MANDATORY RESERVE OFFICERS’ TRAINING CORPS (ROTC): THE

PERSPECTIVE OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

IN SAMAR NATIONAL SCHOOL

Azalea Albeza

Jasmin B. Mabag

Kristine Marielle Bermejo

Marinel Joy Conos

(Grade 11-Dian Masalanta)

June, 2023
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First, we would like to express my profound gratitude

to the senior high school students who participated in this

research study on the perspective of mandatory ROTC

implementation in the Philippines. Thank you for sharing

your valuable perspectives and insights on this important

topic. Your inputs have greatly contributed to the success

of this study.

We would like to acknowledge the support and

encouragement of our family and friends throughout the

process of making this research. Your contributions were

indispensable in helping to ensure that the research was

carried out smoothly and effectively.

Lastly, we would also like to extend my sincere

appreciation to our practical research teacher for the

guidance and support provided throughout the research

process. Thank you for your expertise, patience, and

encouragement in carrying out this study.

i
 ABSTRACT

This study aims to explore the perspectives of senior

high school students on the implementation of mandatory

Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) in the Philippines.

Specifically, it delves into the issues surrounding the

program's reinstatement and how the policy can affect the

minority groups and youth population.

The researchers conducted in-depth interviews among the

senior high school students from Samar National School. The

study revealed that majority of the respondents had a

positive perception of ROTC, with some citing improved

discipline and sense of nationalism as notable benefits.

However, some students expressed concerns about the

mandatory nature of the program, citing their need to focus

on academic activities and lack of interest in the military.

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page

1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

A. Introduction.................................1
B. Statement of the Problem.....................4
C. Theoretical Framework........................5
D. Significance of the Study....................8
E. Scope and Delimitation.......................9
F. Definition of Terms..........................10

2. RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES.................11

3. METHODOLOGY
A. Research Design..............................13
B. Sampling Procedure...........................14
C. Instrumentation..............................14
D. Treatment of Data............................15
E. Ethical Consideration........................16

4. RESULTS AND FINDINGS...........................18

5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION........30

APPENDICES

A. Bibliography...................................34
B. List of Interview Questions....................37
C. Permission Letter..............................38
D. Pictorials.....................................39
E. Curriculum Vitae (Elem to SHS).................40

iii
 CHAPTER I
The Problem and Its Setting

INTRODUCTION

According to Simeon (2019), the Reserve Officers'

Training Corps (ROTC) is a program aimed at training

students in military skills and leadership. It is mandatory

for male senior high school students in the Philippines. The

ROTC program was made optional in 2002 but was reintroduced

as mandatory in 2019 through the passage of the Republic Act

No. 11239. This implementation has sparked debate and

controversy among the public, particularly students,

parents, and educators. This paper aims to examine the

perspective of senior high school students regarding the

mandatory implementation of ROTC in the Philippines.

According to Cueto and Edding (2019), senior high

school students in the Philippines have mixed reactions

towards the implementation of mandatory ROTC. Some students

consider it a great opportunity to learn self-defence and

discipline, while others see it as a hindrance to their more

essential academic pursuits. The researchers pointed out

that students whose families have a history of military

service have a significantly more favourable attitude

towards ROTC.

1
The ROTC program is viewed as an essential part of the

national service by some, but a burden by others. Parents

who have served in the military are more likely to encourage

their children to join the ROTC program. However, some

students feel that mandatory ROTC is an unnecessary burden

and instead should be allowed as an elective (Garfin &

Agosto, 2019).

Razo (2020) argues that mandatory ROTC is not only a

means to prepare students for potential military service,

but it can also provide a sense of discipline and patriotism

among students. The author also asserts that ROTC can help

in still leadership skills among students that can be useful

in their future careers.

