EXPERIENCE THE GLOBAL EDGE

ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE PROPOSED SENATE BILL NO. 2034

MANDATORY ROTC BILL AMONG GRADE 12 STUDENTS
AT CITI GLOBAL COLLEGE

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

Alcantara, Ageo L.
Echague, Roldan L.
Onofre, Carlos Miguel V.
Villamor, Neil Jan F.

Grade 12 – HUMSS – 3

October 2023
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CHAPTER 1
The Problem and Its Background

Introduction

As of today, ROTC is not a mandatory course for students in the

tertiary level, but is one of the three courses under the National Service Training

Program (NSTP) which was established under Republic Act (RA) 9163 or the NSTP

Act of 2001. Under that law, ROTC is one of the three NSTP programs — ROTC,

Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS), and Literacy Training Service (LTS).

NSTP amends the Citizen Armed Force or Armed Forces of the Philippines

Reservist Act of 1991 or RA 7077, and National Service Law or Presidential Decree

(PD) 1706, signed on Aug. 8, 1980. Before the enactment of the NSTP Act of 2001,

college students were mandated to take ROTC as stated under Sections 38 and 39

of RA 7077 — which aims to equip locals to become citizen soldiers.

In the NSTP Act, the Reserve-Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) is a program

institutionalized under Sections 38 and 39 of Republic Act No. 7077 designed to

provide military training to tertiary level students in order to motivate, train, organize

and mobilize them for national defense preparedness Recently, proposals, like

Senate Bill No. 2034, seek to reinstate mandatory ROTC due to defense needs and

concerns about youth values.

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According to the report published in GMA news online, the Senate is

currently deliberating on Senate Bill 2034, sponsored by Senator Ronald "Bato"

dela Rosa. The bill proposes to make the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC)

program mandatory for students in higher education institutions (HEIs) and

technical-vocational institutions (TVIs). This move aligns with one of the legislative

priorities of the Marcos administration.

Under senate bill 2034, all students enrolled in not less than two-year

undergraduate degree, diploma, or certificate programs in HEIs and TVIs will be

required to undergo the basic ROTC program for four semesters. Students failing to

comply with the ROTC program will be ineligible for graduation. Educational

institutions failing to implement ROTC may face disciplinary and administrative

sanctions from the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and the Technical

Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA).

The bill also outlines a specialized ROTC program for individuals with

specific circumstances, such as persons with disabilities, those with religious beliefs

against firearm usage, and those with prior convictions involving moral turpitude.

The Basic ROTC Program Curriculum will be jointly developed by the Department of

National Defense, CHED, and TESDA in consultation with relevant government

agencies and private stakeholders, including school associations. (GMA Integrated

News, 2023).

In a report by inquirer.net, Senator Ronald "Bato" dela Rosa supports the

ROTC program, emphasizing its role in fostering patriotism, discipline, and

 EXPERIENCE THE GLOBAL EDGE

leadership, aligning with the aim of producing competent professionals for national

development. (Pinlac, 2023).

However, Pascual (2019) criticizes the mandatory ROTC program in the

Philippines, citing corruption, abuse, and violation of student rights, like the

University of Santo Tomas student was brutally murdered in 2001 after he exposed

alleged corruption in his school’s military training program, prompting the

government to abolish mandatory ROTC (Pinlac, 2023) . He suggests an inclusive

civic education curriculum and strengthening voluntary youth programs. Abinales

(2019) warns of the historical politicization and repression associated with the

ROTC program, calling for a critical and participatory approach to civic education.

In light of this matter, the researchers aim to determine the level of attitude of

senior high students at CITI Global College Inc. Calamba Campus regarding the

proposed Senate Bill No. 2034 on mandatory ROTC. By looking into this aspect, the

researchers aim to provide useful insights into the student perspective on this

legislation.

Background of the Study

The ROTC program was mandatory in the Philippines until 2002, when it was

abolished due to cases of corruption, abuse, and hazing. Since then, the ROTC

program has been optional and part of the National Service Training Program

(NSTP), which offers three components: civic welfare training service, literacy

training service, and ROTC (Viray, 2018).

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However, President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. and Congress also named

mandatory ROTC and NSTP among their priority bills last July (Macasero, 2023).

The bill aims to institutionalize, develop, train, organize, and administer the ROTC

program in all educational institutions and to prepare the students for national

defense preparedness and disaster response (Bacelonia, 2023).

