ©q¹
here p = 3 p+q = 5 ) 3+q = 5 ) q = 2 x/q = 1/4 ) x/2 = 1/4 ) x = 1/2
3 3
* *
-p/q § 1· §1·
S+1 = (1-x) = ¨1 * ¸
2
= ¨ ¸
2
= 23/2 = 8 .
© 2¹ ©2¹
? S = 8 -1.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.5 3.5.7 3.5.7.9 5 5 8
ii).Show that + + + ....... f = - . [March 2017TS May 2009]
5.10 5.10.15 5.10.15.20 3 3 5
2 3 4
3.5 3.5.7 3.5.7.9 3.5 § 1 · 3.5.7 § 1 · 3.5.7.9 § 1 ·
Sol:- Let S = + + + ....... f = ¨ ¸ + ¨ ¸ + ¨ ¸ + ....... f
5.10 5.10.15 5.10.15.20 1.2 © 5 ¹ 1.2.3 © 5 ¹ 1.2.3.4 © 5 ¹
2 3 4
3 1 3 1 3.5 § 1 · 3.5.7 § 1 · 3.5.7.9 § 1 ·
x+1+ = 1+ + + + + ....... f
1! 5 1! 5 2! ¨© 5 ¹¸ 3! ¨© 5 ¹¸ 4! ¨© 5 ¹¸
2 3
p § x · p(p ( q) § x · p(p ( q)(p ( 2q) § x · -p/q
It is in the form of 1+ ¨ q ¸ + ¨ ¸ + ¨ ¸ +....... f = (1-x) .
1! © ¹ 2! ©q¹ 3! ©q¹
here p = 3 p+q = 5 ) 3+q = 5 ) q = 2 x/q = 1/5 ) x/2 = 1/5 ) x = 2/5
3 3 3
8 * * 5 5
S+ = (1-x)-p/q = § 2·
¨1 * ¸
2
= § 3·
¨ ¸
2
= § 5 ·2
¨ ¸ =
5 © 5¹ ©5¹ © 3¹ 3 3
5 5 8
?S= -
3 3 5
.

