CHAPTER 1

Introduction

This chapter discusses the importance of identifying the level of acceptance

of students in the upcoming Reserve Officer’s Training Corps (ROTC). Also, this

section aims to explain the current view on the ROTC program as it stands.

Background of the study

The ROTC’s reinstatement may be a good program for the youths of the

nation as this program without a doubt increases overall mental fortitude and

physical fitness. Also, this program is badly needed to produce capable Armed

Forces of the Philippines (AFP) reservists. As this program may be close at

hand, all the participants and those who are affected by this program must be

given thought of. Their level of agreement, mental and physical preparedness

must all be reviewed. The level of acceptance of the students to the ROTC

program must be studied and identified in such a way that the results will be

used in the effective formulation of policies, safety practices, and effective

information.

The ROTC is tasked to train and develop senior high school students in the

rudiments of Military Service to produce capable AFP reservists (DLSU,2018).

Also, Mr. Duterte said in a speech at the 35th Founding Anniversary of the

Army Reserve Command on November. 22 2019 in Tanza, Cavite “I

encourage Congress to enact a law that will require mandatory ROTC for
Grades 11 and 12 so we can instill patriotism, love of country among our

youth”. Nowadays lawmakers are pushing for the reinstatement of the

mandatory ROTC program which is supported by determined senators.

Identifying the level of acceptance is basically a way for measuring the

scale of agreement or willingness, particularly with the ROTC program

numerically. By agreement or willingness, it is talking about their approval of the

program, do they disagree or agree on the training methods, whether they are

pro or anti on the program and the like. Effective formulation of policies, safety

practices, and effective information are a few ways where the data from knowing

the level of acceptance may be needed as these problems have serious

consequences if ignored. These problems are problems that will be answering

what will be needed once this training program is approved. After the training’s

approval, these questions' answers may be necessary.

The code of conduct of Norwich University state that its disciplinary system

is “designed to be instructive and corrective in nature, to develop self-discipline

as a daily way of life, and to teach cadets to accept full responsibility for all that

they do or fail to do” (Norwich University,2018., section1). All the actions that will

be enforced have varying degrees of commendatory and disciplinary actions.

This broad coverage of all actions being enforced gave the school strict and

certain rules to follow so that everything will not go out of hand.

In the previous Philippine ROTC program, there were very bad and

ineffective regulations that lead students astray and commit hazing and other

heinous acts. The death of University of Santo Tomas (UST) cadet Mark Chua
was an example as he, along with fellow cadet Romulo Yumul, disclosed the

corruption in the university’s ROTC program in The Varsitarian’s February 21,

2001 issue (Barron, 2021). Chua then went missing after the story was published

and his father Welson received a call claiming that the UST student was

kidnapped, further proving that the policies and regulations were ineffective.

The University of the Philippines Diliman Department of Military Science and

Tactics has produced ROTC cadet officers from the Baguio, Diliman, and Los

Baños campuses of the University of the Philippines (UP). Following their

regulated ranks has moved up the ranks through the years abiding by proper

regulations and policies proving their worth along the way. Class 2019 has

served the Corps for three years to reach their current standing, the “chosen few”

who stayed and persevered, and have taken the road less traveled (The UP

ROTC Story,2021).

The Army is a long-established social organization and observes several

customs. A custom is an established usage. Whether a custom is ancient or new,

its influence is profound. Much like life itself, the customs that are observed are

subject to a constant and slow process of revision. This is intended to explain

and help perpetuate those Army customs that have enriched many lives for many

years. To an astonishing degree, man is eager to follow established practices.

New customs arise to replace those that have declined, others live on and on

without apparent change (Western Kentucky University,2018). Changing

established practices can make the process better and faster. The practices that

were established years ago are not appropriate for the current generation, some
practices get out of hand causing harm and trauma. Some officers overuse the

power they hold, they got used to the old practices and have forgotten the things

that are appropriate for their juniors or cadets.

Under House Bill 8961, Grades 11 and 12 students, both in public and

private schools, are mandated to undergo the ROTC program (ROTC Bill

approved on final reading, 2019). There should be proper monitoring of the

conduct of the ROTC to ensure it will not be used as an instrument of bullying. "I

hope the IRR (Implementing Rules and Regulations) that will be crafted by the

concerned agencies will be properly implemented by our schools," says Senator

Leila de Jesus (Canoy,2019). Bullying is common for higher officers back when

Government has not noticed such things as overusing power and so on. Making

ROTC mandatory is a brave move for the government to do, with the past

situations and the practices that were done can repeat what happened to one of

the victims of bullying.

