CHEMISTRY

Solution to Module 8A

Topics Page no.

1. Amines 01

2. Biomolecules 11

3. Polymers 27

4. Chemistry in Everyday Life 34

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13. Amines
Exercise
Very short answer questions (VSA)
1. Name the functional group of primary amine.
Solution
amino group (−NH2)
2. Write the general formula of the following:
(i) primary amines (ii) secondary amines and (iii) tertiary amines
Solution
R R
(i) R−NH2 (ii) R N (iii) R N
H R

3. What is the molecular formula of alkanamines?

Solution
CnH2n + 1NH2 or CnH2n + 3N
4. Which class of amines contains imino group?
Solution
Secondary amines
5. Which of the following is tertiary amine?
Ethanamine, N-Methylethanamine and N, N-Dimethylethanamine.
Solution
N,N-Dimethylethanamine
6. Classify the following amines as primary, secondary and tertiary
NH2 N(CH3)2

(i) (ii) (iii) (C2H5)2CHNH2 (iv) (C2H5)2NH

Solution
(i) Primary (1°)
(ii) Tertiary (3°)
(iii) Primary (1°)
(iv) Secondary (2°)
7. Write the IUPAC name of following amines:
(i) Ethylamine (ii) Isopropylamine
(iii) Isobutylmethylamine (iv) Ethylisopropylamine
(v) Isobutylethylpropylamine (vi) Benzylamine
(vii) Aniline (viii) N-Methylaniline
(ix) N,N-Dimethylaniline (x) Trimethylamine
(xi) H 3C − N − CH 2 − CH 3 [March 2015]
|
H
(xii) (CH3)2N – CH2CH3 [July 2015, March 2019]
(xiii) CH3CH2NH2 [March 2017]

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Solution
(i) Ethanamine (ii) Propan-2-amine
(iii) N-Methyl-2-methylpropan-1-amine (iv) N-Ethylpropan-2-amine
(v) N-Ethyl-N-propyl-2-methylpropan-1-amine (vi) Phenylmethanamine
(vii) Benzenamine (viii) N-Methylbenzenamine
(ix) N,N-Dimethylbenzenamine (x) N, N-Dimethylmethanamine
(xi) N-Methylethanamine (xii) N, N-Dimethylethanamine
(xiii) Ethanamine
8. Write the structure of following amines:
(i) N-Methylpropanamine (ii) Butan-2-amine
(iii) N-Ethyl-N-methylpentan-2-amine (iv) N-Methylphenylmethanamine
Solution
H
(i) CH3CH2CH2 N (ii) CH3CH2CHCH3
CH3
NH2
CH3
CH2 N
(iii) CH3CH2CH2CHCH3 (iv) H
N
H3C CH2CH3

9. Name the compound formed when nitrobenzene is heated with tin and hydrochloric acid.
Solution
Aniline
10. Identify the reactant ‘A’ in the following reaction:
A + 2R−X → R4N+X− [March 2015]
Solution
‘A’ is R2NH
11. What happens when methanenitrile is heated with sodium and ethanol?
Solution
Ethanamine is formed
12. When amides are heated with bromine and sodium hydroxide solution, the corresponding primary
amines are formed. Name the reaction.
Solution
Hoffmann’s degradation reaction or Hoffmann’s bromamide reaction
13. Identify the main product formed when benzamide is heated with bromine and sodium hydroxide
solution.
Solution
Aniline
14. Complete the chemical equation: [March 2019]
Br2 / NaOH
CH 3CONH 2  →
Solution
Br2 / NaOH
CH 3CONH 2  → CH 3 NH 2 + KBr + Na 2 CO3

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15. Which amine with molecular formula C3H9N has least solubility in water?
Solution
CH3 N CH3
CH3

16. Which isomeric primary amine has least boiling point with molecular formula C5H13N?
Solution
CH3
CH3 C CH2NH2
CH3

17. Between CH3NH2 and C6H5NH2, which is more basic? [March 2014]
Solution
CH3NH2 is more basic.
18. Between ammonia and aniline which is more basic? [July 2018]
Solution
Ammonia
19. Name the exhaustive methylation product of methyl amine.
Solution
Tetramethylammonium iodide (quaternary salt)
20. Name the product formed when primary amine is treated with acetyl chloride.
Solution
N-Alkylacetamide
21. Name the product when aniline is heated with alcoholic KOH and chloroform. [March 2019]
Solution
Phenyl isocyanide
22. An amine has molecular formula C2H7N and does not answer carbylamine test. Write IUPAC name of
amine.
Solution
N-Methylmethanamine
23. Name a test to identify primary amines.
Solution
Carbylamine test
24. Name the reagent used in carbylamine test.
Solution
CHCl3 + alcoholic KOH
25. Identify the gas evolved when ethyl amine is treated with nitrous acid.
Solution
Nitrogen
26. What happens when aniline in dilute hydrochloric acid is treated with sodium nitrite solution at about
273 K?
Solution
Benzenediazonium chloride is formed

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27. Complete the following equation:

273 − 278 K
C6 H 5 NH 2 + NaNO 2 + 2HCl 
→ [March 2017]
Solution
273 − 278 K
C6 H 5 NH 2 + NaNO2 + 2HCl 
→ C6 H 5 N 2Cl + 2H 2O
28. What is Hinsberg reagent? [March 2014]
Solution
Benzene sulphonyl chloride (C6H5SO2Cl)
29. Identify the product ‘Y’ formed in the following sequence of reactions:

alc. KCN LiAlH4/ether

(i) (CH3)2CHCl X Y
KCl
(Br2 + NaOH) HNO2
(ii) CH3CH2CONH2 X Y

NO2 (Sn+HCl)/heat CH3I/heat

(iii) X Y

Solution
(i) (CH3)2CHCl (CH3)2CH CN (CH3)2CHCH2NH2
(X) (Y)

(ii) CH3CH 2CONH2 CH3CH2NH2 CH3CH2OH

(X) (Y)
H CH3
NO2 NH2 N
(Sn+HCl)/heat CH3I/heat
(iii)

X Y
30. Name the compound formed when benzenediazonium chloride is treated with sodium nitrite in presence
of copper powder.
Solution
Nitrobenzene
31. Give an example of water insoluble benzenediazonium salt.
Solution
Benzenediazonium fluoroborate

Short answer questions (SA)

32. Write structures of different isomeric amines corresponding to the molecular formula, C4H11N.
(i) Write IUPAC names of all the isomers.
(ii) What type of isomerism is exhibited by different pairs of amines?