3 3.5 3.5.7 2 3
iii).Show that - + - ....... f = - .
4.8 4.8.12 4.8.12.16 3 4
2 3 4
3 3.5 3.5.7 1.3 § 1 · 1.3.5 § 1 · 1.3.5.7 § 1 ·
Sol:- Let S = - + - ....... f = - + - ....... f
4.8 4.8.12 4.8.12.16 1.2 ¨© 4 ¹¸ 1.2.3 ¨© 4 ¹¸ 1.2.3.4 ¨© 4 ¹¸
2 3 4
1 1 1 1.3 § 1 · 1.3.5 § 1 · 1.3.5.7 § 1 ·
S+1- = 1- + ¨ ¸ - ¨ ¸ + ¨ ¸ - ....... f
4 1! 4 2! © 4 ¹ 3! © 4 ¹ 4! © 4 ¹
2 3
p § x · p(p ( q) § x · p(p ( q)(p ( 2q) §x· -p/q
It is in the form of 1- ¨ ¸+ ¨ ¸ - ¨ ¸ +....... f = (1+x) .
1! ©q¹ 2! ©q¹ 3! q
© ¹
here p = 1 p+q = 3 ) 1+q = 3 ) q = 2 x/q = 1/4 ) x/2 = 1/4 ) x = 1/2
1 1 1
3 * * 2
-p/q § 1· 2 §3· 2 § 2 ·2
S+ = (1+x) = ¨1 ( ¸ = ¨ ¸ = ¨ ¸ =
4 © 2¹ ©2¹ ©3¹ 3
2 3
?S= 3 - 4
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1.3 1.3.5
3. i).if x = + + +........... f , then show that 3x2 + 6x = 2.
5 5.10 5.10.15
[March 2014 2012 May 2018AP 2017AP 2016TS 2014]
1 1.3 1.3.5
Sol:- Given x = + + +........... f
5 5.10 5.10.15
2 3
1 1 1.3 § 1 · 1.3.5 § 1 ·
x+1 = 1+ . + ¨ ¸ + ¨ ¸ +....... f
1! 5 2! © 5 ¹ 3! © 5 ¹
2 3
p § x · p(p ( q) § x · p(p ( q)(p ( 2q) §x· -p/q
1! © ¹ 2! ©q¹ 3! q
© ¹
here p = 1 p+q = 3 ) 1+q = 3 ) q = 2. x/q = 1/5 ) x/2 = 1/5 ) x = 2/5.
1 1 1
* *
§ 2· 2 § 3· 2 § 5 ·2
x+1 = ¨1 * ¸ = ¨ ¸ = ¨ ¸
© 5¹ ©5¹ © 3¹
(x+1)2 = 5/3
3(x2+2x+1) = 5
3x2+6x+3 = 5
2
? 3x +6x = 2.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 5.7 5.7.9
ii).if x = + 2+ +....... f , then show that x2 + 4x = 23.
2!.3 3!.3 4!.33
[March 2013, May 2015TS 2012]
2 3 4
5 5.7 5.7.9 3.5 § 1 · 3.5.7 § 1 · 3.5.7.9 § 1 ·
Sol:- Given x = + 2+ 3 +....... f = ¨ ¸ + ¨ ¸ + ¨ ¸ +....... f
2!.3 3!.3 4!.3 2! © 3 ¹ 3! © 3 ¹ 4! © 3 ¹
2 3 4
3 1 3 1 3.5 § 1 · 3.5.7 § 1 · 3.5.7.9 § 1 ·
x+1+ . = 1+ . + ¨ ¸ + + +....... f
3! ¨© 3 ¹¸ 4! © 3 ¹¸
¨
1! 3 1! 3 2! © 3 ¹
2 3
p § x · p(p ( q) § x · p(p ( q)(p ( 2q) § x · -p/q
q ¨ ¸ + ¨ ¸ +....... f = (1-x) .
1! © ¹ 2! ©q¹ 3! ©q¹
here p = 3 p+q = 5 ) 3+q = 5 ) q = 2. x/q = 1/3 ) x/2 = 1/3 ) x = 2/3.
3 3
* *
§ 2· 2 §1· 2
x+1+1 = ¨1 * ¸ = ¨ ¸ = 33/2
© 3¹ ©3¹
(x+2)2 = 33
x2+4x+4 = 27
2
? x +4x = 23
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 4.6 4.6.8
iii). If t = + + +......... f , then prove that 9t = 16.
5 5.10 5.10.15
4 4.6 4.6.8
Sol:- Given t = + + +......... f
5 5.10 5.10.15
2 3
4 1 4.6 § 1 · 4.6.8 § 1 ·
t+1 = 1+ + ¨ ¸ + ¨ ¸ +....... f
1! 5 2! © 5 ¹ 3! © 5 ¹
2 3
p § x · p(p ( q) § x · p(p ( q)(p ( 2q) § x · -p/q
q ¨ ¸ + ¨ ¸ +....... f = (1-x) .
1! © ¹ 2! ©q¹ 3! ©q¹
here p = 4 p+q = 6 ) 4+q = 6 ) q = 2. x/q = 1/5 ) x/2 = 1/5 ) x = 2/5.
4 *2 2
* 25
§ 2· 2 §3· §5·
t+1 = ¨1 * ¸ =¨ ¸ =¨ ¸ =
© 5¹ ©5¹ © 3¹ 9
9t+9 = 25
? 9t = 16.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.3 1.3.5 1.3.5.7
iv). If x = + + +....... f , then show that 9x2 + 24x = 11.
1.
3.6 3.6.9 3.6.9.12
[May 2018TS 2016AP 2015 March 2017AP 2016TS 2015AP]
2 3 4
1.3 1.3.5 1.3.5.7 1.3 § 1 · 1.3.5 § 1 · 1.3.5.7 § 1 ·
Sol:- Given x = + + +....... f = + + +....... f
1.2 © 3 ¹¸ 1.2.3 © 3 ¹¸ 1.2.3.4 ¨© 3 ¹¸
¨ ¨
3.6 3.6.9 3.6.9.12
2 3 4
1 1 1 1 1.3 § 1 · 1.3.5 § 1 · 1.3.5.7 §1·
x+1+ . = 1+ . + ¨ ¸ + ¨ ¸ + ¨ ¸ +....... f
1! 3 1! 3 2! © 3¹ 3! © 3 ¹ 4! © 3¹
2 3
p § x · p(p ( q) § x · p(p ( q)(p ( 2q) §x· -p/q
1! © ¹ 2! ©q¹ 3! q
© ¹
here p = 1 p+q = 3 ) 1+q = 3 ) q = 2. x/q = 1/3 ) x/2 = 1/3 ) x = 2/3.
1 1
4 * *
x+ = §¨1 * ·¸ 2 = §¨ ·¸ 2 =
2 1
3
3 © 3¹ ©3¹
(3x+4)2 = (3 3 )2
9x2+24x+16 = 27
2
? 9x +24x = 11.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. MEASURES OF DISPERSION PAPER 2(A) E.M
Q.NO 22 IN I.P.E
MEAN DEVIATION FOR DISCRETE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION.
1. i).Find the mean deviation about the mean for the data
xi : 2 5 7 8 10 35
fi : 6 8 10 6 8 2
Sol:- We can form the following table from the given data
xi fi fi xi xi ! x fi x i ! x
2 6 12 6 36
5 8 40 3 24
7 10 70 1 10
8 6 48 0 0
10 8 80 2 16
35 2 70 27 54
N = 40 320 140
¦ fi x i 320 ¦ fi xi ! x 140
? Mean ( x ) = = = 8. ? Mean deviation about mean = = = 3.5
N 40 N 40
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).Find the mean deviation about the mean for the data
xi : 10 11 12 13
fi : 3 12 18 12
10 3 30 1.87 5.61
11 12 132 0.87 10.44
12 18 216 0.13 2.34
13 12 156 1.13 13.56
N = 45 534 31.95
¦ f i x i 534 ¦ f i x i ! x 31.95
? Mean( x ) = = = 11.87
1.87 ? Mean deviation about mean = = = 0.71.
N 45 N 45
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii).Find the mean deviation about mean for the data
xi : 10 30 50 70 90
fi : 4 24 28 16 8
10 4 40 40 160
30 24 720 20 480
50 28 1400 0 0
70 16 1120 20 320
90 8 720 40 320
N = 80 4000 1280
¦f x 4000 ¦ fi xi ! x 1280
? Mean ( x ) = i i = = 50 ? Mean deviation about mean = = = 16.
N 80 N 80
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. i).Find the mean deviation about the median for the data
xi : 3 6 9 12 13 15 21 22
fi : 3 4 5 2 4 5 4 3 [May 2014]
xi fi c.f xi ! M fi x i ! M
3 3 3 10 30
6 4 7 7 28
9 5 12 4 20
12 2 14 1 2
13(M) 4 18 0 0
15 5 23 2 10
21 4 27 8 32
22 3 30 9 27
N = 30 149
N 30
here = = 15 ? Median (M) = 13.
2 2
¦ fi x i ! M 149
? Mean deviation about median = = 30 = 4.966 = 4.97(aproximately)
N
N
Note:- Median (M) = The observation whose cumulative frequency is equal to or greater than
2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).Find the mean deviation about median for the data
xi : 5 7 9 10 12 15
fi : 8 6 2 2 2 6
xi fi c.f xi ! M fi x i ! M
5 8 8 2 16
7(M) 6 14 0 0
9 2 16 2 4
10 2 18 3 6
12 2 20 5 10
15 6 26 8 48
N = 26 84
N 26
here = = 13. ? Median (M) = 7.
2 2
¦ fi x i ! M 84
? Mean deviation about median = = = 3.23
N 26