On the other hand, some students fear that mandatory

ROTC may lead to increased militarization in the country and

can perpetuate a culture of violence and aggression. In an

online survey conducted by the Youth Act Now Against Tyranny

(2019), a coalition of youth and student organizations in

the Philippines, 80% of respondents were against the

mandatory implementation of ROTC.

According to Castañeda and Magno (2019), they

interviewed college students who had previously undergone

ROTC training and they found that the students had mixed

2
opinions regarding the value of their ROTC training. While

some students believed that ROTC helped them develop skills

useful in their future careers, others felt that it was a

waste of time and resources.

According to Palma and Razalan (2019), surveyed senior

high school students in a private school in the Philippines,

the results showed that the students had a neutral opinion

regarding the mandatory implementation of ROTC. However,

when asked about joining the ROTC program, 70% of

respondents were willing to join as an elective, while only

6% were willing to join as a mandatory requirement.

According to Gonzales and Andaya (2020), among the

senior high school students, those who were more inclined to

join ROTC are those who came from families with a military

background, have undergone firefighting training, and had

previous experiences in other community services.

Machado (2019) highlights the negative impact mandatory

ROTC can have on students' mental health. Machado suggests

that students may feel pressured to conform to the

military's strict standards, sacrificing their individuality

and creativity in the process.

In conclusion, the perspectives of senior high school

students regarding the mandatory implementation of ROTC in

3
the Philippines are varied. Students with families who have

served in the military tend to have a more favourable view

of ROTC, while others see it as an unnecessary burden. Some

students believe that ROTC can in still discipline and

patriotism, but others fear that it could contribute to the

militarization of the country. Mandatory ROTC can also have

a negative impact on students' mental health, and some

believe that it should be offered as an elective rather than

a mandatory requirement. Further studies are needed to gain

a comprehensive understanding of the implications of

mandatory ROTC for all stakeholders involved.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to explore and clarify the perspective

of Senior High School Students in Samar National School to

the implementation of mandatory ROTC.

Specifically, this study aims to answer the following.

1) What are the profile of the subjects according to:

1.1 age;

1.2 gender;

1.3 track or strand

4
2) What are the students’ perspective about the

implementation of mandatory ROTC in all Senior High School

Students?

3) What are the perceived drawbacks of making ROTC mandatory

for senior high school students in SNS?

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

According to Vygotsky (2018), Social Constructivism

Theory is a perspective that emphasizes the role of social

contexts and interactions in creating and shaping knowledge,

beliefs, and attitudes. According to this theory,

individuals do not acquire knowledge passively but actively

construct their own understanding of the world through

interaction with other people and the society they live in.

Social Constructivism Theory can be related to the

implementation of mandatory ROTC in the Philippines because

the mandatory ROTC policy seeks to shape the beliefs and

behavior of individuals in the country by providing them

with military training and discipline. The implementation of

this policy is based on the belief that military training is

essential in building a responsible citizenry and preparing

individuals to serve their country.

5
 From the perspective of Social Constructivism Theory,

the mandatory ROTC policy can be seen as an attempt to

construct a particular view of the world and produce a

particular type of behavior among Filipino citizens by

providing them with a specific social context (military

training) and shaping their interactions with that context.

The policy seeks to instill positive values associated with

the military, such as discipline, patriotism, loyalty to the

country, and a sense of duty to the nation.

However, it is important to recognize that individuals

construct their own understanding of the world based on

their experiences, beliefs, and values. The mandatory ROTC

policy may not be equally effective in shaping the beliefs

and behavior of all students, depending on their individual

experiences and socio-cultural contexts. Some students may

actively resist the policy, and others may not gain the

desired knowledge or values. Therefore, one must take into

consideration the dynamics of individual experiences and

social contexts when aiming to shape behavior.