ROTC programs have been criticized by some for being too militaristic and

for promoting violence (Women, LGBTQIA+ Groups Amplify Opposition to

Mandatory ROTC, 2022), However, supporters of ROTC argue that it is a valuable

program that teaches students important life skills, such as discipline, leadership,

and teamwork (ROTC Benefits: The Financial and Personal Advantages of

Participation, n.d.)

Some of the arguments against the bill are that it will violate the students'

right to choose their mode of service; that it will expose them to potential abuse,

violence, and corruption; and that it will divert resources from more urgent

educational needs (Chi, 2023).

According to the Pulse Asia survey conducted from March 15 to 19, 2023

found that 78% of Filipinos support the mandatory Reserve Officers' Training Corps

(ROTC) revival. The survey interviewed 1,200 Filipino adults nationwide. The top

reasons given in support of mandatory ROTC are that it will make young people

learn discipline and responsibility (71%), prepare students to defend the country

(60%), and teach them leadership skills (59%).

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However, the survey also found that there is some opposition to mandatory

ROTC, with 13% of respondents saying that they disagree with the proposal. The

top reasons given for opposing mandatory ROTC are that it will only increase cases

of abuse, harassment, and hazing (75%) and that it will waste the time of youth

which should be spent on studying (65%). Despite the heated debates on the

mandatory ROTC program, there is a lack of empirical evidence on how the

students themselves perceive and react to the proposed bill.

Most of the existing studies on the students' attitude towards ROTC are

conducted in public schools or use national or regional samples. There is a gap in

the literature on how students in private schools, such as CITI Global College inc,

view the mandatory ROTC program.

Theoretical Framework

According to a value theory of peace studies, peace studies should be designed

to change attitudes as well as to impart knowledge. This theory is based on some

peace research results which suggest that people are not moved toward peace and

justice by their intelligence in general nor by their knowledge of foreign affairs in

particular, but by their attitudes and values.Specifically it will investigate the

Millennial generations attitudes about military service and how the older generations

personalities impact their decision to serve. Additionally, it will take a look at the

Army's current recruiting strategies, current recruiting trends, as well as the Army's
 EXPERIENCE THE GLOBAL EDGE

chief competitors for new recruits. Finally, the study will offer up recommendations

to improve recruiting for the Millennial generation.

Conceptual Framework

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

This figure shows the conceptual framework of the study. It depicts the

significance difference on the attitude levels towards mandatory ROTC bill among grade

12 students.
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Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the attitude of grade 12 students at Citi Global

College towards the proposed Senate Bill No. 2034 mandatory ROTC.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 age;

1.2 gender; and

1.3 strand?

2. What is the level of attitude of the respondents towards the proposed Senate Bill

No. 2034 mandatory ROTC?

3. Is there a significant difference in the level of attitude towards the proposed

Senate Bill No. 2034 mandatory ROTC when the respondents were grouped

according to their demographic profile?

Hypothesis

There's no significant difference in the attitude towards the proposed mandatory

ROTC bill when the respondents were grouped according to their profile.
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Significance of the study

This research would provide information and knowledge about the attitude

towards the proposed Senate Bill No. 2034 or the Mandatory ROTC Bill. The

researchers believe that the following people will benefit from this research:

Citi Global College. To gain insights into the perspective of their students regarding

the proposed mandatory ROTC bill.

Teachers. The findings of this study can give them suggestions on how they can

handle the displayed behavior of an individual when it comes to teaching mandatory

ROTC.

Students. Because they can get an idea of what mandatory ROTC is, and

understand how the proposed legislation could impact them and also allow them to

voice their opinion and concerns.

Scope and Limitations Study

This descriptive study was conducted at the CITI Global College-Calamba

Campus, located in Brgy. Tres, Calamba City, Laguna. The respondents were the

senior high school students enrolled at this institution in the first semester of the

academic year 2023–2024. The population of senior high school students is 450.
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Since the researchers are included in the total population, they excluded

themselves and focused only on 81 students. These respondents were chosen

based on their availability.

Moreover, this study focused on assessing the attitude level of the

respondents towards the proposed ROTC bill. This study collected respondents'

demographics, such as age, sex, grade level, and strand. Consequently, the

researchers explored the significant difference in the attitude of the respondents

towards the ROTC bill when they were grouped according to their profile.

