FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICAL AND MECHATRONICS
DEPARTMENT:
ENGINEERING

PROGRAMME: Diploma in Engineering Technology

(Mechanical Engineering)

MODULE NAME: THERMODYNAMICS I

MODULE CODE: MTH21A

NQF LEVEL: 6
CREDITS: 14

COMPILED BY: Mr. O Y Odufuwa

REVISED BY: Mrs. A Olwagen

DATE REVISED: January 2023

LABORATORY GUIDE 1
CONTENTS
1. 1. INFORMATION ABOUT THE PRACTICALS ASSIGNMENTS. ..............................................................................3
2. 2. SAFETY AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ....................................................................................................................3

2.1 2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 3

2.2 2.2 GENERAL SAFETY ........................................................................... 3
3. 3. LABORATORY RULES ................................................................................................................................................4
4. 4 LABORATORY EXPERIMENTAL REPORT PRESCRIPTIONS ................................................................................5
5. 5 EXPERIMENT 1: GAS LAWS .......................................................................................................................................6
6. 6 EXPERIMENT 2: STEAM PROPERTIES ....................................................................................................................12
7. RUBRIC FOR ASSIGNMENTS ......................................................................................................................................17
8. GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES INDICATOR .................................................................................................................18
1. 1. INFORMATION ABOUT THE PRACTICALS ASSIGNMENTS.
Practical work is an essential part of work to be studied in Thermodynamics II. There would be
expected of the student to hand in a report after each practical. In this document the student must have
its preparation, results and conclusions. The document must be in the format and the same standard
of work that you will give to your employer.

This report must be handed in one week after completion of the practical for evaluation. The total
mark for all your reports and practical tests is 35% of the course mark. An average of 50% for
the practical mark must be obtain for admission to the main evaluation.

NB: You can be refuse entrance to the laboratory if:

o You did not prepare.

o You did not have your white coat and laboratory notes.

2. 2. SAFETY AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

2.1 2.1 Introduction

Close attention should be given to all aspects of safety throughout training, and the highest possible
standards insisted upon. There is a special need to emphasize the fundamental safety rules of
behaviour, dress and practice when the trainee enters the laboratory. Instructors have a particular
responsibility to set a good example and to check without delay any departure from safe working
practices by trainees. Individual responsibilities in respect of the safety of all persons in the vicinity
of the working area must be clearly understood by everyone. It is essential to develop safe working
habits.

2.2 2.2 General safety

2.2.1 What to do

o Think before you act.

o Ask if in any doubt.
o Help to keep gangways clear.
o Keep your bench and working area tidy.
o Find out the position and type of fire appliances available.
o Report all accidents to your supervisor.

2.2.2 What not to do

o Do not run.
o Do not play practical jokes.
o Do not touch any equipment or try out machines unless authorized to do so.
o Do not leave rubbish lying about.
o Do not walk under suspended loads.
o Do not attempt to give first aid unless you are competent to do so.
3
 o Do not throw things.

2.2.3 Further points to consider

o Wear your overalls buttoned up.

o Keep hair short or wear a cap.
o Obey all safety rules and signs.
o Report any accident, however slight.
o Have all injuries properly treated, however minor.
o Do not wear torn overalls.
o Do not wear rings or a watch when working.
o Do not take chances.

3. 3. LABORATORY RULES
o Students must punctual and prepare thoroughly for the practical session.
o Students must wear protective clothing.
o An overcoat must be worn.
o No sandals are allowed in the lab.
o No fooling is allowed in the lab.
o No eating, drinking, or smoking is allowed.
o Handle all apparatus with care to keep it in a perfect condition.
o After completing the practical the equipment used must be placed in the stored places.
o Untidy work will be penalized.
o Unless otherwise stated, the lab reports are to be submitted individually.
o Students must actively participate in performing the experiments, and should also take an
active role in writing all extra information provided during lab work.
o Your measurements taken must be signed by the lecturer.
o The penalty rate will be –20% if late but still submitted on the same day. No assignments
will be taken after submission day.
o Unless otherwise instructed, lab reports must be in a standard format and are due one week
from the date the experiment is performed.
o No final lab grade will be assigned unless all reports/assignments are submitted.
o BE SURE TO KNOW IN WHICH GROUP YOU ARE PLACED AND ATTEND THE
PRACTICAL AS SCHEDULED ON YOUR SCHEDULE SHEET. [If you do not attend a
practical a doctor’s certificate must be handed to the lecturer within three days after the
practical session.]
4. 4 LABORATORY EXPERIMENTAL REPORT PRESCRIPTIONS
The following experiments should be performed to verify the various theories and principles. The
laboratory experimental report must consist of the following:

Front Page: Use the “Assignment Submittal & Identification” form provided at the back of this guide
for each report. Most important are:
1. Student number and name.
2. Experiment number and date.