According to Lent et al. (2013), Social Cognitive

Career Theory (SCCT) is a career development theory that

emphasizes the role of cognitive processes in career

decision-making and behavior. According to SCCT, individuals

6
consider environmental, personal, and behavioral factors

when making career choices, and the interplay of these

factors can influence career outcomes. In relation to the

implementation of mandatory ROTC in the Philippines, SCCT

suggests that mandatory ROTC could potentially influence

students' cognitive processes related to career decision-

making and behavior, and those effects may vary depending on

the individual's personal attributes and environmental

factors. This theory also suggests that mandatory ROTC can

shape Filipino youth's career beliefs and facilitate their

career development in the military.

According to Lerner et al. (2015), Youth Development

Theory (YDT) is a framework for understanding the stages of

development that young people go through and the factors

that influence their growth and well-being. According to

YDT, young people have unique developmental needs that must

be met in order for them to thrive, and these needs can be

met through fostering positive relationships, building

competencies, and providing opportunities for meaningful

participation in the community. In relation to the

implementation of mandatory ROTC in the Philippines, YDT can

help explain how this policy might impact the development

and well-being of young people. ROTC could provide

opportunities for young people to develop leadership,

7
teamwork, and other skills that are important for their

growth and success. Additionally, involvement in ROTC could

promote a sense of community and belonging, which are also

critical components of youth development. However, there are

also potential risks and challenges associated with

mandatory ROTC, such as the potential for negative

experiences or stress related to military training.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will be beneficial to the senior high school

students, parents, administrators, and future researcher.

Senior High School Students. The results of this study will

give them ideas on what are the importance of having a

mandatory ROTC for all senior high school students.

Parents. The results of the study will enable to understand

about what ROTC is and the importance of it as a part of the

curriculum of their children.

Administrators. The results of the study can be used to

determine if SNS students are aware of what is happening in

our country.

Future Researchers. The finding of this study will give them

literature and readings regarding the subject matter which,

8
in turn, will allow them to conduct similar researches in

other areas and involving other respondents.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

Scope

The general intent of this study is to know the

perspective of senior High School Students on the

Implementation of Mandatory ROTC. The Senior High School

Student of Samar National School are the participants and

shall be include in this study. It’s remain purpose is to

identify their different viewpoint on ROTC.

Delimitation

This study does not include who are not Senior High and

not enrolled in Samar National School. It does not include

their viewpoints on things that are not related with the

study and the students must know and have knowledge of what

ROTC is.

9
DEFINITION OF TERMS

Implementation - The process of putting a plan, decision, or

action into effect.

Mandatory - Compulsory or required by law or authority.

Perspective - Understanding or reaction of a person towards

something.

Reserve Force -A military organization made up of nation’s

residents that combines a civilian and military duty or

vocation. Their primary function is to fight if a nation

mobilizes for the entire war or to defend against the

attack. These are not typically kept under arms.

Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) - It refers to a

program that includes military training, interviews, and

physical training on many campuses across the country.

Reservist - It refers to a person who serves in the military

reserve force.

Training - The action of teaching a person or animal a

particular skill or type of behavior.

10
 CHAPTER II
Related Literature and Studies

According to Villanueva (2016), one of the ROTC’s

resurgences has sprouted due to the tension seen in the

regional territorial dispute in the west Philippine Sea

where the Chinese claimed it. And if ROTC is mandatory for

Grade 11 and Grade 12 students they will be prepared as

officers who can be called immediately to defer the country

of any occupation. The ROTC also saw the importance of the

recent super typhoon in the Visayas Region where many died

and destroyed property. The ROTC can help save and deliver

relief to disaster victims.

According to Dasig (2018), mandatory ROTC in senior

high school can develop the patriotism and nationalism of

students and instill in them the importance of national

security. Furthermore, ROTC can also enhance their

leadership skills and promote teamwork, discipline, and

physical fitness. The study also discussed the challenges

and potential issues that may arise in the implementation of

the program, such as the need for adequate facilities and

resources, proper training of instructors, and strict

adherence to human rights and ethical standards.

11
 According to Piñol (2017), the new president approves

the return of the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC).

