Digestion And

Absorption
1 .
FOI
carbohydrate Peioteins Eats Ñi tannins
> Minerals
small quantities
Food 4)
Energy
materials
(2) Organic
(
growth & repair of tissues)
2 .
Invited
Metabolic
"

Prevents
processes dehydration
Biomacro molecules
Digestion ( can't be utilised )
v
u

Broken down
Mechanical
t
Lo
Biochemical simple absoobale
substances
Lin system)
dig
.

Digestive
>
Alimentary canal

Associated glands
system >
Anterior
( mouth )
Aifimmenntnauycanal

I
1. Mouth
-

2. Buccal cavity or Oral Cavity

L N

Teeth Muscular tongue

posterior
( ANUS)
1 .

Teeth
thecoclont Diphyodont Hetero dont

> embedded > In

majority >
diff types
.

in socket
of mammals u

of Fak "
> two sets
of
Incisors Molars
Pre
bone Canines
-
teeth
-

molars
temporary /
delicious 2123
v
2123
permanent 't
adult
* Hard chewing
surface ofteethmadeupof
Enamel helps in mastication of food .
2. Musclelarrtonguem
Freely moniable (muscular organ)

✓
L

attached to Upper surface have

small projections
the
floor
c) a Papillae
by frenulum ( taste buds)
*
( some)
 n.SK#hatYM-pood( oesophagus
z .

Air (Trachea ) )
(thin tube )
Halina Pipe ) long
post passing
epiglottis
.

>
D- + through neck ,

cartilage nous thorax

glottis
,

flap
→

diaphragm
prevents entry of
food ✓
→
muscular
during swallowing sphincter
(
gastro
-

J shaped
-

oesophageal)
stomach tupper left portion)
to
cardiac Fuñdic Body
central
Pyloric
main region smaeerintestine
 Pyloric
Pyloric sphincter

"

small Intestine

1 .

Duvodenum Middle
Ileum
(
( C-Shaped) Jejunum Highly
Leong coiled) coiled)
t
Intestine
Large
Ileum
Intestine
>
Large
>

Caelum Coton Rectum

^
↳ male blind
sac) " Ñscending
" hosts
Micro
symbiotic 2. Transverse u
-

organisms ANUS
2.
Vermiform app .
3.
Descending
>
Vestigial 4 .

sigmoid
> Narrow
finger
like tubular poof .
 Alimentary canal
Klaus
rumrunner
of
use
"
rosie Muscielaris Siib mucosa
Mucosa

1.
ferocity
> outermost

made thin mesothelium with

>
of some

connective tissue

( epi .

ofvisceral organs)
(2) Muscularly
smooth muscles

Inner
"
t s

circular Oblique outer

( region) longitude
only in some '0
nah-

(3) Sub Mucosa

> loose connective tissues .

v t t
Nerves vessels
Blood Lymph
(4) Mucosa
> Innermost
>
lining the lumen
of alimentary
canal .
 Maggoty-
Irregular folds villi
(small intestine)
(stomach)
t
Microvilli
( by cells
lining villi)
Brush border appearance
>
1^9
surface area
 Niece
Large lymph
<
Network
> vessel
of
capillaries 4a Lacteal

> Mucosal epi . has

goblet cells which
secrete mucus that helps in lubrication .

stomach
> Mucosa forms glands in
>
Gastric glands
> and crypts in btw bases of villi
,

> Intestine ( Coypts of Lieber Kuhn)

> duodenum
glands are
present in sub mucosa .

All 4
layers show modification in diff .

parts of alimentary canal .

 fog f-

¥←¥←-aÑ
 Digestive Glands
- ur n urn

>

hiver
'

Salivary Pancreas
glands
c) Salivary glands
> Three pairs of salivary glands .

Patties Submaxillary ] sib

cheek) submandibular linguas
( lower jalal) (below tongue)

> Situated just outside the buccal cavity

secretes salivary juice into the buccal
cavity .
 live.rs
(2)

Largest gland ( 1.2 1.5kg )

> Just below diaphragm ( abdominal
cavity)
> two lobes

>
Hepatic lobules ( Sto &
.

funct . unit)

hate hepatic -1

thin
Celestin the
covered
by
connective tissue
cords)
form of 's
sheath
clatyeisson
hepatic ducts (Bite) capsule
&
Stored in
( thin
gallbladder
muscular sac ) .
 Hepatic lobule
>

> Hepatic cells ( cords)

a
Hepatic
Glisson 's
ducts Fzile give
capsule bladder
 Liver
1 .