Inner pages of Report: Data, sketches, explanations and calculations done by hand. Samples and
summary of important data, CAD sketches, explanations, calculations (leading to output values for
answers and result) must be typed on appendix at the last pages of the report. Graphs must be presented
in Microsoft excel ™ form.

1. Aim of the experiment (assignment).

2. Summary of the underlying theory, which you must present in your own words after searching in
the relevant literature. Formulas used for calculations are also required. Provide references for the source
of information.
3. Sketch and description of the apparatus, with reference to the most important measuring points
and/or measuring devices.
4. A short description, in your own words, of the experimental procedure.
5. Presentation of the results, as follows:
5. Measured values and data in tabular form.
5.2 Calculations must be shown clearly.
5.3 Results or final values must be presented again in tabular form.
5.4 Graphs, if applicable, on metric graph paper or Microsoft excel ™ print out.
6 Conclusions (remarks on some interesting observations, answer questions, etc.)

5
5. 5 EXPERIMENT 1: GAS LAWS

Aim
The aim of the experiment is to determine the energy transfer and the index of compression
(γ and n) of air during adiabatic and isothermal compressions, experimentally, and compare it
with the theoretical values.

Apparatus

The apparatus consists of the adiabatic gas cylinder with piston and lever, coupled to a computer
(see sketch below). The pressure, volume and temperature are measured with electronic sensors
and the output voltages are fed to the computer. The computer program operates like an
oscilloscope that measures the development of the above-mentioned 3 properties, during
compression or expansion of a gas inside the cylinder, as a function of time. The “volume sensor”
actually measures the distance L exerted by the piston (that can be read off from the scale on the
front of the cylinder). The diameter of the piston is 4.412 cm. (Remember to add 1.05 cm3 to the
volume arising from the extra space included by the valves).

Adiabatic Gas Apparatus

The real values of volume (V in cm3), pressure (P in kPa) and temperature (T in K) can be obtained
with the calibration formulas (from the Volt-readings (Vv, Vp and Vt) on the oscilloscope):

Volume: V = 3,3 Vv + 8,45 (cm3) (with Vv the volume reading in volts)

Pressure: P = 100 Vp (kPa) (with Vp the pressure reading in volts)
Temp: T = 33,11 Vt + 297,38 (K) (with Vt the temperature reading volts)
Method

The computer screen must show the typical oscilloscope picture, which should have been
prepared by the lab-assistant.

If the computer program is not loaded (screen off or screen shows C:\DM>) follow
step A

Control of oscilloscope

 and  : change the time scale (from 2ms to 1000ms)

Spacebar : select between channels A (volume), B (temperature) or C (pressure)
 and  : change the voltage scale of the selected channel A, B, or C

Use the abovementioned keys and adjust the oscilloscope as follows:

Time scale: 100 ms/div
A (green): 1V/div
B (blue): 0.5V/div
C (yellow): 0.2V/div

Open the 2 valves on the bottom of the cylinder and move the lever between the 2 boundaries.
Every time the lever moves past a point just below the upper boundary, the oscilloscope’s measuring
procedure is triggered (this corresponds to an output voltage of 3.5 volt from the volume sensor).

Experiment (a): Adiabatic Compression

When a compression process happens very fast, there will not be enough time available for heat
to transfer across the boundaries of the system (the piston and cylinder walls). We call it an adiabatic
compression (and expansion) and according to the gas theory, from the energy equation for a closed
system Q = U + W, we have Q = 0 (that means U = -W). For any 2 values of the process curve on
the P-V-diagram, we have
γ γ
P1V1 = P2V2 …………………………… (1)

where the compression index takes on the special value of γ = cp/cv .

Adjust the time scale on the computer/oscilloscope to 50 ms/div. Open the valves and fill the
cylinder with air. Close both valves and practice a few times to push the lever down quite fast so
that the process takes place within 0,5 seconds (watch the computer). Ignore the measurement
when lifting the lever to its upper position. Obtain one good set of curves for the volume, pressure
and temperature within the given time on the screen, and release the lever without further
movement. Read the voltages for volume (Vv), pressure (Vp) and temperature (Vt) for at least 5
different states (time readings) spaced more or less equally between the beginning and the end of
the curves.