UB (University of Baguio) ROTC Officers were accused of hazing one of

the cadets. Hazing is one of the reasons why ROTC was stopped to be

mandatory, It is one of the concerns of most Filipino students and parents, but

the University of Baguio ROTC Unit (UBROTCU)’s official statements deny these

hazing allegations as they confidently say that “no cadet has been harmed due to

hazing, has been harassed, nor subjected to power tripping” (UBROTCU,2022).

The UBROTCU denies these allegations as they believe these allegations are

baseless.
 The United States (U.S) ROTC program spans far and wide for this reason

their ROTC programs are news and benefits widely known throughout the

majority of their populations. In addition to the option to have tuition and fees or

room and board covered, ROTC cadets also receive a living stipend. According

to Moody (2020), that amount can vary by branch and class standing, the Army

lists its living stipend at $420 a month compared with $300-$500 for the U.S. Air

Force and $350-$400 for the U.S. Navy, according to websites for each branch's

ROTC programs. A stipend for books varies by the branch from $750 to $1,200.

Students who earn the scholarship in high school receive four years of funding if

they remain in the ROTC program. A lot of people coveted this program as “there

are a lot of opportunities to earn that scholarship in the Army," says Army Colonel

Brad Brown. This

The Philippines ROTC program’s possible reinstatement news spread like

wildfire as President Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr.'s call for legislators to

prioritize the passage of a law calling for a mandatory ROTC program for senior

high school students. With the help of The Philippine Army, as part of the AFP

reaches out to the youth by providing them with another perspective on nation-

building. The proposed revival of the mandatory ROTC program will be

instrumental in the development of a capable, committed, and well-trained

reserve force that will serve as an expansion base for the regular force in times

of war, rebellion, or other national emergencies (Nepomuceno,2022).

Information about the ROTC program both past and present is now being

shared by Briccio Cezar B. Domondon Jr. of the Baguio Chronicle stated the past
and origins of the ROTC program. “Take the case of the ongoing Russia-Ukraine

war, the Ukraine soldiers fighting to defend their land consist of – apart from

professional soldiers – conscripts, ordinary citizens, and volunteers from other

nations” (Domondon Jr.,2022). Information such as this is needed for the

residents of Baguio to understand the value that this training program will give,

thus Mr. Domondon enumerated Why do students need ROTC? Why there is an

ROTC in the first place? and others.

In a word identifying the level of acceptance of the G12 students for the

ROTC’s soon-to-be implementation is a must for solving possible difficulties and

problems. Broadening the understanding of effective formulation of policies,

safety practices, and effective information for ROTC’s advancement.

This study aims to identify the perception of senior high school students in

implementing the mandatory ROTC program. Measuring the level of acceptance,

willingness, or agreement to the ROTC program is mainly to give insights into our

student's capabilities and what are their comfortable training methods. Thus,

raising awareness for the upcoming ROTC program may lead to them preparing

beforehand.

This study may also be considered by lawmakers as a reference for making

laws, policies, and regulations. The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) may

also consider the contents of this study on their formulation of training methods.

This study may also bring awareness to all those concerned about the current

and previous history of the ROTC program.

 To sate these requirements there is a need to be aware if BCNHS SHS

Grade 12 TVL students support the upcoming ROTC program, deepen their

understanding of the program and enumerate their concerns about this training

program.

Process
Input
Conceptual
 Survey on the level of
1.Profile of Respondents acceptance on ROTC
and
among the different
•G12 TVL sections Theoretical variables
 Result of the survey
•Medical Conditions Framework  Statistical Treatment

a. Major heart problems This study aims to determine the level

of acceptance of the Baguio City National

b. Major respiratory problems
High School (BCNHS) Senior High School
c. Major body defects
(SHS) Grade
Output
d. Major neurological disorders 12 (G12)

students on  Level of acceptance on

e. Major accidental injuries ROTC program of the
the probable Baguio City National High
f. Major optical impairments School-Senior High
School-Tvl Track
students.
•Height
 Recommendations

•Religion
2. Theories and Concepts

implementation of the Reserves Officers Training Corps (ROTC) program. It is

anchored on the following theories and concepts regarding the militant’s positivity

(Ross,1994): Conscription as Regulation by (Mulligan, 2001):, patriotism, moral

virtues, respect for the rights of civilians, adherence to the Constitution by the

Republic Act (RA) No.9163 and the different factors for accepting the mandatory

ROTC program.

G12 TVL-Industrial Arts and Home Economics students

According to Teves (2022), "The State must once again make mandatory

the enrollment of all students in Grades 11 and 12 in ROTC of our country to

have sufficient reserves officers to call to render military service when warranted

by national circumstance, whether as in response to any national security threat

or national emergency." He also said that under House Bill (HB) 4500, the ROTC

would be mandatory for male students enrolled in public and private schools. It

would form part of all baccalaureate degree courses and two years of technical

and vocational courses as a requisite for graduation. As required by HB 4500,

implementing ROTC can assist in ensuring that we have an adequate number of

reserve officers available to be called upon for military service when necessary.