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MEAN DEVIATION FOR CONTINUOUS FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION.
3. i).Find the mean deviation about the mean for the data
Marks obtained : 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
Number of Students : 5 8 15 16 6
[March 2018TS 2017AP 2016AP May 2016TS 2015AP]
Marks obtained No of Students(fi) Midpoints(xi) fi xi xi ! x fi x i ! x
0-10 5 5 25 22 110
10-20 8 15 120 12 96
20-30 15 25 375 2 30
30-40 16 35 560 8 128
40-50 6 45 270 18 108
N = 50 1350 472
¦f x 1350 ¦ fi x i ! x 472
? Mean ( x ) = i i = = 27 ? Mean deviation about mean = N
= = 9.44
N 50 50
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).Find the mean deviation about the mean for the data [March 2015AP]
Sales (In Rs. thousand) : 40-50 50- 60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
Number of Companies : 5 15 25 30 20 5
Sales No of Companies(fi) Midpoints(xi) fi xi xi ! x fi x i ! x
40-50 5 45 225 26 130
50-60 15 55 825 16 240
60-70 25 65 1625 6 150
70-80 30 75 2250 4 120
80-90 20 85 1700 14 280
90-100 5 95 475 24 120
N = 100 7100 1040
¦f x 7100 ¦ fi xi ! x 1040
? Mean ( x ) = i i = = 71 ? Mean deviation about mean = N
= = 10.40
N 100 100
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii).Find the mean deviation about the mean for the data
Height : 95-105 105-115 115-125 125-135 135-145 145-155
No of boys : 9 13 26 30 12 10
Height Number of Boys(fi) Midpoints(xi) fi xi xi ! x fi x i ! x
95-105 9 100 900 25.3 227.7
105-115 13 110 1430 15.3 198.9
115-125 26 120 3120 5.3 137.8
125-135 30 130 3900 4.7 141
135-145 12 140 1680 14.7 176.4
145-155 10 150 1500 24.7 247
N = 100 12530 1128.8
? Mean ( x ) ? Mean deviation about mean
¦f x 12530 ¦ fi x i ! x 1128.8
= Ni i = 100 = 125.3 = N
= 100 = 11.288.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Find the mean deviation about mean for the data by shortcut method
Classes : 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70
Frequency : 6 5 8 15 7 6 3
[May 2018TS 2018AP 2017TS March 2018AP 2016TS]
Classes Frequency(fi) Midpoints(xi) di f i di xi ! x fi x i ! x
0-10 6 5 -3 -18 28.4 170.4
10-20 5 15 -2 -10 18.4 92
20-30 8 25 -1 -8 8.4 67.2
30-40 15 35(A) 0 0 1.6 24
40-50 7 45 1 7 11.6 81.2
50-60 6 55 2 12 21.6 129.6
60-70 3 65 3 9 31.6 94.8
N = 50 -8 659.2
Here C = 10
¦ f i di (!8) xi ! A
? Mean ( x ) = A+
N
u C = 35+ 50 (10) = 35-1.6 = 33.4 here di =
C
¦ fi xi ! x 659.2
? Mean deviation about mean = N
=
50
= 13.184
Note:- A = Assumed mean = The midvalue of the heighest frequency class.
C = length of the class interval.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. i).Find the mean deviation about the median for the data
Class : 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
Frequency : 5 8 7 12 28 20 10 10
Class Frequency(fi) Midvalues(xi) c.f xi ! M fi x i ! M
0-10 5 5 5 41.4 207
10-20 8 15 13 31.4 251.2
20-30 7 25 20 21.4 149.8
30-40 12 35 32(m) 11.4 136.8
(L)40-50 28(f) 45 60 1.4 39.2 Median Class
50-60 20 55 80 8.6 172
60-70 10 65 90 18.6 186
70-80 10 75 100 28.6 286
N = 100 1428
N 100
Here = = 50 C = 10.
2 2
N
!m
2 50 ! 32 180
? Median (M) = L+ f u C = 40+ 28 u 10 = 40+ 28 = 40+6.42 = 46.42
¦f x ! M 1428
? Mean deviation about median = i i = = 14.28.
N 100
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Median Class :- Which is the class interval whose cumulative frequency is just greater than
N
or equal to . L = Lower limit of the median class
2
f = Frequency of the median class. C = Width of the Median Class.
m = Cumulative frequency of the class just precceding the median class.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).Calculate the mean deviation about median age for the age distribution of 100 persons
given below.
Age(years) : 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60
No of Workers : 120 125 175 160 150 140 100 30
Sol:- We can form the following table from the given data [May 2017AP]
Age No of Workers(fi) Midvalues(xi) c.f xi ! M fi x i ! M
20-25 120 22.5 120 15 1800
25-30 125 27.5 245 10 1250
30-35 175 32.5 420(m) 5 875
(L)35-40 160(f) 37.5 580 0 0 Median Class
40-45 150 42.5 730 5 750
45-50 140 47.5 870 10 1400
50-55 100 52.5 970 15 1500
55-60 30 57.5 1000 20 600
N = 1000 8175
N 1000
Here = = 500 C=5
2 2
N
!m
2 500 ! 420 80
? Median (M) = L+ f u C = 35+ 160 u 5 = 35+ 160 u 5 = 35+2.5 = 37.5
¦ fi x i ! M 8175
? Mean deviation about median = =
1000
= 8.175
N
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iii).Find the mean deviation about median for the data
Marks : 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
No of Girls : 6 8 14 16 4 2
Marks No of Girls(fi) Midvalues(xi) c.f xi ! M fi x i ! M
0-10 6 5 6 22.86 137.16
10-20 8 15 14(m) 12.86 102.88
(L)20-30 14(f) 25 28 2.86 40.04 Median Class
30-40 16 35 44 7.14 114.24
40-50 4 45 48 17.14 68.56
50-60 2 55 50 27.14 54.28
N = 50 517.16
N 50
Here = = 25 C = 10
2 2
N
!m
2 25 ! 14 110
? Median (M) = L+ f u C = 20+ 14 u 10 = 20+ 14
= 20+7.86 = 27.86
¦ fi x i ! M 517.16
? Mean deviation about median = =
50
= 10.34
N
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION FOR DISCRETE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION.
6. i).Find the mean and variance of the following data
xi : 4 8 11 17 20 24 32
fi : 3 5 9 5 4 3 1
[May 2015TS, March 2015TS]
xi fi fi xi (xi- x )2 fi (xi- x )2
4 3 12 100 300
8 5 40 36 180
11 9 99 9 81
17 5 85 9 45
20 4 80 36 144
24 3 72 100 300
32 1 32 324 324
N = 30 420 1374
¦ fi x i 420 ¦ f i (x i ! x) 2 1374
? Mean ( x ) =
N
=
30
= 14 ? Variance V2 = N
=
30
= 45.8
? Standard deviation T = 45.8 = 6.77