Lastly, the researchers used a self-made questionnaire to obtain the needed

data about the respondents' demographic profiles and level of attitude towards the

ROTC Bill.

Definition of Terms

In this study, the researchers conceptually and operationally defined the

following terms for clarity and better understanding:

Attitude - in the context of this study, refers to the overall disposition and

perspective of the senior high school students towards the proposed ROTC bill. It

encompasses their feelings, beliefs, and opinions regarding the ROTC bill.

CITI Global College - an educational institution located in Brgy. Tres, Calamba City,

Laguna, known as CITI Global College-Calamba Campus. It pertains to the locale of

the study.
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Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) - to provide military training to tertiary

level students in order to motivate, train, organize and mobilize them for national

defense preparedness and disaster response.

Senior High School - It covers the last two years of the K to 12 program and

includes Grades 11 and 12. In SHS, students will go through a core, applied, and

specialized curriculum under a track of their choice. In this study, it refers to the

respondents.
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CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature

This chapter shows journal articles, related studies, and published theses

and dissertations from both foreign and local contexts that are relevant to the study

because it encompasses various perspectives, including student perceptions, and

critical viewpoints on proposed Mandatory ROTC bill.

In the Philippines, the revival of the mandatory Reserve Officers Training

Corps (ROTC) for senior high school students (Grades 11 and 12) across public

and tertiary level educational institutions has been proposed by President Ferdinand

"Bong bong" Marcos Jr. during his inaugural State of the Nation Address (SONA).

This initiative aligns with earlier statements from Vice President Sara Duterte,

supporting the mandatory ROTC to bolster national defense and disaster

preparedness among the youth. It's noteworthy that ROTC had a controversial past

leading to its temporary abolition in 2001, replaced by the National Service Training

Program Act of 2001 until present discussions (PIA, 2022).

The Basic ROTC Program Curriculum will be crafted by the Department of

National Defense, CHED, and TESDA in consultation with other relevant

government agencies and private stakeholders, including associations of

schools.Under the bill, the mandatory basic ROTC program will cover all students
 EXPERIENCE THE GLOBAL EDGE

enrolled in not less than two-year undergraduate degree, diploma, or certificate

programs in HEIs and TVIs (GMA Integrated News, 2023).

The article from Rappler highlights the ongoing debate regarding a bill on the

mandatory implementation of the Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) in the

Philippines, amid opposition from various groups. It outlines the proponents of the

bill, its legislative journey, and an estimated budget of P61.2 billion for its

implementation, which has been criticized given that the country is not in a state of

war. The critics argue that these funds could be utilized for other essential purposes

(Rappler, 2023).

In a recent report, Senator Francis Tolentino expressed optimism concerning

the mandatory incorporation of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC)

program in Philippine higher education institutions, subsequent to the successful

conduct of the Philippine ROTC Games 2023. Tolentino, who is also the honorary

chairman of the games, highlighted the significant engagement from the youth, as

evidenced by the participation in the games. This enthusiasm, he believes, will

potentially bolster the passage of Senate Bill 1565, which he introduced to mandate

a two-year ROTC program for both college and vocational students in the country,

making program completion a requirement for graduation (Philstar, 2023).

However, women, LGBTQIA+, and youth groups in the Philippines have

intensified their opposition against the possible reinstatement of the mandatory

 EXPERIENCE THE GLOBAL EDGE

Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) Bill, citing the promotion of sexism,

homophobia, and a violent culture within the program. Historical instances of abuse

and human rights violations, including hazing and sexual harassment, have also

been highlighted as significant issues within the ROTC (PH Kule, 2023).

In the study conducted by Mostajo (2018) titled "The Perceptions on ROTC

Implementation Among Senior High School Students of Philippine Pasay Chung

Hua Academy Sy. 2018-2019," the conclusions reveal a general positive attitude

among senior high school students towards the mandatory ROTC program. The

students see the program as a good way to develop leadership skills and become

more patriotic, learning to focus on self-protection and protecting others. However,

there is a note of caution as some students feel that the ROTC program should not

be mandatory. The study suggests that the ROTC program could help students

become better citizens, ready to lead and protect, provided it's implemented

thoughtfully.

According to the study conducted by Martinelli (2021), some students regard

the ROTC as an opportunity to increase their leadership and collaborative skills,

concurrently contributing to national service. Conversely, others see it as a burden

or an intrusion on their personal or academic engagements, especially if they are

already committed to other extracurricular activities.

