Anatomy and Physiology

ALANES, RAFAEL RUSSEL 12- FEYNMAN

SMOOTH AND CARDIAC MUSCLES SMOOTH MUSCLE

→ Long cells
CARDIAC MUSCLES → Spindle Shaped
→ Cardiocytes → Surrounds:
- Cardiac muscle cells ➢ Blood Vessels
→ Diameter: 10-20µm ➢ Digestive Tract
→ Length: 50-100µm ➢ Organs
→ Single Nucleus → Myofilaments of the cells are not parallel
→ Myofibrils and accessory muscle contraction → Symmetrical Patterns of thick and thin
proteins ~ to those in skeletal muscle filaments are not evident
→ Most are encoded by genes specifically → No troponin complex
expressed in cardiocytes → Contracts in all direction instead of linearly
→ More force/ cross sectional area (fewer other
organelles

Activation → Autonomic nervous

Contractile → Pump heart
Cells → Do not initiate their own AP
Autorhythmic → Do not contract
Cells → Initiate and conduct APs
(Action Potential)
→ No resting Potential
- Neural input not
necessary to initiate
an AP
→ Pacemaker Activity
- Slow Depolarization
- Drift to threshold, then
firing
system Varicosities and
receptors all over the cell
→ Norepinephrine released
from neurons in the
blood
→ Connected in sheets with
gap junction so
contractions can spread
into neighboring cells
→ Can either be stretch
activated or
spontaneously activated
Excitation/ → Activated by opening
Contraction calcium channels on the
cell’s surface, influx of
cellular calcium (small,
thin cells, slow)
→ Calcium activates
myosin and frees up
actin
Anatomy and Physiology
ALANES, RAFAEL RUSSEL 12- FEYNMAN

CARDIAC MUSCLE DISORDERS → Thickening of the muscle

→ Not limit quality/ duration of life → Result of high blood pressure or
→ Risk sudden death prolonged athletic training
→ Heart enlarges and functions poorly → Thickening occurs without an obvious
→ Muscles become weak cause
- Unable to pump blood efficiently → Normal alignment of muscle cells is
absent
Left Heart Failure Right Heart Failure → Causes abnormal alignment of muscle
Fluid buildup in Fluid Buildup in the (Myocardial Disarray)
lungs tissues and organs Symptoms Causes
in the body ➢ Shortness of ➢ Dominant
breath mutation
Symptoms Causes ➢ Chest Pain ➢ myosin, troponin
➢ Shortness of ➢ Viral infection ➢ Palpitation T, alpha
Dilated Cardiomyopathy

breath ➢ Auto-immune ➢ Light- tropomyosin,

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
➢ Swelling of disease headedness and cardiac myosin
ankles ➢ Excessive blackouts binding protein-
➢ Tiredness alcohol C, or the
➢ Palpitations and consumption essential and
syncope ➢ Exposure to regulatory light
➢ Chest Pain toxic compounds chains.
➢ Pregnancy ➢ important
➢ Familial Disease proteins for the
contraction of the
heart.