Defense Secretary Lorenzana also filed documents on RA 7077

or “Citizen Armed Forces of the Philippines Reservist Act”

to be mandatory for ROTC. Prior this approval by President

Rodrigo Duterte there are meetings in the cabinet. Deep

analysis and conversation. Though the ROTC program, Filipino

youths are potential to defend and protect our country.

According to Padilla (2017), if the youth will

understand the reason of the training, they will learn many

skills such as the basic life support, first aid training,

basic self-defense, combat preparation, survival skills and

others. In total, we see that not only does the nation

benefit but we also learn many not only in defense but also

in disciplining ourselves.

12
 CHAPTER III
Methodology

Research Design

Phenomenological research design is suitable for

studying the perspective of students. Phenomenology is a

research approach that aims to explore how people make sense

of the world around them and the shared meanings they

attribute to their experiences. As such, it is particularly

well-suited for studying subjective experiences and

perspectives, which is relevant when studying the

perspective of students.

Phenomenology is commonly used in educational research,

including studies exploring student experiences and

perspectives. Phenomenological research can help illuminate

the diverse range of experiences, perceptions, and beliefs

that students hold and provide a nuanced understanding of

how they relate to the educational environment. The approach

can reveal deeply ingrained attitudes and beliefs among

students and help identify the factors that shape their

attitudes and beliefs. With regards to the implementation of

mandatory ROTC in the Philippines, phenomenology can be

relevant in understanding the perspective of senior high

school students. By examining their personal perspectives of

13
the ROTC program, one can gain insights into the potential

effects of making it mandatory. Phenomenology can provide a

valuable lens through which to examine the implementation of

mandatory ROTC in the Philippines, and help educators and

policymakers better understand the perspectives of the

students who will be most affected by this change.

Sampling Procedure

That appropriate sampling procedure that can be used to

gather data about this research is convenient Sampling

because the accessibility of the respondents. Senior High

School Students of Samar National School was chosen to be

respondents.

Instrumentation

Semi-structured interview is an appropriate research

method for investigating the perspectives of senior high

school students on the implementation of mandatory ROTC in

the Philippines, as it provides comprehensive insights into

students' perspectives. Through In-depth interviews can be a

valuable instrumentation in a qualitative research study

about the perspective of senior high school students in the

14
implementation of Mandatory ROTC because in-depth interviews

allow researchers to explore detailed personal experiences,

attitudes, and perceptions of senior high school students.

Through open-ended questions and probing techniques, in-

depth interviews can provide rich and detailed data that can

help researchers understand the students’ perspective on the

implementation of Mandatory ROTC. With an in-depth

interview, researchers can ask follow-up questions, clarify

answers, and adjust their questioning to explore the

students’ responses, attitudes, and emotions in more depth.

This allows researchers to get a more complete picture of

the students’ perspectives, which can be valuable in a

qualitative research study.

Treatment of Data

Thematic analysis is an appropriate method for

researching the perspective of senior high school students

on the implementation of mandatory ROTC in the Philippines

because it allows the researcher to analyze the data in-

depth and identify key themes that provide insights into the

participants' attitudes, beliefs, and experiences regarding

mandatory ROTC and is a flexible method that allows the

researcher to analyze different types of data, such as text,

15
audio, and video-based data. Thematic analysis also allows

the researcher to analyze the data in the participants' own

voices, providing an opportunity to hear the perspectives

and opinions of the participants directly. The findings from

the thematic analysis can provide valuable insights to

policymakers and educators regarding the implementation of

mandatory ROTC and the perspectives of the senior high

school students who are directly impacted by this policy.

Ethical Consideration

During the interview with the senior high school

students, it is important for researchers to ensure that

participants have sufficient knowledge about the research

objectives, potential risks and benefits, and their rights

as participants before they agree to participate.