7
Tabulate the measured values (in Volts) and calculate the real volume, pressure and temperature
for each of the 5 states with the given calibration formulas, in the correct units.

Experiment (b): Isothermal Compression

When a compression process happens very slowly, there will be more than enough time available
for heat to transfer across the boundaries of the system (the piston and cylinder walls). During
this process the temperature should remain more or less constant. We call it an isothermal
compression (and expansion) and according to the gas theory, from the energy equation for a closed
system, Q = U + W, we have U = 0 (that means Q = W). For any 2 values of the process curve
on the P-V-diagram, we have

P1 V1  P2V2 ................................. (2)

where the compression index n takes on the value of 1.

Adjust the time scale on the computer/oscilloscope to 1000 ms/div (that is 1 second per division).
Open the valves and fill the cylinder with air. Close both valves and practise a few times to push
the lever down quite slowly so that the process takes approximately 8 to 10 seconds (watch the
computer so that the temperature reading, i.e. the blue line, varies as little as possible). Ignore the
measurement when lifting the lever to its upper position. Obtain one good set of curves for the
volume, pressure and temperature within the given time on the screen, and release the lever
without further movement. Read the voltages for volume (Vv), pressure (Vp) and temperature (Vt)
for at least 5 different states (time readings) spaced more or less equally between the beginning
and the end of the curves.
Tabulate the measured values (in Volts) and calculate the real volume, pressure and temperature
for each of the 5 states with the given calibration formulas, in the correct units.
NB: Use the data that has been collected so far to complete the assignments 1 and 2.

If the computer program is not loaded (screen shows the oscilloscope graphs) follow
step B
To read data from graph

 and  : choose x-position (time scale)

 and  : select between channels A (volume), B (temperature) or C (pressure)

The value (volts) for each x-position is shown underneath the graph. Shift the cross with the
abovementioned keys to read off the values of each property (pressure, volume and temperature)
for at least 5 different x-values. Write down the information separately for further manipulation
and calculation of the compression index.

If you have finished taking data, press [enter]  Graph Follow Up Options
Select Q – Exit the Program [enter] or L – Oscilloscope [enter] if you want to repeat the experiment.
ADDENDUM: CONTROL OF COMPUTER DURING STARTUP:
Step A: Computer Configuration for Measuring in Oscilloscope Mode

Switch on computer, and wait for C:\DOS>

Type in: CD\DM [enter]  C:\DM>
Type in: DM [enter]  Data Monitor Logo
Press again [enter]  Menu
Select L – oscilloscope [enter]  typical oscilloscope with time scale (ms)

Adjustment of trigger

Type in: T [enter]  Triggering menu

Move with the  and  keys and make sure of the following settings:

A - Automatic
On channel : A
Voltage: 3.5 (type number and press [enter]
Going: Down (change with [enter])

Leave the rest of the settings as it is.

Move to R – Return to scope, [enter]  back in oscilloscope mode

Step B: Computer Configuration for Data Acquisition from Oscilloscope:

Type in: O  other menu

Type in: S (Exit and Store data)  Main Menu
Select P – Plot Graph [enter]  Graph Style Options
Leave as it is, and only type [enter]  Graph Scaling (Hor)
Select A – Automatic scaling,
axis start at origin [enter]  Graph Scaling (Vert)
Select A – Automatic scaling,
axis start at origin [enter]  a graph appears on the screen
Look at graph and type [enter]  Graph Follow Up Options
Select E – Examine Data [enter]  Select Channel
Select A – Input/Probe A [enter]  the graph reappears on screen

9
 Assignment 1

Aim: To determine the compression indices (γ and n) of air during (a) adiabatic compression and
(b) isothermal compression, experimentally, and compare it with the theoretical values.

Theory: Give a summary of the theory on gas processes applied to the isothermal and adiabatic
compression and expansion processes. Explain the principles and give the applicable formulas (with
P-V-diagrams) that will be used in the calculations that follow in the Results- paragraph. Make
use of the relevant theories in the following literature and acknowledge each source used.
[10]

Eastop, TD & McConkey, A, 1993, APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS FOR ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGISTS,

5TH Edition, Pearson Education Limited.

Yunis A. Cengel, and Michael A. Boles, 2011, THERMODYNAMICS: An Engineering Approach: SI

UNITS, 7th edition, McGraw-Hill.

Michael J. Moran and Howard N. Shapiro, 2012, FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING

THERMODYNAMICS, SI Version, 7TH Edition, Wiley.