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).Find the variance and standard deviation of the following data
xi : 6 10 14 18 24 28 30
fi : 2 4 7 12 8 4 3
xi fi fi xi (xi- x )2 fi(xi- x )2
6 2 12 169 338
10 4 40 81 324
14 7 98 25 175
18 12 216 1 12
24 8 192 25 200
28 4 112 81 324
30 3 90 121 363
N = 40 760 1736
¦ fi x i 760 ¦ f i (x i ! x) 2 1736
? Mean ( x ) = N
=
40
= 19 ? Variance V2 = N
= 40 = 43.4
? Standard deviation T = 43.4 = 6.59

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION FOR CONTINUOUS FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION.
7. Find the variance and standard deviation of the following data
Class : 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
Frequency : 3 7 12 15 8 3 2

2 2
Class frequency(fi) midpoints(xi) fi xi (xi- x ) fi (xi- x )
30-40 3 35 105 729 2187
40-50 7 45 315 289 2023
50-60 12 55 660 49 588
60-70 15 65 975 9 135
70-80 8 75 600 169 1352
80-90 3 85 255 529 1587
90-100 2 95 190 1089 2178
N = 50 3100 10050
¦ fi x i 3100 ¦ f i (x i ! x) 2 10050
? Mean ( x ) = = = 62. ? Variance V2 = = = 201.
N 50 N 50
? Standard deviation T = 201 = 14.18.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. i).Find the mean, variance for the following by using shortcut method.
Age in years : 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 x !A
di = i
No of members : 3 61 132 153 140 51 2 C
Age in Years No of members(fi) midpoints(xi) di di2 fidi fidi2
20-30 3 25 -3 9 -9 27
30-40 61 35 -2 4 -122 244
40-50 132 45 -1 1 -132 132
50-60 153 55(A) 0 0 0 0
60-70 140 65 1 1 140 140
70-80 51 75 2 4 102 204
80-90 2 85 3 9 6 18
N = 542 -15 765
Here C = 10
¦ fi di 15 § 15 ·
d= =- = - 0.02767 ? Mean ( x ) = A+C d = 55 + 10 ¨ ! 542 ¸ = 55 - 0.28
N 542 © ¹
= - 0.028. = 54.72
§ ¦ fi di 2 ·
¸ = 100 §¨ ·
2 765
? Variance V = C ¨ N
2 ! 2¨
(d)
¸ ! (0.028) 2 ¸ = 100(1.4114-0.0007) = 100(1.4107)
© ¹ © 542 ¹
= 141.07
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii).Find mean, variance and standard deviation for the following data by shortcut method.
Class : 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
Frequency : 3 7 12 15 8 3 2
Sol:- We can form the following table from the given data [May 2016AP, March 2017TS 2014]
2
Class frequency(fi) midpoints(xi) di di fidi fidi2 xi ! A
di =
30-40 3 35 -3 9 -9 27 C
40-50 7 45 -2 4 -14 28
50-60 12 55 -1 1 -12 12
60-70 15 65(A) 0 0 0 0
70-80 8 75 1 1 8 8
80-90 3 85 2 4 6 12
90-100 2 95 3 9 6 18
N = 50 -15 105
Here C = 10
¦ f i di 15 3 § 3·
d= =- =- . ? Mean ( x ) = A+C d = 65+10 ¨ % 10 ¸ = 65 - 3 = 62.
N 50 10 © ¹
§ ¦ fi di 2 ·
¸ = 100 ¨§
2 2¨ % (d) 2 105 9 ·
? Variance V = C ¨ N ¸ % ¸ = 210-9 = 201.
© ¹ © 50 100 ¹
? Standard deviation T = 201 = 14.18