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Solution
(i) Primary amines
3 2 1
(a) CH 3CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 (b) CH3CH2 CH CH3 (c) CH3 CH2 CH2 NH2
Butanamine
NH2 CH3
Butan-2-amine 2-Methylpropanamine
CH3
(d) CH3 C NH2
CH3
2-Methyl
propan-2-amine
Secondary amines
(e) CH CH CH NHCH (f) CH3 CH NH CH3 (g) CH 3CH 2 − NH − CH 2 CH 3
3 2 2 3 N-Ethylethanamine
N-methylpropanamine
CH2
N-Methylpropan-2-2-amine
Tertiary amines
(h) CH3 NHCH2CH3

CH3
N, N-Dimethylethanamine

(iii) (a) – (b) and (e) – (f) are position isomers

(a) – (c), (b) – (d) and (a) – (d) are chain isomers
(e) – (g) and (f) and (g) are metamers
33. How is Aniline prepared from Nitrobenzene?
Solution
When Nitrobenzene is reduced using Sn+HCl Aniline is formed
NO2 NH2
Sn + HCl
+ 6[H] + 2H2O
heat
Nitrobenzene Aniline

34. How primary amine is prepared by Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction? Write equation.
(or)
How is aniline prepared by Hoffmann’s degradation reaction? Give equation. [March 2017, June 2019]
Solution
A primary amine is obtained by heating a mixture of an amide, bromine and aqueous / ethanolic solution
sodium hydroxide. This reaction is known as Hoffmann’s bromamide reaction or Hoffmann’s
degradation.
Ex: CH3CONH2 + Br2 + 4NaOH CH3NH2 + 2NaBr + Na2CO3 + 2H2O
Acetamide Methylamine
CONH2 NH2
∆
+ Br2 + 4NaOH + 2NaBr + Na2CO3 + 2H2O

Benzamide Aniline

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35. Complete the following acid-base reactions and name the products:
(a) CH 3CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 + HCl 
→ (b) ( C 2 H 5 )3 N + HCl 
→
Solution
→ CH 3CH 2 CH 2 NH 3+ Cl−
(a) CH 3CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 + HCl 
n − propyla min e n − propylammonium chloride

(b) ( C 2 H 5 )3 N → ( C 2 H 5 )3 NH + Cl−
+ HCl 
Triethylammonium chloride

36. Between CH3−NH2 and C6H5NH2 which is more basic? Give reason. [March 2019]
Solution
Due to the +I effect in Methylamine, the electron density on the nitrogen atom increases and it can
donate the lone pair of electrons to a proton more easily than aniline.
In Aniline, phenyl group exerts − I effect. As a result, electron density on nitrogen atom decreases and it
cannot donate lone pair of electrons readily. Hence, methylamine is a stronger base than aniline.
37. Arrange the following amines in
(i) increasing order of basic strength (CH3)2NH, (CH3)3N, CH3NH2 [March 2017]
(ii) increasing order of basic strength C6H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH, (C2H5)3N and CH3NH2
(iii) increasing order of basic strength pKb values of Ammonia, Methanamine and Benzenamine are 4.75,
3.38 and 9.38 respectively. [July 2014]
Solution
(i) (CH3)3N < CH3NH2 < (CH3)2NH (ii) C6H5NH2 < CH3NH2 < (C2H5)3N < (C2H5)2NH
(iii) Benzenamine < Ammonia < Methanamine
38. Arrange the following in decreasing order of their basic strength :
(i) C2H5NH2, C6H5NH2, NH3, C6H5CH2NH2 and (C2H5)2NH
(ii) C2H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH, (C2H5)3N, C6H5NH2
(iii) CH3NH2, (CH3)2NH, (CH3)3N, C6H5NH2, C6H5CH2NH2
Solution
(i) (C2H5)2NH > C2H2NH2 > C6H5CH2NH2 > C6H5NH2 > NH3
(ii) (C2H5)2NH > (C2H5)3N > C2H5NH2 > C6H5NH2.
(iii) (CH3)2NH > CH3NH2 > (CH3)3N > C6H5CH2NH2 > C6H5NH2
39. Write reactions of the final alkylation product of aniline with excess of methyl iodide in the presence of
sodium carbonate solution.
Solution
+
C6H5NH2 + CH3I [C6H5NH2CH3]I−
Aniline N-Methylanilinium iodide
2[C6H5NH2CH3 ]I− + Na2CO3 2C6H5NHCH3 + CO2 + 2NaI
N-Methylaniline
CH3I
C6H5NHCH3 C6H5N(CH3)2 + CO2 + 2NaI
Na2CO3
N,N-Dimethyl aniline

.. +
C6H5N(CH3)2 + CH3I C6H5N(CH3)3I−
N,N,N-Trimethylanilinium iodide
−
2C6H5N(CH3)3I + Na2CO3 [C6H5N(CH3)3]2CO32− + 2NaI
N,N,N-Trimethylanilinium carbonate

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40. Write chemical reaction of aniline with benzoyl chloride and write name of the product obtained.
Solution

H H O− H O
. aq. NaOH + −NaCl, −H2O
N. + C6H5C O N C C6H5 Na+ N C C6H5
H Cl H Cl

Aniline Benzoyl chloride N-Phenylbenzamide

(Benzanilide)

41. Name the major product formed when nitrous acid is treated with [July 2017, July 2015]
(i) Methylamine (ii) Benzenamine (at low temperature)
Solution
0−5° C
(i) CH 3 NH 2 + HNO 2  → CH 3OH + N 2
Methanamine Methanol
+
0− 5° C
(ii) C6 H 5 NH 2 + HNO 2  → C6 H 5 N 2 Cl−
Aniline Benzenediazonium chloride

42. Write structures of different isomers corresponding to the molecular formula, C3H9N. Write IUPAC
names of the isomers which will liberate nitrogen gas on treatment with nitrous acid.
Solution
Four structural isomers are possible
CH3CH2CH2NH2 CH3 CH CH3 CH3 NH C2H5 CH3 N CH3
Propan-1-amine N-Methylethanamine
NH2 CH3
(1°) (2°)
Propan-2-amine N,N-Dimethylmethanamine
(1°) (3°)

Only 1° amines react with HNO2 to liberate N2 gas

CH3CH2CH2NH2 + HNO2 CH3CH2CH2OH + H2O + N2
Propan-1-amine Propan-1-al
CH3 CH3
CH NH2 + HNO2 CHOH + N2 + H2O
CH3 CH3 Propan-2-ol
Propan-2-amine