Apparatus: Give a brief description (schematic drawing) of the layout of the apparatus used for this
experiment, showing the different measuring points and devices. [5]

Procedure: Describe briefly what you have done during the execution of the experiment. [5]

Results: Present the recorded, measured data of volumes, pressures and temperatures in tabular
format. Show all calculations. [30]
From the gas formula
P1V1n  P2V 2n

PV n  C
so that
log (P) + n log (V) = log (C) (3)

log (P) = -n log (V) + log (C) (4)

If we compare this to y = mx + c, it is clear that n in eq (4) is the gradient (m) of a log(P)-log(V)

graph (where y = log(P) and x = log(V)). The same is true if n is replaced by γ.

Tabulate the calculated values of volume (V) and pressure (P) for the 2 types of compressions
(adiabatic and isothermal), each type separately. Calculate and tabulate from that, the log(P) and
log(V) for each type of compression. Draw a graph of log(V) on the x-axis and log(P) on the y-axis,
for each type of compression. Calculate the gradient of each graph (m = y/x), which should
give, according to eq (4), the value of the compression index (γ or n) for each type of compression.
Compare the experimental results with theoretical data from literature. Lastly calculate the energy
due to the compression processes (adiabatic and isothermal).
Tabulate the final results of all calculations.

Conclusion: Discuss the following topics: [10]

1) How well does the expected (theoretical) values of γ and n of air correspond to your
calculated values? (find the theoretical values in your handbook).
2) How will you utilize (or apply) the two types of gas processes in practice?

11
6. 6 EXPERIMENT 2: STEAM PROPERTIES
Aim: To determine the dryness fraction of steam by using the combined separating-and-
throttling calorimeter.

Theory: The condition (or quality) of wet steam is defined by knowing the dryness fraction, which
can be measured with calorimeters:

A) Separating Calorimeter:

The separating calorimeter is really a mechanical device which separates the suspended water
droplets in the wet steam, by centrifugal action, outwards from the dry steam. The separated water
will gather at the bottom of the calorimeter while the dry steam exits the calorimeter at the top. If
a condenser is attached to the top outlet of the calorimeter, the dry steam will condense and the
mass of the condensate can be measured (ms). The mass of water that has separated from the wet
steam can be determined after a certain time, by opening the bottom valve and measuring the mass
(mw) on a scale. The dryness fraction is obtained directly from the definition:

x0 = ms / (ms + mw )

condenser

ms

mw
Fig 2.1 Separating Calorimeter

B) Throttling Calorimeter:

If wet steam with a high dryness fraction (x > 0.94) experiences a pressure drop across a throttling
orifice, it will turn into superheated steam. The superheated steam is thus at a lower pressure P3 and
temperature T3 than wet steam before throttling (where the pressure P2 = P1). The fact that the
enthalpy before throttling is equal to the enthalpy after throttling enables one to calculate he
dryness fraction:
 h2 = h3
hwet @ p2 = hsup @ p3, t3
hf + x1 hfg (@ p2 ) = hsup (@ p3, t3 )

Thus,
x1 = (hsup – hf ) / hfg

Fig 2.2 Throttling Calorimeter

A) Combined Separating-and-Throttling Calorimeter:

It has been found that the “dry steam” that passes through the top exit of the separating
calorimeter, is not perfectly dry, but still contains a small amount of water droplets. Therefore, if
the throttling calorimeter is used in series with the separating calorimeter, placing it just after the
exit of the separating calorimeter so that almost dry steam is entering the throttling calorimeter, a
more accurate value of dryness fraction can be obtained. The condenser is moved further down
the line so that it still enables the determination of the mass of the dry steam (now superheated)
for the calculation of x0 from the separating calorimeter. The dryness fraction (x1) as determined
with the throttling calorimeter, is then a fraction of the dryness fraction (x0) as determined with the
separating calorimeter, so that the actual, real dryness fraction (x) from a test plant can be
calculated with x = x0 x1

ccondenser

mw

ms
Fig 2.3 Combined Separating-and-Throttling Calorimeter
13
Apparatus: The apparatus consist of the combined separating-and-throttling calorimeter as well as
the condenser on the mini steam plant test bed. The steam is supplied from the main steam pipe
(covered in silver-painted insulation) through the upper tap. The collected water in the separating
calorimeter can be drained with the tap on its bottom, while the tap to its right provides an alternative
path (bypass) for steam during the warm-up period. The remaining steam through the throttling
calorimeter is fed to the condenser (green cylinder) from where it drips out as water. The tap below
the condenser controls the flow of cooling water through the condenser (leave it open).