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. The mean of 5 observations is 4.4 and their variance is 8.24.If three of the observations are
1, 2 and 6, find the other two observations.
Sol:- Given Mean( x ) = 4.4, Variance( V 2 ) = 8.24
Let x, y be the remaining two observations. Then the observations are 1, 2, 6, x, y.
1 1
Mean( x ) = ¦x
i
Variance( V 2 ) = ¦ x 2 - ( x )2
i
n n
1 1
4.4 = [1+2+6+x+y] 8.24 = [1+4+36+x2+y2] - (4.4)2
5 5
1
22 = 9+x+y 8.24 = [41+x2+y2] - (19.36)
5
1
x+y = 13...........(1) 27.6 = [41+x2+y2]
5
41+x2+y2 = 138
x2+y2 = 97 .....(2)
(x-y)2 = 2(x2+y2) - (x+y)2 = 2(97) - (13)2 = 194 - 169 = 25
x-y = 5.
? x+y = 13 and x-y = 5 º x = 9, y = 4.
? The remaining two observations are 4, 9.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9. PROBABILITY PAPER 2(A) E.M
Q.NO 23 IN I.P.E
BAYE’S THEOREM.
1. State and prove Baye's Theorem.
If A1, A2, A3, ........An, are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events in a sample space S such
that P(Ai) >0 for i = 1, 2, .....n and E is any event with P(E) >0 then
P(A k )P(E / A k )
P(Ak/E) = n for k = 1, 2, ....n.
¦ P(Ai )P(E / Ai )
i 1
[May 2016AP, 2015AP, March 2017TS 2016TS, 2015AP, 2012, 2009]
Sol:- Given A1, A2, A3, ........An, are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events in a sample space S.
then i).Every pair of A1, A2, A3, ........An are disjoint. and
ii).A1 # A2 # A3 # ...... # An = S.
n
(i.e) # Ai = S.
i 1
E is any event in Sample space, then E $ A1, E $ A2, E $ A3, ........E $ An are pairwise disjoint.
n
? P(E) = P(E $ S) = P[E $ ( # Ai)] = P[E $ (A1 # A2 # A3 # ...... # An)]
i 1
= P[(E $ A1) # (E $ A2) # (E $ A3) # ...... # (E $ An)]
= P(E $ A1)+P(E $ A2)+P(E $ A3)+ ......+P(E $ An)]
n
= ¦ P(E $ Ai)
i 1
n
= ¦ P(Ai)P(E/Ai)
i 1
P(E $ A k ) P(A k )P(E / A k ) P(A )P(E / A k )