Researchers should protect the confidentiality and anonymity

of participants by ensuring that sensitive information (such

as names, addresses, and other identifying information)

remains private. Researchers should reduce the risk of harm

to participants through careful research design planning and

ensuring that participation in the research does not cause

adverse effects to the participants. They should also show

sensitivity to the cultural values and norms of the

16
participants, and ensure that the presentation and research

process demonstrate respect and is pleasant.

17
 CHAPTER IV
Results and Findings

This chapter aims to present the findings of a study

that sought to determine the views of senior high school

students at Samar National School on the implementation of

ROTC. The study includes in-depth interviews with senior

high school students to understand their perspectives and

opinions on the implementation of ROTC in the Philippines.

SOP1. What are the profile of the subjects according to:

QUESTIONS ANSWERS

1.1 age; Participant A

1.2 sex or gender;
1.3 track or strand 1.1) 18

1.2) Female

1.3) STEM G12

Participant B

1.1) 16

1.2) Male

1.3) STEM G11

Participant C

1.1) 17

18
 1.2) Female

1.3) ABM G11

Participant D

1.1) 18

1.2) Male

1.3) HUMSS G11

Participant E

1.1) 17

1.2) Male

1.3) ICT G11

Most of the participants that participated in the

interview conducted at Samar National School are students

aged 17 and 18 years old, and most of the participants are

male as well as most of the participants are under STEM and

HUMSS and only one of them is in Grade 12 student, while the

other participants are in Grade 11.

19
SOP2. What are the students’ perspective about the

implementation of mandatory ROTC in Senior High School

Students?

Theme: "Implications and Benefits of Mandatory ROTC: A

Critical Analysis."

This theme tackles the significance and non-

significance of making ROTC a mandatory program for senior

high school students. It may include a critical analysis of

the potential benefits and risks of enforcing ROTC as a

requirement for students, examining aspects such as its

effect on their performance, career opportunities, and

social aspects.

QUESTIONS ANSWERS

2.1 What did you feel when Participant A

you heard the news about the 2.1 To be honest, I am

implementation of ROTC for opposed to making ROTC

all Senior High School mandatory because as a grade

students in the Philippines? 12 student, I don't see it

as very beneficial. It

2.2 What is your perspective usually focuses on rules and

on the role of ROTC in not on all aspects of

developing their personal school. As a student, I

and professional skills? think our teachers and

20
 school staff should get more

attention.

2.2 In my opinion, the

mandatory ROTC is intriguing

in our personal and

professional lives, but I am

not sure if it is good or

bad.

Participant B

2.1 I believe that it is

useless because not all

students have the physical,

emotional, or other skills

to do it because our

strengths are different, and

some people cannot do this

type of work. So, my view on

this is not fair and not

ethical for me.

2.2 In my opinion, the role

of ROTC in improving

personal and professional

skills is essential. Joining

21
 ROTC gives students

opportunities to hone their

leadership, discipline,

teamwork, and critical

thinking skills.

Participant C

2.1 My view is that I am not

in agreement with making

ROTC a requirement because

not all colleges or courses

in college need to implement

ROTC because it is not

related to their curriculum.

2.2 As a student, I know

that the ROTC program

affords opportunities to

improve leadership skills,

physical health and give

opportunities for personal

growth.

Participant D

2.1 As a student, I think it

22
 is good to implement

mandatory ROTC, especially

now that there are many bad

things happening in our

society. Through ROTC, we

will learn self-defense to

defend ourselves.

2.2 In my opinion, ROTC

teaches the younger

generation the importance of

love for the country.

Participant E

2.1 For me, it is okay

because ROTC can provide

significant help for us in

improving our physical and

mental health.

2.2 In my opinion, ROTC will

be a good way to develop

personal and professional

skills of an individual, and

it will certainly be an

23
 advantage for our country.