Gallbladder
( cystic
duct ) ( hepatic duct

Common Bite Duct

2. Bile duct Pancreatic duct

common ltepato -

pancreatic duct
t
Duodenum
guarded 000
<

by sphincter
you sphincter of Oddi
(3) Pancreatin ( compound)

exocrine Endocrine
situated byw limbs shaped
>

duodenum .
of c-

> Exocrine > Alkaline Pancreatic Juice

containing enzymes

> Endocrine > Hormones ,

Insulin ,

glucagon .
 QIEstIIEffoodmmech.am/cal
Biochemical
> Buccal cavity
v v

mastication facilitation
of food of swallowing
Lte ethanol
Tongue )
 Bolus ✗ Masticated food particles are
lubricated & adhered
swallowing by
or
mucus in saliva)
deglutition
Pha
Lynx
Oesophagus Bolus
successive waves

of muscular movements
✓

4A Peristalsis
gash oesophageal
-

sphincter
L control passage of food
into stomach )
 > saliva

electrolytes enzymes Iysoay.me

( Nats K+, ce
salivary
-

HCO5) Amylase A-iibacterial

>
BÉeemEdEige±En agent
( prevents
• Initiated in oral cavity
infection)
salivary Amylase
>

starch PH=6 -8 Maltose

* 130%) n( Di -
saccharide)

Hydrolytic action salivary

carbohydrate splitting enzyme Amylase
 Gastric glands >
( mucosa)
mucus
<
Peptic or Parietal or

neck cells
chief cells oxynticcells
( secretes ( secretes ( secretes the
mucus ) pro enzyme & intrinsic

pepsinogen) factor > abs .

ofvit.BIZ)
> Stomach > 4- 592s >
food
chyme churning
1
Food + Acidic
gastric juice amor .
ofits
muscular
wall
*
Pepsinogen + Hce >
Pepsin
( Active Proteolytic enzyme)
Proteins pepsin
>
Proteases +
Peptones
( peptides
* Mucus and Bicarbonates

Luthi cation PIotection of mucosal

epithelium from excoriation
by the
* PH 1. 8)

t
for pep sins

* Rennin ( Proteolytic enzyme)

Infants
Digestion of milk proteins
* Small Amt .

of lipases are also

secreted by gastric glands
smaeesntestine.nl
various
type of by movements muscularis)
( through mixing )

juice
&
Bile Pancreatic siecoetionsof
juice small intestine
I 1

Through Hepa.to -
Pancreatic duct
(1) Pancreatic Juice

Inactive enzymes
Teeypsinogen chymotrypsin ogen
, , pro carboxy
-
peptidases
's

amylase , lipases and nucleases

*
Teeypsinogen eenteookinase
>
Trypsin
> activates
( by intestinal
Other enzymes
mucosa]
(2) Bitejuicen
> into duodenum

bile ( Bilirubin &

> contains pigments
Billiverdin)

>
Bile salts , cholesterol , phospholipids
*
No
enzymes

1 .
Fats > small micelles
emulsification

2. Also activates lipases

(3) Intestinal
> mucosal epi . has goblet cells

Intestinal
I stcoetes mucus
juice or

succus enteric us

> disaccharides ,
di peptidases , lipases ,

nucleoside Ses

> Mucus + Bicarbonate → Pancreas

t
Protects intestinal mucosa -1 Provide an

alkaline med . ( pH 7. 8)
for enzymatic activities .

+ sub -
mucosal
glands ( Brunner 's gland)
*
* also help in this .
 Intestine
1. Proteins Trypsin / Chymotrypsin
's
Peptones Dipeptide
chyme
>

Proteases Carboxypeptidase
2.
( Polysaccharides Amylase > Disaccharide
chyme starch

Lipase
Digeyceoides
Mono
3. Fats > >
Bite glycerides
4. Nucleic Nucleases
> Nucleotides
acids Jin t
pancreatic Nucleosides
juice
 Final steps
5.
indigestion
>
very close to mucosal epithelial cells
of
the intestine .