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In a study conducted in Ozamiz City, Philippines, senior high school students'

perceptions towards the Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) were explored,

revealing a higher value placed on physical and psychological capabilities over

extensive knowledge and attitude in the ROTC implementation. It was also found

that physical and psychological aspects significantly influenced students’ attitudes,

unlike extensive knowledge (ideas.repec.org, 2023).

Moreover, Chao (2018) discusses the importance of Army ROTC training in

building mental strength and leadership abilities. The training focuses not just on

navigation skills but also develops vital qualities like adaptability, communication,

and teamwork in difficult situations (Chao, 2018).

Lastly, KABATAAN Party-list opposes the reinstatement of a mandatory

Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) for tertiary students in the Philippines,

contending it's inessential for strengthening the country's disaster response. They

argue that the current National Service Training Program (NSTP) is capable of

engaging the youth in times of disaster, eliminating the need for military training

components (BusinessWorld Online, 2022).

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CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methodologies that will be employed in

the study. It briefly discusses the research design, selection of the research

subjects, instruments and procedures, and data treatment.

Research Design

This study utilized a descriptive research design.The goal of descriptive

research, according to McCombes (2019), is to precisely and methodically

describe a population, circumstance, or phenomenon. It can respond to inquiries

about what, where, when, and how, but not why. This research design was used

in this study since it aimed to describe the level of attitude towards the proposed

ROTC bill among grade 12 SHS students.

Research Locale

This study was conducted at CITI GLOBAL COLLEGE CALAMBA

CAMPUS, located at M3 building, Chipeco Avenue, Barangay Tres, Calamba City

Laguna.
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Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study were the Grade 12 Senior High School

students enrolled during the first semester of the academic year 2023-2024 at

CITI Global College - Calamba Campus. There are 415 Grade 12 students at this

institution. 37 from General Academic Strand (GAS), 113 from Accountancy,

Business, and Management (ABM), 59 Science, Technology, Engineering,

Mathematics (STEM), 136 Humanities and Social Sciences Students (HUMSS),

and 105 Information, Communication, and Technology (ICT). To determine the

sample size, the researchers used the Slovin's formula:

n= N/1+(N)(e)²

n= 415/1+(415)(0.10)²

n= 415/1+4.15

n= 415/5.15

n= 80.58 or 81

Consequently, the researcher had 81 students as respondents. The SHS

Grade 12 students were chosen as the respondents because of their easy

accessibility and proximity to the researcher.

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Sampling Technique

Convenience sampling is a method of data collection that makes it easier for

the researcher to obtain specific information. Fleetwood (2023) states that

convenience sampling is a type of sampling that is frequently used in research

studies and does not rely on chance. They believe that this is the technique for

obtaining primary data sources.

Research Instruments

The researchers utilized a hard copy survey questionnaire to gather data on

Grade 12 students' attitudes toward the proposed Senate Bill No. 2034, or the

mandatory ROTC Bill. The study employed a single instrument, focusing on their

attitude towards proposed Senate Bill No. 2034, or Mandatory ROTC Bill, which

was assessed through ten questions, utilizing a 4-point Likert-type scale with

responses ranging from 4 (strongly agree) to 1 (strongly disagree). Furthermore, the

instruments were validated before they were used in the study.

Data Gathering Procedure

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Statistical Treatment of Data

The data gathered from the respondent were recognized, categorized, tallied,

and presented in tables and figures. It was analyzed by means of appropriate

statistical tools

Frequency and percentage were used to describe the demographic profile of

the respondent in terms of age, sex, and strand.

To describe the level of attitude towards the proposed mandatory ROTC bill,

the researchers used the mean and standard deviation.

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CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter covers the results, followed by a discussion of the data gathered

regarding the Attitude towards the Proposed Senate Bill No. 2034 or Mandatory

ROTC Bill among Grade 12 Students at CITI Global College Inc. - Calamba

Campus. The said data was presented in tabular form in response to the specific

questions posed in the statement of the problem.