? P(Ak/E) = P(E)
= P(E) = n k for k = 1, 2, 3,........n.
¦ P(Ai )P(E / Ai )
i 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. A bag B1 contains 4 white and 2 black balls. Another bag B2 contains 3 white and 4 black
balls. A bag is drawn at random and a ball is chosen at random from it.Then what is the
probability that the ball drawn is white. [May 2011, March 2011]
Sol:- Let A1, A2 be the events of selecting a Bag B1, a Bag B2.
Then P(A1) = 1/2, P(A2) = 1/2.
Let E be the event of drawing a white ball from the selected bag.
Then P(E/A1) = 4/6 = 2/3, P(E/A2) = 3/7.
1 2 1 3 1 3 14 & 9 23
? P(E) = P(A1)P(E/A1)+P(A2)P(E/A2) = + = + = = .
2 3 2 7 3 14 42 42
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. There are 3 black and 4 white balls in one bag, 4 black and 3 white balls in the second bag.A
die is rolled and the first bag is selected if it is 1 or 3, and the second bag for the rest.Find
the probability of drawing a black ball from the selected bag. [March 2009]
Sol:- Let A1, A2 be the events of selecting a Bag B1, a Bag B2.
P(A1) = Probability of getting 1 or 3 when a die is rolled = 2/6 = 1/3.
P(A2) = 1 - (1/3) = 2/3.
Let E be the event of drawing a black ball from the selected bag.
Then P(E/A1) = 3/7, P(E/A2) = 4/7.
1 3 2 4 3 8 3"8 11
? P(E) = P(A1)P(E/A1)+P(A2)P(E/A2) = + = + = = .
3 7 3 7 21 21 21 21
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Suppose that an urn B1 contains 2 white and 3 black balls, and another urn B2 contains 3 white
and 4 black balls. One urn is selected at random and a ball is drawn from it.If the ball drawn is
found black, find the probability that the urn chosen was B1. [May 2017AP]
Sol:- Let A1, A2 be the events of selecting Urn B1, Urn B2.
Then P(A1) = 1/2, P(A2) = 1/2.
Let E be the event of drawing a Black ball from the selected Urn.
Then P(E/A1) = 3/5, P(E/A2) = 4/7.
1 3 1 4 3 2 21 " 20 41
? P(E) = P(A1)P(E/A1)+P(A2)P(E/A2) = + = + = = .
2 5 2 7 10 7 70 70
1 3
P(A1 )P(E / A1 ) .
2 5 21
? P(A1/E) = P(E) = 41 = .
41
70
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Three boxes B1, B2, B3 contains 2 white, 1 black, and 2 red balls; 3 white, 2 black, and 4 red
balls; 4 white, 3 black, and 2 red balls respectively.A die is rolled and B1 is selected if the
number is 1 or 2; B2 if the number is 3 or 4; B3 if the number is 5 or 6.Having choosen a
box in this way, a ball is choosen at random from this box.If the ball drawn is found to be red,
find the probability that it is drawn from box B2. [May 2018AP 2017 TS]
Sol:- Let A1, A2, A3 be the events that the selected boxes are B1, B2, B3 respectively.
Since A die is rolled and B1 is selected if the number is 1 or 2; B2 if the number is 3 or 4;
B3 if the number is 5 or 6.
Then P(A1) = 2/6 = 1/3, P(A2) = 2/6 = 1/3, P(A3) = 2/6 = 1/3.
Let E be the event of drawing a Red ball from the selected box.
Then P(E/A1) = 2/5, P(E/A2) = 4/9, P(E/A3) = 2/9.
? P(E) = P(A1)P(E/A1)+P(A2)P(E/A2)+P(A3)P(E/A3)
1 2 1 4 1 2 2 4 2 18 " 20 " 10 48 16
= + + = + + = = = .
3 5 3 9 3 9 15 27 27 135 135 45
1 4
.
P(A 2 )P(E / A 2 ) 5
? P(A2/E) = = 3169 = .
P(E) 12
45
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. Three urns have the following composition of balls
Urn I : 1 White, 2 Black ; Urn II : 2 White, 1 Black; Urn III : 2 White, 2 Black.One of the urn
is selected at randomand a ball is drawn .It turns out to be white.Find the probability that it
came from urn III. [March 2017AP, May 2013]
Sol:- Let A1, A2, A3 be the events of selecting Urn I, Urn II , Urn III respectively.
Then P(A1) = 1/3, P(A2) = 1/3, P(A3) = 1/3.
Let E be the event of drawing a White ball from the selected Urn.
Then P(E/A1) = 1/3, P(E/A2) = 2/3, P(E/A3) = 2/4 = 1/2.
11 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2" 4"3 9 1
= + + = + + = = = .
33 3 3 3 2 9 9 6 18 18 2
1 1
P(A3 )P(E / A3 ) .
3 2 1
? P(A 3
/E) = P(E) = 1 = .
3
2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. In a certain college, 25% of the boys and 10% of the girls are studying mathematics.The
girls constitute 60% of the strength.If a student selected at random is found studying
mathematics, find the probability that the student is a girl.
Sol:- Let A1, A2 be the events that the selected student is a boy, a girl respectively.
40 2 60 3
Then P(A1) = = , P(A2) = = .
100 5 100 5
Let E be the event that the selected student studying Mathematics.
25 1 10 1
Then P(E/A1) = = , P(E/A2) = = .
100 4 100 10
2 1 3 1 1 3 5"3 8
? P(E) = P(A1)P(E/A1)+P(A2)P(E/A2) = + = + = = .
5 4 5 10 10 50 50 50
3 1
P(A 2 )P(E / A 2 ) .
5 10 3
? P(A2/E) = P(E) = 8 = .
8
50
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. Three boxes numbered I, II, III contain 1 white, 2 black, and 3 red balls; 2 white, 1 black, and
1 red balls; 4 white, 5 black, and 3 red balls respectively.One box is randomly selected and a
ball is drawn from it.If the ball is red then find the probability that it is from box II.
[March 2016AP]
Sol:- Let A1, A2, A3 be the events of drawing a ball from the box numbers I, II , III respectively.
Then P(A1) = 1/3, P(A2) = 1/3, P(A3) = 1/3.
Let E be the event of drawing a Red ball from the selected box.
Then P(E/A1) = 3/6 = 1/2, P(E/A2) = 1/4, P(E/A3) = 3/12 = 1/4.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1
= + + = + + = =
3 2 3 4 3 4 6 12 12 12 3
1 1
P(A 2 )P(E / A 2 ) .
3 4 1
? P(A2/E) = P(E) = 1 = .
4
3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. A person is known to speak truth 2 out 3 times.He throws a die and reports that it is 1.Find
the probability that it is actually 1.
Sol:- Let A be the event that one occurs when a die is thrown.
P(A) = 1/6, P( A ) = 5/6.
Let E be the event that the man reports that it is a one.
P(E/A) = 2/3, P(E/ A ) = 1/3
1 2 5 1 2 5 7
? P(E) = P(A)P(E/A)+P( A )P(E/ A ) = + = + = .
6 3 6 3 18 18 18
1 2
P(A)P(E / A) .
6 3 2
? P(A/E) = P(E) = 7 = .
7
18
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. Two persons A and B are rolling a die on the condition that the person who gets 3 will win the
game.If A starts ther game then find the probabilities of A and B respectively to win the
game. [May 2018AP 2015TS]
Sol:- Let p be the probability of getting 3 when a die is rolled. then p = 1/6
Let q = 1-p = 1- 1/6 = 5/6.
Since A starts the game, A wins the game if he toss 3 in 1st, 3rd, 5th ........turns.
Also note that A will get a 2nd chance if A, B both fail to toss 3 in their respective turns, etc.
P(A wins in 1st chance) = p
P(A wins in 2nd chance ) = qqp = q2p
P(A wins in 3rd chance) = qqqqp = q4p
and so on.
2 4 6 2 4 6
? Probability of A will win the game = p+q p+q p+q p+........ = p(1+q +q +q +.......)
p 1/ 6 6 6
= 2 = 2 = = .
1! q 1 ! (5 / 6) 36 ! 25 11
6 5
? Probability of B will win the game = 1- 11 = 11 .
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11. Two persons A and B are rolling two dice on the condition that the person who gets (sum) 3
will win the game.If A starts the game then find the probabilities of A and B respectively to
win the game.
Sol:- Let p be the probability of getting sum 3 when two dies are rolled. then p = 2/36 = 1/18
Let q = 1-p = 1- 1/18 = 17/18.
ince A starts the game, A wins the game if he toss 3 in 1st, 3rd, 5th ........turns.
Also note that A will get a 2nd chance if A, B both fail to toss 3 in their respective turns, etc.
P(A wins in 1st attempt) = p
P(A wins in 2nd attempt) = qqp = q2p
P(A wins in 3rd attempt) = qqqqp = q4p
and so on
2 4 6 2 4 6
? Probability of A will win the game = p+q p+q p+q p+........ = p(1+q +q +q +.......)
p 1 / 18 18 18
= 2 = 2 = 2 2
= .
1! q 1 ! (17 / 18) (18) ! (17) 35
18 17
? Probability of B will win the game = 1- 35 = 35 .
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. RANDOM VARIABLES AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION PAPER 2(A) E.M
Q.NO 24 IN I.P.E
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION.
1. The probability distribution of a random variable X is given below.
X=x :1 2 3 4 5
P(X = x) : k 2k 3k 4k 5k Find the value of k, mean and variance of X.
[May 2014 2013, March 2017AP 2014 2012 2010]
Sol:- The range of X is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
We know that ¦ P(X = x) = 1 " k+2k+3k+4k+5k = 1 " 15k = 1 " k = 1/15.
55 11
Mean P = ¦ x P(X = x) = 1(k)+2(2k)+3(3k)+4(4k)+5(5k) = k+4k+9k+16k+25k = 55k = =
15 3
2
§ 11 ·
Variance V2 = ¦ x2 P(X = x) - P 2 = (1)2(k)+(2)2(2k)+(3)2(3k)+(4)2(4k)+(5)2(5k) - ¨ ¸
©3¹
121
= k+8k+27k+64k+125k -
9
121 225 121 121 14
= 225k - = - = 15 - = .
9 15 9 9 9
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. A random variable X has the following probability distribution.
X=x : -2 -1 0 1 2 3
P(X = x) : 0.1 k 0.2 2k 0.3 k Then find K , mean and variance.
[March 2017TS 2006, April 2000]
Sol:- The range of X is {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3}
We know that ¦ P(X = x) = 1 " 0.1+k+0.2+2k+0.3+k = 1 " 0.6+4k = 1 " 4k = 0.4 " k = 0.1
Mean P = ¦ x.P(X = x) = (-2)(0.1)+(-1)(k)+0(0.2)+1(2k)+2(0.3)+3(k)
= - 0.2 - k +0 + 2k + 0.6 + 3k
= 4k + 0.4
= 0.4+0.4
= 0.8
Variance V2 = ¦ x2 P(X = x) - P 2
= (-2)2(0.1)+(-1)2(k)+(0)2(0.2)+(1)2(2k)+(2)2(0.3)+(3)2(k) - (0.8)2.
= 0.4+k+0+2k+1.2+9k - 0.64
= 12k + 0.96
= 12(0.1) + 0.96
= 1.2 + 0.96
= 2.16.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. A random variable X has the following probability distribution.
X=x : 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(X = x) : 0 k 2k 2k 3k k2 2k2 7k2 + k.
Then find i). K. ii).the mean. and iii).P(0<X<5).
[March 2018TS 2016TS 2016AP May 2018TS 2017AP 2016AP 2012]
Sol:- The range of X is {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
We know that ¦ P(X = x) = 1 " 0+k+2k+2k+3k+k2+2k2+7k2+k = 1 " 10k2+9k = 1