SEPERATING-AND-THROTTLING CALORIMETER

Method:

Make sure that all taps at the separating calorimeter are closed before starting the experiment.
See that the supply water against the wall, as well as the condenser tap, is open so that cooling
water can flow through the condenser. Firstly open the bypass tap of the separating calorimeter
and afterwards the upper (steam inlet) tap from the main steam pipe. Allow the steam to flow freely
through the separating calorimeter for ± 30 seconds to get hot, and then close both taps. Place a
glass beaker under the separating calorimeter and allow all water and steam to flow out. Close the
bottom tap and throw away the water collected in the glass beaker. Determine the mass of the 2
empty glass beakers (mb) with the electronic balance. Place one beaker under the bottom
tap of the separating calorimeter and the other beaker under the outlet tube of the condenser.
Slowly open the inlet steam tap from the steam main pipe to allow steam to flow through both
calorimeters. Keep on with the experiment until ± 100 ml of water has been collected in the
beaker under the condenser. During this period, the following measurements must be taken:

(1) gauge pressure in the steam main pipe,

(2) temperature before the point of throttling,
(3) temperature after the point of throttling,
(4) manometer reading (difference of height in mm) after the point of throttling.

Take at least 3 sets of readings during the experiment.

When the required amount of water has been collected in the glass beaker under the condenser,
the upper (steam inlet) tap can be closed. Wait until the pressure in the manometer has returned
to 0 before the bottom tap is opened to collect the water in the separating calorimeter. If no more
condensate flows out of the condenser, the masses of the 2 glass beakers with their water
content (mt1 and mt2) must be measured on the electronic balance. Determine then:

Mass of water (mw = mt1 – mb)

Mass of steam (ms = mt2 – mb)

Determine the atmospheric pressure from the barometer against the wall of the laboratory by
measuring the difference in height between the mercury levels in the left- and right-leg of the U-
tube (in mm). Calculate the atmospheric pressure (Patm = ρgh) and remember to correct all the
measured pressures (gauge pressure, Pg) to absolute pressures (Pabs = Pg + Patm).

15
 Assignment 2:

Aim:

To calculate the dryness fraction of steam with the measured values from the combined separating-
and-throttling calorimeters, and with the aid of steam tables and the steam chart.

Theory:

Give a summary of the theory on the dryness fraction of wet steam as well as the operation of steam
calorimeters. Explain the principles and give the applicable formulas (with P-V- diagrams) that will
be used in the calculations that follow in the Results-paragraph. Make use of the relevant theories
in the following literature and acknowledge each source used. [10]

Eastop, TD & McConkey, A, 1993, APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS FOR ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGISTS,

5TH Edition, Pearson Education Limited.

Rayner Joel, 1996, BASIC ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS, 5TH Edition, Addison Wesley Longman
Limited.

Apparatus:

Give a brief description (schematic drawing) of the layout of the apparatus used for this experiment,
showing the different measuring points and devices. [5]

Procedure:

Describe briefly what you have done during the execution of the experiment. [5]

Results:

Tabulate the measured data and calculate an average value from the 3 sets of data for the two
pressures and two temperatures of interest. Calculate the absolute pressures. Tabulate the
corrected set of results and calculate, using the steam tables, the following (show all enthalpies and
calculations): [30]

(1) dryness fraction in separating calorimeter, (x0)

(2) dryness fraction in throttling calorimeter, (x1)
(3) real dryness fraction of the steam in the steam pipe, (x).

Tabulate the final results of all calculations. [5]

Conclusion: Discuss the following topics: [5]

1) If ms is the mass of superheated steam, why did you measure it as water?

2) Discuss briefly the meaning of the dryness of the steam that you calculated for the
steam pipe.
7. RUBRIC FOR ASSIGNMENTS
The subject will involve four major assignment with two from the experiment and other from general class work
and a group work.