Table 1. Demographic Profile of the Respondents

Demographic Profile f %

Number of Respondents 81 100%

Age

15 and below 0 0

16-18 75 92.6%

19-21 5 6.2%

22 and above 1 1.2%

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Sex

Male 29 35.8%

Female 52 64.2%

Strand

Science Technology 13 16.2%

Engineering and Mathematics
(STEM)

Humanities and Social

Sciences (HUMSS) 24 29.6%

Accountancy Business and

Management (ABM) 18 22.2%

General Academic Strand

(GAS) 8 9.8%

Information and Communication

Technology (ICT) 18 22.2%

Table 1 shows the demographic profile of the respondents, who are mostly 16–18

years old (75 or 92.6%), followed by 19–21 years old (5 or 6.2%), and 22 and above

(1 or 1.2%). The majority of the respondents are female (52, or 64.2%), while the

rest are male (29, or 35.8%). The respondents belong to five different strands:
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Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS) (24 or 29.6%), Science, Technology,

Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) (13 or 16.2%), Accountancy, Business, and

Management (ABM) (18 or 22.2%), Information and Communication Technology

(ICT) (18 or 22.2%), and General Academic Strand (GAS) (8 or 9.8%).

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Table 2. Attitude of the Respondents towards ROTC Bill

Indicative Statement Mean Standard Interpretation
Deviation

1. I am well-informed about the proposed 3.07 0.68 Agree

Senate Bill No. 2034, the Mandatory ROTC
Bill.

2. Having ROTC will help students like me 3.08 0.78 Agree

be more disciplined and love our country
more.

3. This proposed Mandatory ROTC bill 3.14 0.73 Agree

can enhance my leadership skills.

4. I am worried that being in Mandatory 2.95 0.75 Agree

ROTC might not be safe for students.

5. I feel that having a Mandatory ROTC bill 3.11 0.72 Agree

is important for maintaining our country's
national security and defense at this time.

6. I believe that there should be 3.14 0.52 Agree

alternative programs to ROTC for
promoting patriotism and nationalism.

7. I worry that Mandatory ROTC 3.03 0.79 Agree

participation could distract us from our
academic responsibilities.

8. I feel that joining the ROTC should be 3.18 0.83 Agree

based on personal choice and interest,
not obligation.

9. I believe having Mandatory ROTC feels 3.18 0.72 Agree

like a good way to prepare young people
to protect our country.

10. I am expressing my support for the 3.09 0.81 Agree

proposed Mandatory ROTC Bill and
considering its good potential impact on
students

Grand Mean 3.37 0.7 Agree

Legend: 1.00-1.50, Strongly Disagree; 1.51-2.50, Disagree; 2.51-3.50, Agree; 3.51-4.00, Strongly Agree
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Table 2 shows the attitude of the respondents towards the ROTC Bill, with a

grand mean of 3.37, a standard deviation of 0.7, and a verbal interpretation “agree”.

It can be seen in the table that the respondents agreed with all of the

indicative statements. They agree that they are well-informed about the proposed

Senate Bill No. 2034, the Mandatory ROTC Bill (M=3.07, SD= 0.68), having ROTC

will help students like them be more disciplined and love their country more

(M=3.08, SD= 0.78), This proposed Mandatory ROTC bill can enhance their

leadership skills (M= 3.08, SD= 0.73), they are worried that being in Mandatory

ROTC Bill might not be safe for students (M=2.95, SD= 0.75), They feel that having

a Mandatory ROTC Bill is important for Maintaining country’s national security and

defense at this time (M=3.11, SD=0.72), they believe that there should be

alternative programs to ROTC for promoting patriotism and nationalism (M=3.14,

SD=0.52), they worry that Mandatory ROTC participation could distract them from

their academic responsibilities (M=3.03, SD=0.79), they feel joining the ROTC

should be based on personal choice and interest, not obligation (3.18, SD=0.83),

They believe having Mandatory ROTC feels like a good way to prepare young

people to protect the country (M=3.18, SD=0.72), lastly they expressing their

support for the proposed Mandatory ROTC Bill and considering its good potential

impact on students (M=3.09, SD=0.81).

Table 3. Significant Difference of the Respondents when Grouped According

to Profile
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CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions, and

recommendations based on the results and discussions of data gathered on the

Attitude towards the Proposed Senate Bill No. 2034 or Mandatory ROTC Bill of

the respondents.

Summary of Findings

1. The majority of the respondents are female (52, or 64.2%), while the rest are

male (29, or 35.8%).