Overall, in question 2.1, most of the participants are

opposed to the implementation of ROTC because they believe

it should not be a priority of the government as it is not

necessary for students and is not required in other

colleges, and not everyone can do it, so they do not agree

with the enforcement of mandatory ROTC for all senior high

school students. However, there are some respondents who

agree with the implementation of mandatory ROTC for senior

high school students because it can help in defense and

protection of oneself, as well as improving physical,

emotional and mental health. In question 2.2, many

participants shared the same response that ROTC can improve

students' skills including leadership, good for physical

health, discipline, teamwork, and it can also teach the

younger generation about the importance of loving the

country and many other things. ROTC can also be a good way

to develop personal and professional skills of an

individual, which could be a great advantage for our

country.

24
SOP3. What are the perceived drawbacks of making ROTC

mandatory for senior high school students in SNS?

Theme: “Analysis of the mandatory ROTC program for Senior

High School students in SNS: Investigating known weaknesses

and concerns.”

This topic aims to clearly analyze the possible

negative effects of imposing ROTC on Senior High School

students in SNS. It discusses the challenges and concerns

presented by various interested parties, including students,

parents, teachers, academic institutions, and society. The

concerns that may affect the students' time management and

academic performance, as presented by parents and teachers,

will also be taken into consideration.

QUESTIONS ANSWERS

3.1 What are the future Participant A

effects of ROTC on you as a 3.1 As a student, I think

senior high school student? the effect of mandatory ROTC

on our academic and career

3.2 In your opinion, what choices will change

are the possible hindrances everything.

25
to the implementation of the 3.2 For me, one of the

mandatory ROTC? things that may hinder

mandatory ROTC is the

excessive workload of

students and their health

condition.

Participant B

3.1 For me, ROTC provides

valuable internships, summer

training programs, and

networking opportunities

that can improve a student's

resume and increase their

chances of getting a job

after college.

3.2 The weaknesses, in my

opinion, may be the

limitation of students'

freedom in choosing, as some

may have different interests

in academics that are not

under the military scope,

but are forced to join ROTC,

26
 hindering their personal

growth and exploration in

other fields.

Participant C

3.1 For me, this may lead to

scholarships for college and

bring career paths.

3.2 For me, the

implementation of mandatory

ROTC for senior high school

students in SNS may cause

controversy as it may not be

within the interests,

beliefs, or plans of each

student. Some may see this

as unnecessary conditions to

get a diploma.

Participant D

3.1 For me, this may give me

respect for my fellow

students and future bosses,

as well as an experience

27
 that cannot be compared to

others.

3.2 For a student like me,

it may be burdensome as it

can be distracting from my

school work.

Participant E

3.1 It will help me study

various things and ROTC

offers tuition assistance,

which is good news for me.

3.2 For me, it may not help

much in students'

performance in school and

may be a distraction.

Overall, in question 3.1, many agree with the mentioned

answers. In the interviews conducted at Samar National

School, students thought that if they joined ROTC, it would

be easier for them to finish college because of the

assistance that ROTC can provide in terms of tuition and

scholarships. They can also improve their knowledge in ROTC.

However, one participant said that everything might change

28
for them in the future because of ROTC. As for question 3.2,

all the participants shared the same concern that the

mandatory implementation of ROTC will only create more work

for senior high school students and it will limit their

freedom, which can also be a distraction in achieving their

goals as students.

29
 CHAPTER V
Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations

Summary

This research aims to determine the perspectives of

five senior high school students from Samar National School

regarding the mandatory ROTC in the Philippines. It intends

to provide skills and knowledge to the students about the

ROTC program and how it may affect their education and

personality. In the government's need for mandatory ROTC, it

is essential to know how the students will receive it. By

analyzing the students' perspectives, the law can be

strengthened based on people's sentiments. This study will

use interviews as a method of collecting data. The collected

data will be examined and evaluated to determine the overall

perspectives of senior high school students at Samar

National School towards mandatory ROTC.

Conclusion

The implementation of mandatory Reserve Officers'

Training Corps (ROTC) is one of the controversial issues in

the Philippines. At Samar National School, there are senior

30
high school students who have different perspectives on the

implementation of mandatory ROTC.