succus
> end products enteoicus
> simple
of above rxn absorbable forms
Dipeptidases Amino acids
Dipeptide , >

maltose maltase
>
Glucose
+
Glucose
Lactose Lactase
>
glucose +
Galactose
sucrose sucrase
> Glucose + Fructose
 Nueleosidases
Nucleotides Nucleosides

sugar's + Base

Di and lipases acid

Mono
glycerides > fatty
+
Glycerol
Duodenum
Region of small Intertwine
✓ S

Absorbed
Undigested & unabsorbed

v v v

Jejunum Ileum Intestine

large
 L-argetntestine.cn/o
significant digestive activity )
v
u

Absorption of some secretes Mucus

waters , minerals and
certain
drugs Adheres G-boicatinq
the inaste
undigested
Undigested ,
Unabsorbed particles
substances Cla faeces
for easy
Theo - caecalvalve passage
v ↳ prevents backflow
caecum
t
Rectum (Temporary stored inittilldefaecation
 GEE9ntest°malTuact_
<
Neural control Hormonal control
-

1 .

Sight / smell presence

Iv
of food
stimulates secretion
of saliva

2.
Gastric 1 Intestinal
to
tract

Neural signals
muscular activities
3.
of diff parts
.

canal
of alimentary
t
→ local
Neural mech
→
.

CNS
4.
Digestive Juices ( Hormonal control
t Gastric
Local hormones →
→ Intestinal Mucosa

Absorption of digested products

9ntestmal
end products Blood /
mucosa
>
lymph
of digestion ,
Absorption
* Max .

absorption in small intestine

 Absorption
Passive Active Facillated
+
d t
conc .

gradient requires carrier

to
glucose energy proteins
Amino acids I I
Amino acids glucose ,
some
electrolytes amino
ce
-

glucose acids
Nat

L
small
amounts into <
't
blood
> Transport of water depends upon osmotic

gradient
.

Fatty acids and ( insoluble]

>
glycerol
↳ can it be absorbed into blood
•

Incorporated into small droplets 4a

I Micelles
Intestinal Mucosa
to
Reformed Into chylo microns
very small protein coated fatglobules)
I

lymph vessels llaiteals)

Grini]
t
Blood stream
1. Absorbed Substances
Reach the tissues inehich utilises them
to
Assimilation

2.
Digestive wastes

solidified into coherent faeces

t
Rectum
&
Neural Reflex
&
Removal 1
egestion of faeces through
Anal
opening (defalcation)
voluntary carried out
Process by amass peristaltic mov .
 Disorders of
--_-
system digestive
>
Inflammation of the intestinal tract
.

( most common ailment)

s Also caused by parasites of intestine

1
Tapeworm
I
Round
1
Pinworm
\
INOJM Hookworm
 1 .
Jaundice lives
affected
t
skin , eyes tdeposition of
( yellow) bite
pig .

2. Vomiting
ejection of stomach content
through
mouth
> controlled
by vomit centre in medulla .

a
>
reflex action .

>
feeling of nausea
3. Diarrhoea
>
Abnormal freq .
of Bowel Mov .

1^9
liquidity of faecal discharge
>

> Id absorption of food

4 .

Constipation
> Faeces are sretaened Keith in colon

> Bowel movements occurs

irregularly .
5- Indigestion
> Food is not properly digested
s
feeling of fullness
due to
>
inadequate enzymes secretion ,

anxiety , food poisoning , overeating ,

and
spicy food .
 REM ( Protein energy malnutrition)
>
dietary deficiency
t
Proteins total food calories .

s under -

developed countries ofsouth ,

south east Asia , South America ,

Incest & Central

Africa .

sections during
>
affect large
drought a political turmoil
.

Bangladesh → Liberation was

Ethiopia → during severe drought

in mid eighties .
 f PEM_ →
MII kwashiorkor
1. Protein & calorie 1 .
Only because of
deficiency protein def .

2. In 9nFants (21yd 2 .
Child >
tyr
3. Mothe 0 'S Milk replaced 3 .
Mother 's milk
to
replaced
other
foods having It 1
caloric
proteins ← caloric value high
low protein
4. Normally during second
diet
childbirth when older
infant is still too young .
5.
Impairs growth 5 Shows
.

wasting
replacement of tissue of muscles ,

proteins , extreme
thinning of leimbs ,

emaciation of body ,
failure of growth
thinning of limbs & brain der .

6. Skin becomes
day ,
6 .

fat is still
thin and Kirin kled
left under skin

7.
Growth rate & 7 . Extensive
body wt -

decline Odema &

of Brain swelling of
8. Growth body parts
faculties
.

& mental
are impaired .