2. The respondents consistently expressed agreement with various aspects of the

proposed Mandatory ROTC Bill or the Senate Bill No. 2034. They indicated a good

level of awareness about the bill and believed that participating in ROTC would

contribute to their discipline and patriotism. Furthermore, the respondents perceived

that the Mandatory ROTC program could enhance their leadership skills and

acknowledged its importance in maintaining national security and defense.

Despite their overall positive stance, some concerns were evident, such as worries

about the safety of students in the Mandatory ROTC program and the potential

distraction from academic responsibilities. Additionally, respondents suggested the

need for alternative programs to ROTC for promoting patriotism and nationalism.
 EXPERIENCE THE GLOBAL EDGE

While acknowledging the potential benefits, the respondents emphasized the

importance of personal choice and interest in joining the ROTC, rather than it being

an obligation. Overall, they expressed support for the proposed Mandatory ROTC

Bill, highlighting its positive impact on students.

Conclusions

After the comprehensive tabulation and interpretation of the data gathered,

the researchers infer the following conclusion: (N/A)

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Recommendations

In light of the findings of the study, the researchers have made the following

recommendations:

1. Address Safety Concerns. Recognizing the respondents' concern about the

safety of students in the Proposed Mandatory ROTC program, it is

recommended that measures be put in place to ensure the safety and

well-being of participants. This may include strict safety protocols, thorough

training for ROTC instructors, and regular evaluations of the program's safety

standards.

2. Provide Alternative Programs. Respondents indicated a belief in the

necessity of alternative programs for promoting patriotism and nationalism.

Therefore, it is recommended that educational institutions and policymakers

explore and implement diverse initiatives that instill a sense of patriotism and

national pride, considering the varying preferences and interests of students.

3. Balancing Academic Responsibilities and ROTC Participation.

Acknowledging concerns about potential distractions from academic

responsibilities, it is recommended that a balanced approach be adopted.

This involves designing the Proposed Mandatory ROTC program in a way

that minimizes interference with academic pursuits and offers flexible

schedules to accommodate students' educational commitments.

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WORK CITED

● What is ROTC today? (2022, September 2). Manila Bulletin.

https://mb.com.ph/2022/09/02/what-is-rotc-today/

● ("Republic Act No. 7077," 1991, Republic Act No. 7077 | Official Gazette of the
Republic of the Philippines)
● ("Presidential Decree No. 1706," 1980, Presidential Decree No. 1706, s. 1980 |
Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines)
● HANA BORDEY,GMA Integrated News & HANA BORDEY, GMA Integrated News.
(2023, March 22). Mandatory ROTC bill sponsored in Senate plenary | News |. GMA
News Online.
● Mandatory ROTC bill sponsored in Senate plenary | GMA News Online
(gmanetwork.com)

● Pinlac, B. (2023, March 23). Dela Rosa takes mandatory ROTC bill to Senate floor:
We’ve learned from past mistakes | Inquirer News. INQUIRER.net. Dela Rosa takes
mandatory ROTC bill to Senate floor: We’ve learned from past mistakes | Inquirer
News.

● Pascual, F. D., Jr. (2019, August 26). Bring back ROTC, but reform it first |
Philstar.com

● Patricio N Abinales. (n.d.).

https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Io__AyUAAAAJ

● Viray, P. L. (2018, November 26). Why ROTC is no longer mandatory. Philstar.com.

Why ROTC is no longer mandatory | Philstar.com

● Bacelonia, W. (2023, March 22). Dela Rosa ushers proposed ROTC Act to Senate

plenary | Philippine News Agency (pna.gov.ph)

● Women, LGBTQIA+ groups amplify opposition to mandatory ROTC. (2022,

November 12).

https://phkule.org/article/653/women-lgbtqia-groups-amplify-opposition-to-mandator

y-rotc
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● ROTC benefits: the financial and personal advantages of participation. (n.d.). Azusa

Pacific University.

https://www.apu.edu/articles/rotc-benefits-the-financial-and-personal-advantages-of-

participation/?fbclid=IwAR2jqxq_ulsPTYkDPXofiLxBYknyPqLrxKY-6z9DsTGn_zXfkL

alDMJaHXE#:~:text=But%20the%20benefits%20of%20ROTC,team%20building%2

0and%20networking%20opportunities

● Chi, C. (2023, April 27). Kabataan Partylist hits ROTC training fee included in

Senate bill. Philstar.com.

https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/04/27/2262085/kabataan-partylist-hits-rotc-

training-fee-included-senate-bill

● Felipe, C. S. (2023, April 11). 8 in 10 Pinoys support mandatory ROTC.