In addition to two years of technical and vocational coursework, ROTC would be

a requirement for all baccalaureate degree programs.

Medical conditions
 As stated at HB 8961, as cited by Hank (2019), these students who have medical

conditions such as major heart problems, respiratory problems, body defects,

neurological disorders, accidental injuries, and optical impairments are exempted or

disqualified from joining the ROTC, only students who are physically or psychologically

unfit for the ROTC program would be exempt, "In pursuance to the recommendation of

the educational institutions where the concerned student is enrolled". Students who have

these medical conditions, which the trainees possess have a very adverse effect on the

practice of the ROTC program that might cause unnecessary accidents or trouble both

for the participants and the program.

Height

According to Defense Secretary Norberto Gonzales (2010), trainees’ height

requirement for both males and females in the Philippine military which the

probable ROTC program is a part of is five feet not to exceed 6’4 for both

(Dacanay,2010). Height is needed in the military as it correlates with strength.

Stronger soldiers carry more ammo, carry beefier weapons, and can also carry

injured soldiers or spare equipment more easily. They bear up to heavy armour

more easily and last longer on the battlefield (Urmika, 2020). The ROTC’s

trainees are also a part of the Philippines militants which is why these regulations

will also affect them so that the country can ensure that it has strong militants.

Religion

As reported by the Jehovah’s Witnesses .org (n. d.), one of the reasons

why this religion does not go to war is that "Love for the others" should love your

enemy and they believe that they should have nothing to do with violence
because the Bible tells them to love their enemies, therefore all members of this

religion are not allowed to join the war or the implementation of the ROTC

training program because these activities contradict their beliefs, morals or their

conscience. The same goes for any other religion in the Philippines that goes

against the rudiments of the ROTC program.

A Positive Theory of Military Recruitment

By Ross’s theory as he compares conscription and voluntarism where 45

percent of the 75 countries including the United States (US) and Sudan rely

exclusively on volunteers, whereas France and Germany, with economies much

more like the U.S. use conscription. He theorized that the voluntarism style of

recruitment produces militants that have a higher degree of happiness in contrast

with conscription as a recruitment style (Ross,1994). ROTC’s style of recruitment

is more on the side of conscription as it is mandatory for all students. This theory

does not work in the favor of the happiness of ROTC trainees as Ross’s findings

show a lower rate of happiness for the ROTC’s style of recruitment.

Conscription as Regulation

This theory by Mulligan (2005), examines the practice of military

conscription. It states that it may be better to apply conscription when the military

needs manpower in accordance with the nation’s situation (population-wise,

economically, and in threat). On the opposite event, it states that the nation must

not apply conscription as it may bring dismay to the residents of that particular

nation. Conscription may be a good option for militants if the country can support
it or if the country needs it so it should be thought through if the integration of

ROTC is necessary for what the trainees have to sacrifice for it.

RA No.9163

In addition, RA No. 9163: An act establishing the National Service Training

Program for tertiary level students, amending for the Purpose Republic Act NO.

7077 and Presidential Decree NO.1706, and other purposes. The ROTC under

the NSTP shall instill patriotism, or virtues, respect for the rights of civilians, and

adherence to the Constitution, among others. These values in accordance with

the ROTC’s shall be instilled in the upcoming trainees (Congress of the

Philippines, 2001).

Factors that affect decision making

First in line is the students’ cognitive biases which in a systematic thought

process caused by the tendency of the human brain to simplify information

processing through a filter of personal experience and preferences (Gillis,2022).

Another is the belief in personal relevance where in people who believe what

they decide matters, they are more likely to make a decision ( Avecedo &

Krueger,2004). Lastly is the propensity for risk which says an individual's current

tendency towards taking or avoiding risks where he will then decide if it’s worth it

(Sitkin & Pablo, 2016). These factors are some of the main reasons on which

people will base their reasons, and will be the deciding factor in their acceptance

of the ROTC program. Cognitive biases help humans find mental shortcuts to

assist in the navigation of daily life that is why if the ROTC training program

hinders them in any way they are sure to disapprove of It.

Statement of the Problem

The researchers’ goal is to determine the level of acceptance of the

Baguio City National High School (BCNHS) Senior High School (SHS) Grade 12

Technical-Vocational-Livelihood (TVL) students on the probable implementation

of the Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) program. Specifically, the answer

to the following questions will be sought.

1. What is the level of acceptance of the BCNHS SHS students in participating

on the ROTC program?

a. Grade level

b. Strand

2. What are the factors that affect the level of acceptance of the BCNHS-SHS

TVL students on the ROTC program along the following variables?

a. Medical conditions

i. Major heart problems

ii. Major respiratory problems

iii. Major body defects

iv. Major neurological disorders

v. Major sustained injuries

vi. Major optical impairments

b. Religion

c. Height
 CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY
 This chapter presents the Research Design, Population and Locale of the

Study, Data Gathering Procedure, Data Gathering Tool, and the Statistical

Treatment of the Data.