43. What is the action of bromine water on Benzenamine (aniline) at room temperature? [July 2014]
Solution
Aniline decolourises orange red colour of bromine water and forms a white precipitate of
2,4,6-Tribromoaniline.
NH2 NH2

aqueous Br Br
+ 3Br2 + 3HBr

Br
Aniline 2, 4, 6-Tribromoaniline (white solid)

44. Explain the following reactions with suitable example:

(i) Hoffmann’s alkylation (ii) Diazotisation
(iii) Carbylamine reaction (iv) Schotten-Baumann reaction
(v) Coupling reaction (vi) Gabriel phthalimide synthesis [March, July, 2015 July, 2018]

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Solution
(i) When an alcoholic solution of an alkyl halide or benzyl halide and ammonia is heated in a sealed
tube, corresponding amines are formed. This reaction is an example of nucleophilic substitution
called Hoffmann’s alkylation or ammonolysis.
alcohol
RX + NH3 RNH2 + HX
heat

alcohol
Example: CH3CH2Br + NH3 CH3CH2NH2 + HBr
Bromoethane heat
Ethanamine
(ii) Aryl primary amines react with nitrous acid in presence of hydrochloric acid at low temperature to
form respective diazonium salts and the reaction is called diazotisation.
N2+ Cl
NaNO2 + dil. HCl + 2H2O
NH2 + O N OH + HCl
Example: 0 −5 °C

Benzenediazonium chloride
aniline nitrous acid
(iii) When primary amines are heated with chloroform and ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution, foul
smelling isocyanides (carbylamines) are formed. This reaction is called carbylamine reaction.
alcohol
RNH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH RNC + 3KCl + 3H2O
heat
alcohol
Example: (i) CH3CH2NH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH CH3CH2NC + 3KCl + 3H2O
heat
Ethylamine Ethyl isocyanide
(iv) Benzoylation of aromatic primary or secondary amines with benzoyl chloride in presence of aqueous
NaOH solution is called Schotten-Baumann reaction.
NaOH(aq)
C6H5NH2 + C6H5 CO Cl C6H5NHCOC6H5 + HCl
Aniline N-Phenylbenzamide (Benzanilide)
(v) When benzenediazonium chloride is treated with a phenol or an aromatic amine, corresponding
azodyes are formed. This reaction is called coupling reaction.
OH
N N Cl + H OH N N OH + HCl
SE
Benzenediazonium chloride Phenol p-hydroxyazobenzene (orange dye)
(vi) The aliphatic primary amines are conveniently prepared starting from phthalimide. The sequence of
reactions are given below:
CO CO CO
ethanolic KOH R X
N H NK N R
H2O CO KX
CO CO
Phthalimide Potassium phthalimide N-Alkylphthalimide

NaOH
heat

COO¯ Na+
+ R NH2
COO¯ Na+ 1o amine
Sodium phthalate

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45. How are the following conversions brought about

(i) Nitrobenzene to Aniline [March, 2017]
(ii) Methyl cyanide to Ethylamine (iii) Acetamide to Methylamine
(iv) Aniline to N,N-Dimethylaniline (v) Acetamide to Methyl alcohol
(vi) Ethylamine to N-Ethylacetamide
Solution
NO2 NH2
Sn / HCl
(i) + 6 [H] + 2H2O

Nitrobenzene Aniline
Ni
(ii) CH 3C ≡ N + 2H 2 → CH 3CH 2 NH 2
400 K
Methyl cyanide Ethylamine
(iii) CH 3CONH 2 + Br2 + 4 KOH → CH 3 NH 2 + 2KBr + K 2CO3 + 2H 2O
Acetamide Methylamine
CH3
NH2 N
CH3
2CH3Cl
(iv) + 2HCl
∆
Aniline N, N-Dimethylaniline
Br2 /KOH NaNO 2 + HCl
(v) CH 3CONH 2  → CH3 NH 2  → CH 3OH + N 2 + H 2O
Acetamide Methylamine Methyl alcohol
base
(vi) CH 3CH 2 NH 2 + CH 3COCl  → CH 3CH 2 NHCOCH 3 + HCl
Ethylamine N−Ethylacetamide

46. Account for the following:

(i) Methyl amine is stronger base than ammonia.
(ii) Aniline is weaker base than ammonia.
(iii) Ethanamine is soluble in water whereas aniline is insoluble.
(iv) Boiling point of ethanamine is higher than N-Methylmethanamine.
(v) Direct nitration of aniline is not carried out. [March, 2015]
Solution
(i) In Methylamine, the methyl group exerts + I effect and acts as an electron releasing group. Due to
this, electron density on nitrogen atom increases and thus, it can donate the lone pair of electrons
more easily than ammonia (no inductive effect) for protonation.
(ii) In Aniline, the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom are delocalized over benzene ring due to
resonance. The + R effect is reinforced by − I effect (electron withdrawing) effect of phenyl group.
As a result, the lone pair of electrons of nitrogen are not readily available for protonation.
(iii) Ethanamine is soluble in water since it can form hydrogen bonding in water.
H H

H N H O H N H O

C2H5 H C2H5 H

Aniline (aromatic amine) is insoluble in water due to the larger hydrocarbon part which tends to
resist the formation of hydrogen bonding.

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(iv) Ethanamine (1° amine) has two H atoms linked to nitrogen whereas N-Methylmethanamine
(2° amine) has only one H linked to nitrogen. The extent of hydrogen bonding is higher in
Ethanamine than N-Methylmethanamine. Therefore, Ethanamine has a higher boiling point than
N-methylmethanamine.
(v) Nitric acid being a strong oxidizing agent oxidizes most of aniline to form tar like oxidation
products.
47. How will you convert
(i) Benzene into aniline? (ii) Benzene into N, N-diemethylaniline
(iii) Cl–(CH2)6 – Cl into hexan-1,6-diamine?
Solution

NO2 NH2
Conc. HNO3 Fe, HCl
(i)
Conc. H2SO4 Reduction
Benzene Nitrobenzene Aniline

NO2 NH2 CH3

Conc. HNO3 Fe, HCl CH3I (2 moles) N

(ii) CH3
Conc. H2SO4 Reduction Heat
Benzene Aniline N, N-Dimethylaniline

373 K
(iii) Cl (CH2)6 Cl + 4 NH3(alc.) NH2 (CH2)6 NH3
−2 NH4Cl
1,6-Dichlorohexane excess Hexane-1,6-diamine

48. Write the structures of X and Y in the following reactions :

NO2 Sn/HCl (i) NaNO2/dil HCl
(i) X Y
heat (ii) CuBr/HBr
+ HBF4/Cu
KI N N Cl ¯ Y
(ii) X