WEIGHT
REPORT FORMAT
Does not meet expectations Meets expectations Exceed expectations
AND STYLE P1 P2
100% 100%

Preparations 10% Online MC test % Online MC test % Online MC test %

10%

0% - 20% marks 30% - 70%marks 80% – 100% marks

Fails to Provide the cover page, Adequately provide

provide the cover page, Assignment Assignment submittal and the cover page,
submittal and identification, index or identification, Assignment
Table of content or not adequate index or Table of content submittal and
Introduction 8% 8% regarding the to an extent identification,
instructions regarding the index or Table of
instructions content
to an extent
regarding the
instructions

1 mark 2 marks 3 marks

Clear Clear aim,
3% Aim of work unclear aim with thoroughly defines
Aim/Front page 3%
(Incomplete) adequate overview scope of work,
of scope of work thorough overview
(Copied) (Own words)
Theory 0 – 4 marks 5 -7 marks 8 – 10 marks

Fails to cover Adequately Demonstrates in

10% 10% theoretical addresses depth
explanations (some theoretical research
formulas, not explanations (some and analysis (all
applicable theory) applicable theory, and sketches applicable theory,
formulas) and sketches
formulas)
1 mark 2 -3 marks 4 -5 marks

Same sketch as study guide Adequate sketch or image with Clear sketch with
Apparatus 5%
5% identification of components. No all labels and
captions captions, required
descriptions
1 mark 2 -3 marks 4 -5 marks

Adequate Detailed
5% Same as study guide steps/methodology steps/methodology
Procedure 5%
for the experiment for the experiment
are provided are provided with
additional steps,
numbered
According to the memorandum According to the memorandum According to the
Results 30%
30% memorandum

17
 0% - 20% mark 30% - 70% marks 80% - 100% marks
Tabulation of Incomplete data set Some experimental All experimental
6%
experimental results 5% data (some units) data (with units)
provided, provided
0% - 20% marks 30% - 70%marks 80% – 100% marks

Fails to Conclusions regarding the Well thought

Conclusions 10% provide conclusions or not adequate experiment are adequately through conclusions
9% regarding the discussed. regarding the
experiment experiment are
provided.
0 mark 1-4 Marks 5 marks

References 3% 5% No references 2 – 5 references 5 references with in-

text well structured

0% - 20% marks 30% - 70%marks 80% – 100% marks

General/Neatness Requirements not met or not adequate Some requirements not met All or almost all
10%
and others 10% regarding the regarding the requirements met
Report Report regarding the
Report.
NB: MC means multiple choice.

8. GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES INDICATOR

As a requirement, students will be assessed on the following attributes described in the Table below. Additional
assignments will also be evaluated to check the competency of the teaching and learning activities.

The following abbreviation are used; P1-Practical 1 report, P2-Practical 2 report, A1-Assignment 1, A2-Assignment,
C-Competent, NC-Not Competent, D- Development.

P1 P2 A1 A2

GA4: Conduct investigations of well-

defined problems through locating and
searching relevant codes and
catalogues, conducting standard tests,
experiments and measurements.
4.1 The scope of the investigation is D D D D
defined.
4.2 Investigations are planned and D D D D
conducted within an appropriate
discipline.
4.3 Available literature is searched, and D D D D
material is evaluated for suitability to
the investigation.
4.4 Relevant equipment or software is D D D D
selected and appropriately used for the
investigation.
4.5 Data obtained is analysed and D D D D
interpreted.
4.6 Conclusions are drawn from an D D D D
analysis of all available evidence.
4.7 The purpose, process and outcomes D D D D
of the investigation are recorded in a
technical report

GA7: Demonstrate knowledge and

understanding of the impact of
engineering activity on the society,
economy, industrial and physical
environment, and address issues by
defined procedures.
7.1 The impact of technology is D D D C
demonstrated in terms of the benefits
and limitations to society.
7.2 The engineering activity is analysed D D D D
in terms of the impact on occupational
and public health and safety.
7.3 The engineering activity is analysed D D D D
in terms of the impact on the physical
environment.
7.4 The methods to minimise/mitigate D D D D
impacts outlined in 7.2 and 7.3 are
considered.

GA9: Engage in independent and life-long learning through well-developed

learning skills.

9.1 Learning tasks are identified, D D D D

planned and managed.

9.2 The requirement for independent D D D D

learning is identified/ recognised and
demonstrate
9.3 Relevant information is sourced, D D D D
organised and evaluated
9.4 Knowledge acquired outside of D D D D
formal instruction is comprehended and
applied.
9.5 Awareness is displayed of the need D D D D
to maintain continued competence
through keeping abreast of up-to-date
tools and techniques available in the
workplace.

19
 Assignment Submittal & Identification

Student Number:
Student Surname
& Initials:
Programmes: N.Dip: Engineering: Mechanical

Subject Name: Thermodynamics II

Subject Code: M T H 2 A
Assignment Number:
Due date: 2 0 2 M M D D
Lecturer:

Declaration of independent work

I hereby declare that this assignment is my own work and that it has not been
copied from any other person or document.

Signature Date