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Method of Prestressing:
When post tensioned, the tendons are anchored at their ends by means of
mechanical devices (hydraulic jack) to transmit the prestress to the concrete, such
a member is termed as end anchored.
In a post tensioning, the tendons generally have their prestress transmitted to the
concrete by their bond action near the ends. The effectiveness of such stress
transmission is limited to wires of small size and to larger diameter strands which
possess better bond properties than smooth wires.
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Types of Tendons
For both pre tensioning and post tensioning the tendons are stress by jacking. In
post tensioning, jacks are used to pull the steel with the reaction acting against
the hardened concrete, in pre tensioning jacks pull the steel with the reaction
against end bulkheads. Hydraulic jacks are used because of their high capacity to
apply the pressure. Care must be taken to see that the jack can be properly
mounted at the end of the bearing plates and that there is enough room at the
tensioning ends to accommodate the jacks.
Loss of Prestress
To determine the effective prestress, allowance for the following sources of loss
of prestress shall be considered.
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Permissible Stresses in Concrete (Flexural members)
Ultimate Stress Design
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Notations in Prestressed Concrete
Aps = area of prestressed reinforcement in tension zone, mm2
dp = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of prestressed
reinforcement, mm
fci’ = compressive strength of concrete at time of initial prestress, MPa
fpc = average compressive stress in concrete due to effective prestress force only
(after allowance for all prestress losses), MPa
fps = stress in prestressed reinforcement at nominal strength, MPa
fpu = specified tensile strength of prestressing tendons, MPa
fpy = specified yield strength of prestressing tendons, MPa
fse = effective stress in prestressed reinforcement (after allowance for all
prestress losses), MPa
lx = length of prestressing tendon element from jacking end to any point x
n = number of monostrand anchorage at jacking end
Ps = prestressing tendon force at jacking end
Px = prestressing tendon force at any point x
Psu = factored post-tensioned tendon force at the anchorage device
α = total angular change of prestressing tendon profile in radians from tendon
jacking end to any point x
γp = factor for type of prestressing tendon
= 0.55 for fpy/fpu not less than 0.80
= 0.40 for fpy/fpu not less than 0.85
= 0.28 for fpy/fpu not less than 0.90
μ = curvature friction coefficient
ω = рfy/fc’
ω’ = р’fy/fc’
ωp = рpfps/fc’
ωw, ωpw,ω’w = reinforcement indices for flanged sections computed as for ω,ωp,
and ω’ except that b shall be the web width, and reinforcement are shall be
that required to develop compressive strength of web only.
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Ultimate Stress Design
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but fps shall not be taken greater than fpy, nor greater than (fse + 415)
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5. In positive moment areas, minimum length of bonded reinforcement
shall one-third the clear span length ln, and centered in positive moment
area.
6. In negative moment areas, bonded reinforcement shall extend one-sixth
the clear span, ln, on each side of support.
Mu = φC(d – a/2)
Mu = φ0.85fc’ab(d – a/2)