(i) NH3/heat NaNO2/dil.HCl

(iii) CH3COOH X Y [July, 2017]
(ii) NaOBr
Solution
NO2 NH2 Br
(i) Sn / HCl (i) NaNO2 / dil HCl
heat (ii) CuBr / HBr
Nitrobenzene Aniline Bromobenzene
(X) (Y)
I N2Cl F
KI HBF4 / Cu
(ii) + N2 + KCl + N2 + BF3

Iodobenzene Benzene Fluorobenzene

(X) diazonium chloride (Y)
(i) NH3 /heat NaNO 2 /HCl
(iii) CH 3COOH 
(ii) NaOBr
→ CH 3 NH 2 → CH 3OH
Acetic acid Methana min e Methanol
( X) (Y)

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49. Convert
(i) 3-Methylaniline into 3-nitrotoluene (ii) Aniline into 1,3,5-tribromobenzene.
Solution
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
(major product)
NaNO2, HCl HBF4 NaNO2/Cu
(i) 273−278K ∆
+ −
NH2 N2Cl N NBF4− NO2
(major product) 3-Nitrotoluene
3-Methylaniline
+ −
NH2 NH2 N2Cl
Br Br Br Br H PO , Cu Br Br
Br2, H2O NaNO2, HCl 3 2
(ii)
273−278K

Br Br Br
1,3,5-Tribromobenzene

14. Biomolecules
Exercise

Unit I
Very short answer questions (VSA)
1. What is a monosaccharide?
Solution
It is a simplest sugar which cannot be hydrolysed.
2. Give an example for a disaccharide.
Solution
Sucrose or Maltose or Lactose
3. Which of the following is not a disaccharide?
(i) Maltose (ii) Galactose (iii) Lactose
Solution
Galactose
4. What is an oligosaccharide?
Solution
It is a carbohydrate which on hydrolysis yields two to ten monosaccharides.
5. What is a polysaccharide?
Solution
It is a carbohydrate which on hydrolysis yields a large number of monosaccharides.
6. Give an example for a structural polysaccharide.
Solution
Cellulose
7. Which polysaccharide is present in the cell wall of the plants?
Solution
Cellulose

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8. What is the storage polysaccharide found in animals?

Solution
Glycogen
9. In which part of the body is excess glucose stored in the animals?
Solution
Liver
10. What is an aldose?
Solution
An aldose is a monosaccharide containing an aldehyde group.
11. Give an example for ketohexose.
Solution
Fructose
12. Which of the following is a reducing disaccharide?
(i) sucrose (ii) maltose
Solution
Maltose
13. Give an example for a non-reducing sugar.
Solution
Sucrose
14. Name the sugar present in grapes.
Solution
Glucose
15. What is sugar?
Solution
Sugars are carbohydrates soluble in water and have sweet taste.
16. Name the sugar present in milk.
Solution
Lactose
17. How many primary hydroxyl groups are present in the open chain structure of glucose?
Solution
One
18. What is the product obtained by oxidation of glucose by bromine water?
Solution
Gluconic acid

Short answer questions (SA)

19. Classify the following into monosaccharides and disaccharides:
Ribose, 2-deoxyribose, maltose, galactose, fructose and lactose.
Solution
Monosaccharides: Ribose, 2-deoxyribose, galactose and fructose
Disaccharides: Maltose and lactose

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20. What are storage polysaccharides? Give two examples.

Solution
These are the polysaccharides stored in animals and plants as reserve food materials.
Example: Starch stored mainly in the seeds of plants, Glycogen stored mainly in the liver of animals.
21. What are aldose and ketose? Give an example for each.
Solution
An aldose is a monosaccharide containing an aldehyde group. Example: Glucose
A ketose is a monosaccharide containing a keto group. Example: Fructose
22. What is a reducing sugar? Give an example.
Solution
Sugars which reduce Tollen’s reagent to a black precipitate of silver and Fehling’s solution to a red
precipitate of cuprous oxide are called reducing sugars. Example: Glucose.
23. Give the schematic classification of carbohydrates.
Solution
Carbohydrates

Sugars Non-sugars
(Polysaccharides)

Monosaccharides Oligosaccharides
Storage Structural
Polysaccharides Polysaccharide

Disaccharides Trisaccharides Tetrasaccharides

24. Write the reactions that indicate the presence of aldehyde group in glucose.
Solution
OH
CHO CH CHO CH N OH
CN
+ HCN + NH2OH
(i) (CHOH)4 (CHOH)4 ; (CHOH)4 (CHOH)4
– H2O
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH
CHO COOH
[O]
(ii) (CHOH)4 (CHOH)4
Br2 water
CH2OH CH2OH
Gluconic acid

25. Give a reaction to show the presence of five hydroxyl groups in glucose. [March 2020]
Solution
CHO CHO
5(CH3CO)2O
(CHOH)4 (CHOCOCH3)4
–5CH3COOH
CH2OH CH2OCOCH3

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26. Give any two limitations of open chain structure of glucose.

Solution
(i) Glucose does not give pink colour with Schiff’s reagent.
(ii) Glucose does not undergo addition reaction with ammonia and NaHSO3.
27. Pentaacetate of D-glucose does not contain free aldehydic group. Explain.
Solution
Due to cyclic structure of D-glucose, its pentaacetate does not contain free aldehyde group.
CH2OAc
H O
H OAc
OAc H
OAc H
H OAc

28. What happens when D-glucose is treated with the following reagents?
(i) HI (ii) Bromine water (iii) HNO3
Solution
HI, ∆
CH3 (CH2)4 CH3
Reduction
n-hexane

CHO COOH
Br2 H2O
(CHOH)4 (CHOH)4
CH2OH CH2OH
D-Glucose Gluconic acid

COOH
HNO3
(CHOH)4
COOH
Saccharic acid

Long answer question (LA)

29. Enumerate the reactions of D-glucose which cannot be explained by the open chain structure.
Solution
(i) Aldehydes give 2, 4-DNP test, Schiff’s test, and react with NaHSO4 to form the hydrogen sulphite
addition product. However, glucose does not undergo these reactions.
(ii) The pentaacetate of glucose does not react with hydroxylamine. This indicates that a free −CHO
group is absent from glucose.
(iii) Glucose exists in two crystalline forms − ∝ and β. The ∝-form (m.p. = 419 K) crystallises from a
concentrated solution of glucose at 303 K and the β-form (m.p = 423 K) crystallises from a hot and
saturated aqueous solution at 371 K. This behaviour cannot be explained by the open chain structure
of glucose.