Philstar.com.

https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/04/12/2258239/8-10-pinoys-support-manda

tory-rotc?fbclid=IwAR2VhfiMPuX1nSWfE0qb_juTs1rFfrov5eQmwa3dJ1ruGO902uC

nyIcWibg#:~:text=The%20poll%20was%20conducted%20by,percent%20saying%20

they%20somewhat%20agree

● ("Nearly 8 Out of 10 Filipinos Support Mandatory ROTC in College," 2023,

https://pia.gov.ph/news/2023/04/11/nearly-8-out-of-10-filipinos-support-mandatory-ro

tc-in-college

gatchalian#:~:text=Results%20of%20the%20survey%20show,an%20opinion%20on

%20the%20issue.)
 EXPERIENCE THE GLOBAL EDGE

● LLANESCA T. PANTI,GMA Integrated News & LLANESCA T. PANTI, GMA

Integrated News. (2023, April 11). 78% of Pinoys favor mandatory ROTC in college

—Pulse Asia poll | News |. GMA News Online.

https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/866561/78-of-pinoys-favor-ma

ndatory-rotc-in-college-pulse-asia-poll/story/?fbclid=IwAR0ucYc-wZ4SzGm5hBEbpu

zQc4-YiGPna3h6yxI_qV2D3a9XVcf6b5XKa0c#:~:text=The%20poll%20also%20sho

wed%20that,them%20leadership%20skills%20(59%25)

● Philippine Information Agency. (2022, July 26). Mandatory ROTC for Senior High

among PBBM legislative agenda. Retrieved from

https://pia.gov.ph/news/2022/07/26/mandatory-rotc-for-senior-high-among-pbbm-legi

slative-agenda

● (GMA integrated News, 2023).

https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/864743/mandatory-rotc-bill-sp

onsored-in-senate-plenary/story/?fbclid=IwAR1ezVSShLgsVu2X-xAMEtgY4n-2RpQ

TgdX91d2dA6hJXiLgDJuCMN5CWtk

● Rappler. (2023). Mandatory ROTC bill: What we know so far.

https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/mandatory-rotc-bill-what-we-know-so-far/

● Philstar. (2023, September 3). Tolentino hopes Congress will pass mandatory

ROTC. Philstar.com.

https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/09/03/2293480/tolentino-hopes-congress-w

ill-pass-mandatory-rotc
 EXPERIENCE THE GLOBAL EDGE

● PH Kule. (2023). Women, LGBTQIA+ Groups Amplify Opposition to Mandatory

ROTC. Retrieved from

https://phkule.org/article/653/women-lgbtqia-groups-amplify-opposition-to-mandator

y-rotc

● Mostajo, J. C. V. (2018). The Perceptions on ROTC Implementation Among Senior

High School Students of Philippine Pasay Chung Hua Academy Sy. 2018-2019.

https://www.scribd.com/document/417478279/The-Perceptions-on-Rotc-Implementa

tion-Among-Senior-High-School-Students-of-Philippine-Pasay-Chung-Hua-Academy

-Sy-2018-2019

● The Perception of The Senior High Students in the Implementation of Reserve

Officers Training Corps - International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social

Science. (2023, July 10). International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social

Science.

https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/articles/the-perception-of-the-senior-h

igh-students-in-the-implementation-of-reserve-officers-training-corps/?fbclid=IwAR1

DJwnGGIOvdTPZ-4bLmeDB2KcrRpVr2uyqFkLTG4UYfZf1avZrm4oretQ#:~:text=,M

artinelli%2C%202021

● (2023). The Perception of The Senior High Students in the Implementation of

Reserve Officers Training Corps.

https://ideas.repec.org/a/bcp/journl/v7y2023i6p903-913.html
 EXPERIENCE THE GLOBAL EDGE

● M16s and MREs | Opinion | (Chao, 2018)

https://www.thecrimson.com/column/the-underground/article/2018/4/11/chao-m16s-

mres/?fbclid=IwAR0BNPM4NedLoZd7qpXR3eSkXkUtwovRHXsjO6-Yk9oTaI1ZngK

mLtCqggc

● (BusinessWorld Online, 2022). Youth party-list opposes mandatory student military

training - BusinessWorld Online (bworldonline.com)

EXPERIENCE THE GLOBAL EDGE