Research Design

The researchers will collect data using a descriptive strategy and a

quantitative approach about the presumed implementation of the Reserve

Officers Training Corps (ROTC) as the researchers aim to find out the level of

acceptance of students in the program and present the findings in a systematic

scientific way. Calderon (2006) defined descriptive research as a purposive

process of gathering, analyzing, classifying, and tabulating data about prevailing

conditions, practices, beliefs, processes, trends, and cause-effect relationships

and then making an adequate and accurate interpretation of such data with or

without the aid of statistical methods. The primary goal of this research is to find

out the level of acceptance of Grade 12 Technical-Vocational-Livelihood (TVL)

students on their plausible participation in the ROTC program. This study will

employ a survey research paradigm and quantitative data collected using a

reliable and accurate scale.

Population and Locale of the Study

The researchers will survey the whole population of Baguio City National

High School- Senior High School Grade 12 TVL track. According to Laerd

Dissertation (2022), total population sampling is a type of purposive sampling

technique that involves “examining the entire population that has a particular set

of characteristics”. It is chosen by the researchers since it is one of the biggest

and most diverse school and since it is where the researchers are located.

Table 1 presents the total number of Grade 12 TVL sections and students

who will be the researchers’ respondents.

Table 1.

Technical-Vocational-Livelihood Senior High School Summary

SECTION MALE FEMALE TOTAL

12 TVL 1 33 24 57

12 TVL 2 35 21 56

12 TVL 3 30 21 51

12 TVL 4 33 22 55

TVL TOTAL: 4 Sections TOTAL OF

STUDENTS:220students

Data Gathering Procedure

A letter of consent will be presented to the teachers to ask for approval on

administering a survey questionnaire. After securing the consent to give out

questionnaires the researchers will seek consent from the respondents for the

use of their data in the research. Once the administration of survey be approved,

researchers will provide brief information about the study and send out a survey

questionnaire which will have two parts. The first part will get their names and
section and will screen out those who are illegible to undergo the ROTC

program. The eligible respondents will now be answering the main part of the

survey that will be used to gauge their level of acceptance on the ROTC

program.

By the Data Privacy Act of 2012, which implements the protection of the

fundamental human right of privacy, the researchers will ensure the participants

that all information collected will be used solely for the academic purpose needed

for the study. Any personal information such as emails and names will be kept

between the respondent and researchers only.

Data Gathering Tool

The researchers used a survey questionnaire as the primary data-gathering

tool in the study. The said questionnaire is copied from a validated questionnaire

of other similar research to ensure that it covers all relevant parts of the subject it

aims to measure. The researcher collected informed ideas from individuals who

are eligible for the ROTC program. Google forms questionnaire will be used, and

the link will be given to each class president which will share it with the rest of

their classmates.
 The data collection tool, adapted from the researches of Fernandez (2022),

about the “survey of Filipinos favor ROTC program in senior high”, consists of

two sections. The first section has two parts namely the Profile (name and

section) and Qualifications which determines if they are required for the study.

The second has three parts, the first one will profile them again to determine their

religion, the second gauge their level of acceptance on the ROTC program. A

four-point Likert scale will be used. A 4 means the respondent strongly promotes

the program, 3 means the respondent is willing to undergo training, 2 means the

respondent doesn’t want to participate in training, and a 1 means the respondent

strongly discourages the program. And the last part extracts the factors that

affect their level of acceptance.

Statistical Treatment of the Data

The gathered data will be organized, tabulated, and illustrated in a series

of tables. The descriptive measure that will be utilized is mainly on the

computation of frequency counts, weighted means, and ranks.

To determine how many of the respondents are going to college and are

5ft tall:

Total respondents-(students who are going to college + students 5ft and above in

height) = Students qualified

 To determine the level of acceptance of the qualified students for the ROTC

program, the following scale of interpretation will be used:

Value Descriptive Equivalent (DE) Weighted Mean

4 Strongly promotes the program 3.26-4.00                  

3 Willing to undergo training 2.51-3.25                  

2 Doesn’t want to participate in 1.76-2.50                  

training

1 Strongly discourages the 1.00-1.75  

program

To determine how many students cannot participate because of religious

biases.

(Total qualified students – Students with religious restraints)

To determine how many students cannot participate because of medical

conditions.

(Total qualified students – Students with medical conditions)

To determine how many students don’t want to participate because of

personal biases.

(Total qualified students – Students who do not want to participate)

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 Appendices

Appendix A. Letter to conduct a study

Appendix B. Survey-Questionnaire

B1.
B2.
B3.