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Unit II
Very short answer questions (VSA)
1. How many carbon atoms are there in pyranose ring?
Solution
Five
2. Name the sugar present in sugar cane juice.
Solution
Sucrose
3. Which sugar is known as laevulose?
Solution
Fructose
4. Which is the sweetest of all sugars?
Solution
Fructose
5. α-D glucose and β-D glucose differ in their configuration around C1 atom. What are they known as?
Solution
Anomers
6. What is the name of the five membered ring structure given for fructose?
Solution
Fructofuranose
7. How many carbon atoms are there in furanose ring?
Solution
Four
8. What is the criteria for a sugar to have reducing property?
Solution
Presence of a free anomeric hydroxyl group (or presence of an aldehyde or a keto group with hydroxyl
groups on the adjacent ‘C’ atoms)
9. What is hemiacetal linkage?
Solution
The oxygen atom that links the carbonyl carbon and C5 of a monosaccharide during cyclisation.
10. What are the products formed when sucrose is hydrolysed?
Solution
α-D-glucose and β-D-fructose
11. What is invert sugar?
Solution
It is the mixture of D(+) glucose and D(−) fructose obtained by hydrolysis of sucrose.
12. What is glycosidic linkage?
Solution
It is the linkage between two or more monosaccharide units through an O-atom.
13. Name a disaccharide that is made up of two identical monosaccharide units.
Solution
Maltose

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14. Which of the following compounds give red colour with Fehling’s solution? Give reason.
(i) Maltose (ii) Fructose (iii) Glucose
Solution
All since they contain a free anomeric hydroxyl group.
15. Name the water insoluble component of starch. [March 2014]
Solution
Amylopectin
16. What are the constituents of cellulose?
Solution
β-D-glucose
17. Why cellulose cannot be utilised as a source of energy by the human system?
Solution
Because of the lack of the enzyme cellulase in the human system

Short answer questions (SA)

18. How do you show that glucose contains a linear chain of six carbon atoms?
[March 2016][March 2020]
Solution
When glucose is reduced with hydroiodic acid in the presence of red phosphorous, n-hexane (a straight
chain alkane) is obtained.
CHO
|
HI, ∆
(CHOH) 4  → CH 3 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 2 − CH 3
| n − Hexane
CH2OH
This indicates that all the six carbon atoms in glucose are in a straight chain.
19. Glucose behaves as a non-aldehyde compound. Explain.
Solution
Glucose does not undergo addition with NaHSO3.
Glucose does not give pink colour with Schiff’s reagent and does not produce an orange yellow
precipitate with 2, 4-DNP.
20. Write the Haworth structure of α-D glucopyranose.
Solution
6
CH2OH
5 O
H H H
4 1

HO OH H OH
3 2

H OH
α D-(+)-glucopyranose

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21. Write the Haworth structure of β-D fructofuranose.

Solution
6
HOH2C O OH
5 2
H HO 1
H CH2OH
4 3

OH H
β-D-(–)-fructofuransoe

22. Write the Haworth structure of maltose.

[March 2014, 2015, 2017, July 2018, March 2019, June 2019]
Solution
6 6
CH2OH CH2OH
5 5
O H H O
H H
H H
4
H 1 4 1*
OH OH H
O
HO OH
3 2 3 2

H OH H OH
α-D-Glucopyranose unit α-D-Glucopyranose unit
Haworth structure of α - maltose

23. Write the Haworth structure of lactose. [July 2015, 2017][March, 2018]
Solution
6 6
CH2OH CH2OH
5 O 5 O
HO H H H OH
4
1 O 4 1

H OH H H OH H H
3 2 3 2

H OH H OH
β D-galactopyranose unit β D-glucopyranose unit
Haworth structure of lactose

24. What are the products formed when maltose is hydrolysed? Give equation.
Solution
α-D-glucose.
+
H , heat
C12 H 22 O11 + H 2 O  → 2C6 H12 O6
Maltose α -D-glucose

25. What are the differences between sucrose and maltose with respect to their occurrence, composition and
the type of glycosidic linkage?
Solution
Sugar Occurrence Composition Type of glycosidic linkage
Sucrose Sugar cane juice α-D-glucose & β-D-fructose αC1 – βC2
Malt(germinated barley)
Maltose Also formed during enzyme α-D-glucose α C1 – C4
hydrolysis of starch

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26. Maltose is a reducing sugar while sucrose is a non-reducing sugar. Give reason.
Solution
Maltose is a reducing sugar as one of its glucose units has free anomeric hydroxyl group. Sucrose is a
non-reducing sugar as neither its glucose unit nor its fructose unit has free anomeric hydroxyl group.
27. What are the hydrolysis products of (i) sucrose and (ii) lactose?
Solution
(i) Sucrose on hydrolysis gives one molecule each of glucose and fructose.
+
H3O
C12 H 22 O11 + H 2 O  → C6 H12 O 6 + C6 H12 O 6
Sucrose D − ( + )-Glucose D − ( − ) − Fructose

(ii) Lactose on hydrolysis gives one molecule each of glucose and galactose.
+
H3O
C12 H 22 O11 + H 2 O  → C6 H12 O6 + C6 H12 O 6
Lactose D − ( + ) − Glu cos e D − ( + ) − Galactose

28. Describe the function of carbohydrates in living organisms.

Solution
Carbohydrates perform important functions in a living system.
(i) They act as bio-fuels to provide energy for the living organisms.
(ii) They act as constituents of cell membrane.
(iii) They are the components of nucleic acids; Ribose is present in RNA and deoxyribose is present in
DNA.
29. What is glycogen? How is it different from starch?
Solution
Glycogen is the storage polysaccharide stored in the liver of animals. It is also known as animal starch.
Its structure is similar to amylopectin and is rather more highly branched whereas starch consists of two
components-amylose which is linear polymer of α-D-glucose and amylopectin which is branched
polymer of α-D-glucose.
30. Glucose and sucrose are soluble in water but benzene and cyclohexane (simple six membered ring
compounds) are insoluble in water. Explain.
Solution
Glucose and sucrose molecules contain many −OH groups and hence are capable of forming
H-bonds with water molecules. On the other hand, cyclohexane and benzene are hydrocarbons and hence
cannot form H-bonds with water. Therefore, glucose and sucrose are soluble in water whereas
cyclohexane and benzene are not.
31. Differentiate between amylose and amylopectin of starch.
Solution
Amylose is a straight chain molecule consisting of α-D-glucose units (200-1000) with
1,4-glycosidic linkages.
Amylopectin is a branched chain molecule consisting of α-D-glucose units joined through 1,4 and
1,6-glycosidic linkages. The branching takes place at every 24-30 glucose units in the molecules.
32. Write two main functions of carbohydrates in plants.
Solution
Two major functions of carbohydrates in plants are following
(a) Structural material for plant cell walls: The polysaccharide cellulose acts as the chief structural
material of the plant cell walls.