10k2+9k - 1 = 0
(10k-1)(k+1) = 0
k = 1/10
k = 0.1
Mean P = ¦ x.P(X = x) = (0)(0)+(1)(k)+(2)(2k)+3(2k)+4(3k)+5(k2)+6(2k2)+7(7k2+k)
= 0+k+4k+6k+12k+5k2+12k2+49k2+7k
= 66k2+30k
= 66(0.1)2+30(0.1)
= 66(0.01)+3
= 0.66+3
= 3.66
P(0<X<5) = P(X = 1)+P(X = 2)+P(X = 3)+P(X = 4) = k+2k+2k+3k = 8k = 8(0.1) = 0.8
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. The range of a random variable X is {0,1,2} given that P(X = 0) = 3c3, P(X = 1) = 4c -10c2,
P(X = 2) = 5c - 1 where c is a constant. Find
i) The value of c ii) P(X<1) iii) P(1< X d 2) iv) P (0< X d 3).
[March 2015AP 2015TS 2013 2011 2007 2005, May 2017TS 2011 2009]
Sol:- i).The range of X is {0, 1, 2}
Given P(X = 0) = 3c3, P(X = 1) = 4c -10c2, P(X = 2) = 5c - 1
We know that ¦ P(X = x) = 1 $ 3c + 4c -10c + 5c - 1 = 1
3 2
3c3 -10c2 + 9c - 2 = 0
(c-1)(3c2 - 7c + 2) = 0
(c-1)(c-2)(3c-1) = 0
c = 1/3
3
3 1 §1· 2
ii). P(X<1) = P(X = 0) = 3 §¨ ·¸ =
1
= iii). P(1< X d 2) = P(X = 2) = 5 ¨ 3 ¸ - 1 =
© 3¹ 27 9 © ¹ 3
9 10 8
iv). P (0< X d 3) = P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) = 4c -10c2 + 5c - 1 = 9c -10c2 - 1 = - -1= .
3 9 9
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. Two dice are rolled at random.Find the probability distribution of the sum of the numbers on
them.Find the mean of the random variable. [May 2018AP]
Sol:- Let S be the sample space when two dice are rolled.
n(S) = 62 = 36.
Let X be the random variable, that the sum of the numbers on the two dice.
The range of X = {2, 3, 4, ...........12}
The probability distribution of the random variable X is given by the following table
X=x : 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
P(X = x) :
36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
Mean P = ¦ x.P(X= x) = 2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9 +10 111 +12
36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
1
= [2+6+12+20+30+42+40+36+30+22+12]
36
1
= [252] = 7.
36
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. A cubical die is thrown.Find the mean and variance of X, given the number on the face that
shows up. [May 2016TS, 2015AP]
Sol:- Let S be the sample space when a cubical die is thrown.
n(S) = 6.
Let X be the random variable, that the die shows the number on the face.
The range of X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
The probability distribution of the random variable X is given by the following table.
X=x : 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(X = x) : 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7
Mean P = ¦ x.P(X= x) = 1. +2. +3. +4. +5. +6. = (1+2+3+4+5+6) = (21) = .
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 49
Variance V2 = ¦ x2.P(X = x) - P 2 = (1)2. +(2)2. +(3)2. +(4)2. +(5)2. +(6)2. -
6 6 6 6 6 6 4
1 49
= [1+4+9+16+25+36] -
6 4
91 49 182 $ 147 35
= - = = .
6 4 12 12
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION.
1. 8 coins are tossed simultaneously.Find the probability of getting atleast 6 heads.
Sol:- Let X be the number of heads getting when 8 coins are tossed.
p = probability of getting head = 1/2.
Now X follows binomial distribution with parameters n = 8, p = 1/2.
q = 1 - p = 1 - 1/2 = 1/2.
The probability of getting atleast 6 heads = P(X t 6)
= P(X = 6)+P(X = 7)+P(X = 8)
6 2 7 1 8 0
§1· §1· §1· §1· §1· §1·
= C6 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ +8C7 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ +8C8 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
8
©2¹ ©2¹ © 2¹ © 2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹
28 8 1 37
= 8+ 8+ 8 = .
2 2 2 256
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. In the experiment of tossing a coin 'n' times if the variable X denotes the number of heads
and P(X = 4), P(X = 5), P(X = 6) are in A.P. then find the value of 'n'. [March 2002]
Sol:- Let X be the number of heads getting when a coin tossed ‘n’ times.
p = probability of getting head = 1/2.
Now X follows binomial distribution with parameters n, p = 1/2.
q = 1 - p = 1 - 1/2 = 1/2.
Given P(X = 4), P(X = 5), P(X = 6) are in A.P then
2 P(X = 5) = P(X = 4) + P(X = 6)
5 n $5 4 n $4 6 n $6
n §1· §1· n §1· §1· n §1· §1·
2. C5 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ = C5 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ + C6 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹
2.nC5 = nC4 + nC6.
n n
C4 C6
2= n + n
C5 C5
5 n $5
2= +
n$4 6
2(n-4)(6) = 30+(n-4)(n-5)
12n - 48 = 30 + n2 - 9n + 20
n2 - 21n + 98 = 0
(n-7)(n-14) = 0
n = 7 (or) 14.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. One in 9 ships is likely to be wrecked, when they are set on sail.When 6 ships set on sail
find the probability for i).atleast 1 will arrive safely.
ii).exactly 3 will arrive safely. [March 2008]
Sol:- Let X be the number of ships arrive safely in the 6 ships which set on sail.
Since one in 9 ships is likely to be wrecked then the probability that a ship will be arrive
safely p = 8/9.
Now X follows binomial distribution with parameters n = 6, p = 8/9, q = 1/9.
0 6
§8· §1· 6 1
i).P(X t 1) = 1 - P(X = 0) = 1 - C0 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ = 1 - 6 .
©9¹ ©9¹ 9
3 3
§8· §1· 20 u 512 10240
ii).P(X = 3) = 6C3 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ = = 6 .
©9¹ ©9¹ 96 9
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Find the probability of guessing at least 6 out of 10 of answers in True or false type
examination.
Sol:- Let X be the number of questions guessing correct answer out of 10.
In true or false type examination, Probability of guessing correct answer p = 1/2.
Now X follows binomial distribution with parameters n = 10, p = 1/2
q = 1 - p = 1 - 1/2 = 1/2.
P(X t 6) = P(X = 6)+P(X = 7)+P(X = 8)+P(X = 9)+P(X = 10)
6 4 7 3 8 2 9 1 10 0
10 §1· §1· §1· §1· §1· §1· §1· §1· §1· §1·
= C6 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ +10C7 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ +10C8 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ +10C9 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ +10C10 ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹ © 2¹ ©2¹ ©2¹
1
= [210+120+45+10+1]
210
386 193
= = .
1204 512
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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2 DE MOIVRES THEOREM PAPER 2(A) E.