On the one hand, some students believe that the

mandatory ROTC program will help in developing discipline,

strengthening the body, and building leadership skills among

the youth. They also see the program as a way of helping in

the defense and national security of the country. Some

students see the ROTC program as an opportunity to better

understand the military and its role in the country.

However, there are also students who oppose the

implementation of mandatory ROTC in the Philippines. They

give various reasons for their opposition, including the

possibility of abuse and corruption within the program, the

potential for militarization of education, and the lack of

concrete and good implementation plans for the program.

Additionally, some students see ROTC as a waste of time and

money, especially if it is mandated for those who are not

interested or have no intention of joining the military.

Overall, while there are benefits on implementing

mandatory ROTC, it is clear that there are also questions

and issues that need to be addressed. The government and

schools should take these concerns into consideration and

ensure that the implementation of ROTC is done in a fair and

31
transparent manner. Additionally, there should be a thorough

study and review of the program to ensure the effective

achievement of its objectives and goals.

Recommendation

Based on the conclusion above, some recommendations could be

proposed:

1. Promote transparency and accountability: The government

and educational institutions should establish clear

guidelines and regulations for the implementation of

mandatory ROTC. This can help in preventing abuse of power

and corruption within the program.

2. Address concerns about militarization: To prevent

concerns about militarization of education, the government

should ensure that the ROTC program is equipping the youth

with a broader understanding of the military's role in

society. Students should also be taught critical thinking

skills to question the military's actions.

3. Ensure inclusivity: The ROTC program should not be

imposed on those who have no interest or intention of

joining the military. The government should respect those

32
students who do not want to participate and provide them

with alternative options to fulfill their civic duties.

4. Continuously evaluate and improve the program: Regular

assessments and evaluations of the ROTC program should be

conducted to ensure that it is meeting its intended

objectives. These evaluations should be transparent and

involve various stakeholders, including students, teachers,

and military officials.

5. Increase support for alternative civic programs: To

address the wide-ranging concerns brought by students, the

government should explore other alternative civic programs

that promote patriotism, national service, and leadership

among the youth.

33
 APPENDICES

Bibliography

Acorda, R. A., & Dela Peña, E. L. (2019). The Impact of

Mandatory ROTC on the Mental Health and Well-being of Senior

High School Students. The International Journal of Social

Sciences and Humanities Invention, 6(9), 5270-5277.

Castañeda, M. V., & Magno, C. (2019). Students' perceptions

of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) program in a

university in the Philippines. Education Quarterly, 77(3),

115-136.

Cueto, J. L. A., & Edding, M. M. (2019). Senior high school

students' readiness towards the implementation of the

mandatory Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) program in

selected schools in Davao City, Philippines. International

Journal of Advanced Scientific Research and Management,

4(7), 30-42.

Dasig Jr., R. T. (2018). Mandatory ROTC in Senior High

School: Promoting Patriotism and Nationalism, Instilling

Discipline and Leadership among Youth. Journal of Academic

Research in Education, 8(2), 1-13.

Garfin, C., & Agosto, K. (2019). Military training in the

Philippines: Parent and student perspectives on compulsory

34
ROTC. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 1,

100003.

Gonzales, G. L. G., & Andaya, R. U. A. (2020). Factors

affecting students' willingness to join the Reserve

Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) program. International

Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management,

3(5), 157-162.

Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (2013). Social

cognitive career theory at 25: Empirical status of the

interest, choice, and performance models. Journal of

Vocational Behavior, 83(3), 238-255.

Lerner, R. M., Lerner, J. V., Bowers, E. P., & Geldhof, G.

J. (2015). Positive youth development and relational-

developmental-systems. Handbook of Child Psychology and

Developmental Science, 1-44.

Machado, R. J. C. (2019). Mental health implications of

military training in the Philippines. Journal of Public

Mental Health and Social Inclusion, 3(2), 27-32.