18
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(b) Reserve food material: The polysaccharide starch is the major reserve food material in the plants. It
is stored in seeds and act as the reserve food material for the tiny plant till it is capable of making its
own food by photosynthesis.

Long answer questions (LA)

33. Explain the non-reducing nature of sucrose using Haworth structure.
Solution 6
CH2OH
Sucrose does not contain a free aldehyde or a keto 5
O
group adjacent to secondary alcoholic group. H H
H 1 α−D-glucopyranose unit
Aldehydic group of glucose and keto group of OH H
fructose are joined through glycosidic linkage. OH
3 2
Hence, sucrose is a non-reducing sugar. H OH
6
O
HOH2C O
5 2 β−D-fructofuranose unit
H HO 1
H CH2OH
3
4
OH H
Structure of sucrose

34. What is the basic structural difference between starch and cellulose?
Solution
Starch consists of amylose and amylopectin. Amylose is a linear polymer of α-D-glucose while cellulose
is a linear polymer of β -D- glucose. In amylose, C -1 of one glucose unit is connected to C – 4 of the
other through α-glycosidic linkage. However in cellulose, C – 1 of one glucose unit is connected to C-4
of the other through β – glycosidic linkage. Amylopectin on the other hand has highly branched
structure.
35. Carbohydrate is a source of energy. Explain.
Solution
Carbohydrates consumed mainly in the form of starch are hydrolysed by the enzymes salivary amylase
and pancreatic amylase to maltose. Maltose is hydrolysed to glucose in the presence of maltase. Glucose
is absorbed into the blood and carried to the tissues. It is oxidised to CO2 and water with release of about
2850 kJ mol–1 of heat.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O, ∆H = –2850 kJ mol−1
The energy is utilised for muscular activity, cell synthesis and also to keep the body warm.

Unit III
Very short answer questions (VSA)
1. What are α-amino acids?
Solution
Organic compounds having an amino group attached to the α-carbon atom adjacent to carboxyl carbol.
2. How are amino acids and proteins related?
Solution
Amino acids form the building units of proteins or proteins on complete hydrolysis form amino acids.

19
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3. How are α-amino acids obtained from proteins?

Solution
By complete hydrolysis
4. What is the monomer of a polypeptide?
Solution
Amino acid
5. Which amino acid does not contain a chiral carbon?
Solution
Glycine
6. Glycine is optically inactive, while methylglycine is optically active. Why?
Solution
Glycine does not contain chiral carbon where as methylglycine has a chiral carbon (chiral molecule).
7. Give an example for naturally occurring optically inactive amino acid.
[March 2017, July 2018, June 2019]
Solution
Glycine
8. Name the amino acid containing sulphur.
Solution
Cysteine
9. What is a basic amino acid?
Solution
Amino acid containing two or more amino groups and one carboxylic group.
10. Give an example for phenolic amino acid.
Solution
Tyrosine
11. To which class of amino acids does aspartic acid belong?
Solution
Acidic amino acid
12. Give an example for a heterocyclic amino acid.
Solution
Histidine or Tryptophan
13. Write the structure of proline.
Solution

COOH
N
H
14. Which structural feature distinguishes proline from glycine?
Solution
Proline has an iminogroup whereas glycine has an aminogroup along with a carboxyl group.

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15. How does lysine differ from phenylalanine?

Solution
Lysine is an aliphatic basic amino acid where as phenylalanine is a neutral aromatic amino acid.
16. What are essential amino acids? [March 2016, July 2017]
Solution
Amino acids which cannot be synthesised in human body and must be supplied through external diet are
called essential amino acids.
17. How many amino acids can be synthesized in the human body?
Solution
Ten
18. Is lysine an essential or non-essential amino acid? [March 2014]
Solution
Essential
19. Is glycine an essential amino acid? [March 2016]
Solution
Glycine is a non-essential amino acid
20. Write the general structure of zwitter ion. [July 2015, March 2016]
Solution
H
R C COO..
+
NH3

21. How does an amino acid exist in basic medium?

Solution
As anion
22. What is a peptide bond?
Solution
Linkage between the amino acid residues in peptides and proteins
23. What is a polypeptide?
Solution
A peptide containing more than ten amino acid residues linked with each other through peptide bonds.
24. What type of bonding helps in stabilising the α-helix structure of proteins?
Solution
Intramolecular hydrogen bonding
25. Name the protein present in hair. [July 2014]
Solution
Keratin
26. Give an example for globular proteins. [March 2014]
Solution
Casein, egg albumin

21
2PBBBCCM8AS

27. Define primary structure of proteins.

Solution
The sequence of amino acids in a protein is called primary structure.
28. What are the common types of secondary structure of proteins?
Solution
α-helix and β-pleated sheet
29. Where does the water present in the egg go after boiling the egg?
Solution
When egg is boiled, proteins first undergo denaturation and then coagulation and the water present in the
egg gets absorbed in coagulated protein, probably through H- bonding.
30. Deficiency of which vitamin causes the disease scurvy. [March 2017, July 2018]
Solution
Vitamin-C
31. Deficiency of which vitamin causes the disease Rickets. [March, 2018]
Solution
Vitamin-D
32. Deficiency of which vitamin causes night blindness. [June 2019]
Solution
Vitamin-A (Retinol)
33. Deficiency of which vitamin causes the disease pernicious anaemia. [March 2015, March 2019]
Solution
Vitamin B12 (or) cyanocobalamin
34. Mention one water soluble vitamin. [March 2014]
Solution
Vitamin B or vitamin C
35. Give an example for fat soluble vitamin. [July 2017]
Solution
Vitamin A
36. Why cannot vitamin C be stored in our body?
Solution
Vitamin C cannot be stored in the body because it is water soluble and is, therefore, easily excreted in
urine.
37. Which hormone regulates the sugar level in the blood? [March 2016, March 2019]
Solution
Glucagon
38. What are hormones? Give example. [July 2015]
Solution
Hormones are organic compounds secreted by ductless (or endocrine) glands into the blood stream.
Example: Testosterone

22
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39. What are enzymes?

Solution
Organic compounds generally proteins which catalyse biochemical reactions reactions in the living
systems.