= cos m θ -i sinm θ = cos (-m θ )+i sin(-m θ ) = cos n θ +i sin n θ

§ 2nS 2nS · § 2nS 2nS ·

n§ 2nS 2nS 2nS 2nS ·

2ND YEAR MATHEMATICS 109 STUDY MATERIAL

2ND YEAR MATHEMATICS 110 STUDY MATERIAL

2ND YEAR MATHEMATICS 111 STUDY MATERIAL

2ND YEAR MATHEMATICS 112 STUDY MATERIAL

? The roots of the given equation are 2 r 3 , 1 r i.

? The roots of the given equation are 1 r i, -2 r 3 .

? The roots of the given equation are 2 r i 3 , -2 r i.

from (3) β = 7 - 3 α = 7-3(3) = 7 - 9 = -2.

? The required roots are 2o 3 , 3o2 3 .

2ND YEAR MATHEMATICS 122 STUDY MATERIAL

2ND YEAR MATHEMATICS 124 STUDY MATERIAL

" 1 ¬r " &1 ­¬r

= 11Cr a11 - r b-r x22 - 3r = (-1)r 11Cr a11 - r b-r x11 - 3r

" 8¬­r r §8·

[March 2017AP 2011, May 2017TS 2011 2007]

(x-a)n = nC0 xn - nC1 xn - 1 a 1 + nC2 xn - 2 a 2 - nC3 xn - 3 a 3 +.........+(-1)n nCn a n

ii).C0C1 +C1C2 +C2C3 + ......+Cn-1Cn = 2nCn+1.

i). Put r = 0 then C0C0 +C1C1 +C2C2 + ......+CnCn = 2nCn

ii). Put r = 1 then C0C1 +C1C2 +C2C3 + ......+Cn-1Cn = 2nCn+1

n(n * 1) n(n * 1)(2n * 1) n 2 (n * 1) 2

n(n " 1)2 (n " 2)

2ND YEAR MATHEMATICS 132 STUDY MATERIAL

2ND YEAR MATHEMATICS 133 STUDY MATERIAL

2ND YEAR MATHEMATICS 134 STUDY MATERIAL

2ND YEAR MATHEMATICS 141 STUDY MATERIAL

? Standard deviation T = 45.8 = 6.77

? Standard deviation T = 43.4 = 6.59

2ND YEAR MATHEMATICS 142 STUDY MATERIAL

? Standard deviation T = 201 = 14.18.

? Standard deviation T = 201 = 14.18

2ND YEAR MATHEMATICS 144 STUDY MATERIAL

P(E $ A k ) P(A k )P(E / A k ) P(A )P(E / A k )

2ND YEAR MATHEMATICS 149 STUDY MATERIAL

2ND YEAR MATHEMATICS 152 STUDY MATERIAL

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" 1 ¬r " &1 ¬r

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