Padilla, R. S. (2017). ROTC crucial in youth development.

Inquirer.net. Retrieved from

https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/918368/rotc-crucial-in-youth-

development.

35
Palma, C. F., & Razalan, F. E. (2019). Senior high school

students' opinion towards the implementation of Reserve

Officer Training Corps (ROTC) program in a private school in

the Philippines. International Journal of Multidisciplinary

Research and Analysis, 2(11), 64-70.

Piñol, E. (2017). ROTC revival, mandatory military training

backed. Philstar Global. Retrieved from

https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/02/21/1674108/rotc-

revival-mandatory-military-training-backed.

Quizon, J. G. (2019). Senior High School Students’

Perception on Mandatory ROTC and its Implementation in the

Philippines. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts and

Sciences, 6(3), 16-23.

Razo, A. (2020). The value of Reserve Officers' Training

Corps (ROTC) in senior high school for character education

and leadership development. Asia Pacific Journal of

Multidisciplinary Research, 8(2), 66-72.

Villanueva (2016)

https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/08/07/1610893/afp-

eyeing-incorporate-rotc-k-12

Vygotsky, L. S. (2018). Mind in society: The development of

higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press

36
Youth Act Now Against Tyranny. (2019). Online survey report:

On the proposed mandatory Reserve Officers' Training Corps

(ROTC) in senior high school.

List of Interview Questions

1) What are the profile of the subjects according to:

1.1 age;

1.2 gender;

1.3 track or strand

2.1 What did you feel when you heard the news about the

implementation of ROTC for all Senior High School students

in the Philippines?

2.2 What is your perspective on the role of ROTC in

developing their personal and professional skills?

3.1 What are the future effects of ROTC on you as a senior

high school student?

3.2 In your opinion, what are the possible hindrances to the

implementation of the mandatory ROTC?

37
38
Pictorials

39
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Jasmin B. Mabag

Age: 16 years old

Birthday: September 13, 2006

Birthplace: Catbalogan City, Samar

Civil Status: Single

Address: Piczonville Subd., Brgy. Guinsorongan, Catbalogan

City, Samar

Father: Jerry A. Mabag

Mother: Argin B. Mabag

Email Address: mabagjasmin0913@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGOUND

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Samar National School (HUMSS)

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL Samar National School

ELEMENTARY Guinsorongan Elementary School

40
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Azalea Albeza

Age: 17 years old

Birthday: September 6, 2005

Birthplace: Catbalogan City, Samar

Civil Status: Single

Address: Salug, Brgy. 01, Catbalogan City, Samar

Father: John C. Abelido

Mother: Charito B. Albeza

Email Address: azaleaalbeza16@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGOUND

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Samar National School (HUMSS)

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL Samar National School

ELEMENTARY Salug Elementary School

41
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Kristine Marielle C. Bermejo

Age: 17 years old

Birthday: November 2, 2005

Birthplace: Catbalogan City, Samar

Civil Status: Single

Address: Purok 03, Brgy. 08, Ubanon, Catbalogan City, Samar

Father: Gerard Mar A. Bermejo

Mother: Lilibeth H. Cabelin

Email Address: bermejokristinemarielle@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGOUND

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Samar National School (HUMSS)

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL Samar National School

ELEMENTARY Pinabacdao Central Elementary School

42
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Marinel Joy E. Conos

Age: 17 years old

Birthday: November 18, 2005

Birthplace: Catbalogan City, Samar

Civil Status: Single

Address: Purok 5, Brgy. 09, Catbalogan City, Samar

Father: Ronnel T. Conos Sr.

Mother: Maricris E. Conos

Email Address: conosjoy21@gmail.com

EDUCATIONAL BACKGOUND

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Samar National School (HUMSS)

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL Samar National School

ELEMENTARY Catbalogan II Central Elementary School

43