Short answer questions (SA)

40. α-amino acids and proteins are interconvertible. Explain.
Solution
Union of generally more than 100 amino acids by peptide bonds gives rise to proteins whereas proteins
on complete hydrolysis give rise to amino acids
Polymerisation
α-amino acid Proteins
Hydrolysis
41. Mention two structural proteins. Differentiate between them.
Solution
Fibrous proteins Globular proteins
Have fibre like structure Have spherical shape
Consists of several polypeptide chains which run Consists of single polypeptide chain
parallel to each other and are held together by folded repeatedly upon themselves
H−bonds and disulphide bonds
Insoluble in water Soluble in water
Examples: Keratin, collagen, myosin Examples: Enzymes, casein, egg albumin

42. What are the common types of secondary structure of proteins?

Solution
There are two common types of secondary structure of proteins. They are
(i) α-Helix structure
In this structure, the −NH group of an amino acid residue forms H-bond with the C O group of

the adjacent turn of the right-handed screw (α-helix).

(ii) β-pleated sheet structure
This structure is called so because it looks like the pleated folds of drapery. In this structure, all the
peptide chains are stretched out to nearly the maximum extension and then laid side by side. These
peptide chains are held together by intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
43. What is an acidic amino acid? Give an example.
Solution
Amino acid having more number of carboxyl groups than the amino groups.
Example: Aspartic acid or Glutamic acid.
44. Give the structural formula of lysine. To which class of amino acid does it belong?
Solution
H
H2N (CH2)4 C COOH ; Basic amino acid
NH2

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2PBBBCCM8AS

45. Name the class of amino acids that can be synthesised by human beings. Give two examples.
Solution
Non-essential amino acids
Examples: Glycine, Alanine
46. Name the class of amino acids which are not systhesized in the human body. Give two examples.
Solution
Essential amino acids
Examples : Leucine, Lysine
47. What are non-essential amino acids? [March, 2018]
Solution
The amino acids which can be synthesized in our body are called non-essential amino acids.
48. The melting points and solubility in water of amino acids are generally higher than those of
corresponding haloacids. Explain.
Solution
Amino acids, are dipolar in nature ( NH − CH(R)COO ) and have strong dipolar interactions. As a
+

3
−

result, these are high melting solids. These are also involved in intermolecular hydrogen bonding with
the molecules of water and are therefore, water soluble. On the contrary, the haloacids RCH(X)COOH
are not dipolar like amino acids. Moreover, only the carboxyl group of haloacids are involved in
hydrogen bonding with the molecules of water and not the halogen atoms. These have therefore,
comparatively less melting points and are also soluble in water to smaller extent.
49. How is a dipeptide formed?
Solution
Condensation of two amino acids with elimination of a molecule of water between carboxyl group of
one amino acid and amino group of the other
50. What is peptide linkage? How many peptide bonds are present in a tetrapeptide? [March 2019]
Solution
Two amino acids react through the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the other
with the elimination of water to give a peptide. The resulting bond formed between the two amino acid
molecules is called a peptide bond or peptide linkage.
Three peptide bonds are present in a tetrapeptide
51. How many amino acid residues and peptide bonds are there in a tripeptide?
Solution
Three amino acids residues and two peptide bonds
52. Amino acids are amphoteric in nature. Illustrate with one reaction each.
Solution
Amino acids behave an acid as well as a base and hence are amphoteric.
For example, an amino acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to give salt and water.
R CH COOH + NaOH R CH COONa + H2O
NH2 NH2
An amino acid also reacts with hydrochloric acid to give a hydrochloride salt.

24
 2PBBBCCM8AS

+
R CH NH2 + HCl R CH NH2HCl¯
COOH COOH

53. What is a zwitter ion? Write the structure of zwitter ionic form of glycine. [March 2018]
Solution
Dipolar ion having both positive and negative charges
H
H C COO
..
+
NH3

54. What is denaturation of proteins? Which level of structure remain intact during denaturation of protein?
Give an example. [July 2014][March 2015][March 2020]
Solution
Most of the proteins are coagulated from aqueous solution by altering pH or by heating. The coagulation
of proteins is called denaturation. During denaturation, the three dimensional structure of the protein is
altered and the protein loses its biological activity.
A common example of irreversible denaturation of protein is the coagulation of egg albumin. On
heating, egg albumin changes from the jelly-like substance to a hard mass.
55. How are vitamins classified? Name the vitamin responsible for coagulation of blood.
Solution
(i) Water soluble vitamins: These are soluble in water and insoluble in oils and fats. Example:
B-complex family and vitamin C. They must be supplied regularly through diet because they are
readily excreted in urine and cannot be stored (except Vit B12) in our body.
(ii) Fat soluble vitamins: These are soluble in fats and oils but insoluble in water. Example: Vitamins
A, D, E, K. They are stored in liver and adipose tissues.
Vitamin K is responsible for coagulation of blood.
56. Why are vitamin A and vitamin C essential to us? Give their important sources.
Solution
Deficiency of Vitamin ‘A’ results in night blindness and drying of skin. Its important sources are fish
liver oil, carrots, butter and milk.
Deficiency of Vitamin ‘C’ results in scurvy, pyorrhea and anaemia. Its important sources are citrus
fruits, amla, green leafy vegetables.

Unit IV
Very short answer questions (VSA)
1. What are nucleic acids? Mention their two important functions.
Solution
Nucleic acids are vital components of living matter. The two important functions of nucleic acids are
(i) storage
(ii) transmission of genetic information from one generation to the other.
2. Name the nucleic acid which is responsible for genetic information. [March 2017]
Solution
DNA

25
2PBBBCCM8AS

3. Name the four bases present in RNA molecule.

Solution
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil
4. Which is the nitrogenous base present only in RNA but not in DNA? [March 2014, 2018]
Solution
Uracil
5. Which is the nitrogenous base present only in DNA but not in RNA? [March 2015, July 2018]
Solution
Thymine
6. Name the sugar portion present in the nucleotide of DNA molecule. [March 2020]
Solution
2’-deoxy-β-D-ribose
7. Name the pentose sugar present in RNA. [July, 2017]
Solution
D-ribose

Short answer questions (SA)

8. What is the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide?
Solution
A nucleoside is a condensation product of N containing base and a pentose. It is generally represented
as Base-Sugar.
A nucleotide is a condensation product of a N containing base, a pentose and phosphoric acid. It is
generally represented as Base-Sugar-Phosphate.
9. Which products would be formed when a nucleotide from DNA containing thymine is hydrolysed?
Solution
Upon hydrolysis, nucleotide from DNA would form 2-deoxyribose, phosphoric acid and thymine.
10. Name the base that pairs with adenine in RNA molecule. What is the corresponding base present in
DNA molecule?
Solution
Uracil, Thymine
11. The two strands of DNA are not identical but are complementary. Explain.
Solution
DNA is a double helix in which the two strands of DNA are held with each other by hydrogen bonds
between the bases from the two strands. Adenine (A) from one strand always pairs with Thymine (T)
from the other strand through two hydrogen bonds and Guanine (G) from one strand pairs with cytosine
(C) from the other strand through three hydrogen bonds. Thus for every Adenine (A) residue from one
strand there is a Thymine (T) residue from the other strand and for every Guanine (G) residue from one
strand there is a cytosine (C) residue from the other strand. So, the two strands of DNA are not identical
but are complementary with each other.

26
 2PBBBCCM8AS

12. When RNA is hydrolysed, there is no relationship among the quantities of different bases obtained. What
does this fact suggest about the structure of RNA?
Solution
This fact suggests that RNA is a single stranded molecule.
13. Write the important structural and functional differences between RNA and DNA.
Solution
RNA DNA
Structural 1. Exists as a single strand 1. Exists as a double stranded helix
2. Has A, G, C and U as the base 2. Has A, G , C and T as the base components
components 3. Has 2-deoxy-D-Ribose as the sugar
3. Has D-Ribose as the sugar component component
Functional Controls the synthesis of proteins Has the property of replication and controls
the transmission of hereditary characteristics.
14. Name the different types of RNA.
Solution
Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA.

15. Polymers
Exercise
Very short answer questions (VSA)
1. What is meant by the term monomer?
Solution
Molecules of low molecular mass which combine to form polymer.
2. What is a polymer?
Solution
A polymer is a giant molecule with a high molecular weight (103-107 u) made up of large number of
simple molecules of low molecular weight.
3. What is meant by thermosetting plastic? [March 2019]
Solution
On heating cross links are introduced between the chains in three dimensions. On cooling, they become
hard and do not melt on reheating. Hence, they cannot be recycled.
4. What is a polyamide?
Solution
It is a polymer in which the monomeric units are linked through the amide linkages.
5. What is a polyester?
Solution
It is a polymer in which the monomeric units are linked with each other through the ester linkages.

6. Is CH2 CH(C6H5) a homopolymer or a copolymer?

n

Solution
It is a homopolymer and the monomer from which it is obtained is styrene C6H5CH=CH2.

27
2PBBBCCM8AS

7. Write an example each for the following:

(a) natural polymer (b) polyisoprene
(c) homopolymer (d) copolymer
(e) addition polymer (f) condensation polymer
(g) thermoplastic (h) thermosetting plastic [March 2014]
Solution
(a) Natural rubber or proteins or polysaccharides or nucleic acids
(b) Natural rubber
(c) Natural rubber or starch or polythene or Teflon
(d) Terylene or nylon-6,6
(e) Polythene or Teflon or PVC or natural rubber
(f) Terylene or nylon-6,6 or proteins or polysaccharides
(g) PVC or polystyrene or polythene
(h) Bakelite or urea formaldehyde resin
8. Is (−NH−CHR−CO−)n, a homopolymer or a copolymer?
Solution
It is a homopolymer as the (−NH−CHR−CO−) unit is obtained from a single monomer.
9. Write the composition of the Ziegler-Natta catalyst.
Solution
Mixture of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminium in n-heptane
10. Name the monomers used in the preparation of
(a) Nylon-6 (b) Nylon-6,6 (c) Dacron (d) PVC [March 2017, 2019]
(e) Teflon (f) Bakelite (g) Buna-S (h) Buna-N [July 2017, 2018]
(i) Neoprene (j) Natural rubber [March 2017]
(k) Polythene [March 2014]
Solution
(a) Caprolactum (b) Adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine
(c) Dimethyl terephthalate and glycol (d) Vinyl chloride
(e) Tetrafluoroethene (f) Phenol and Formaldehyde
(g) 1,3-butadiene and Styrene (h) 1,3-Butadiene and Acrylonitrile
(i) Chloroprene (j) 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene
(k) Ethene
11. Write the partial structure of
(a) polythene (b) nylon-6,6
(c) natural rubber (d) terylene
(e) Nylon-6 (f) Neoprene [March 2015, 2016, July 2018, 2019, March 2020]
Solution

(a) CH2 CH2

n

(b) HN (CH2)6 NH CO (CH2)4 CO

n

28
 2PBBBCCM8AS

H3C H H3C H
C C C C
(c)
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 n

O
(d) OC C O CH2 CH2 O
n

O
(e) HN (CH2)5 C
n

Cl

(f) CH2 C CH CH2

n

12. What is the IUPAC name of isoprene?

Solution
2-methyl-1,3-butadiene
13. Write the structure of isoprene.
Solution
CH2 C CH CH2
CH3

14. What happens when natural rubber is mixed with 3 to 10% sulphur and heated under pressure?
Solution
Rubber acquires desired amount of hardness, elasticity and strength
15. What is vulcanisation of rubber? [March 2014, 2015]
Solution
Vulcanisation is a process of heating natural rubber with sulphur or sulphur compounds to increase its
strength and elasticity.
16. Give an example of biodegradable polymer. [March 2017]
Solution
PHBV
17. What are biodegradable polymers? [July 2015]
Solution
Polymers which are decomposed by the enzymes produced by microorganisms in the soil are called
biodegradable polymers
18. Give an example for synthetic biodegradable polyamide copolymer.
Solution
Nylon 2-nylon 6

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2PBBBCCM8AS

Short answer questions (SA)

19. What is meant by polymerisation? Name the monomer used in the preparation of PVC.
[March 2019, June 2019]
Solution
Union of large number of molecules of low molecular weight (monomers) to give rise to a single large
molecule of high molecular weight (polymer) is called polymerisation.
The monomer of PVC is vinyl chloride.
20. How are polymers classified on the basis of molecular forces?
Solution
The polymers are classified as elastomers, fibres, thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics based on the
molecular forces.
21. What are thermoplastics? Give an example [March 2018]
Solution
These are recyclable plastics as they soften on heating and harden on cooling. They can be repeatedly
moulded into desired shapes.
Ex: Polyvinylchloride
22. What is a co-polymer? Give an example. [July 2017]
Solution
Copolymers contain more than one type of monomer.
Example: nucleic acids, terylene, nylon-6,6
23. Classify the following as addition and condensation polymers:
Terylene, Nylon-6,6, PVC, Bakelite, Polythene, Proteins, Teflon.
Solution
Addition Polymers: PVC, Polythene, Teflon
Condensation polymers: Nylon-6,6, Terylene, Bakelite, Proteins
24. Arrange the following polymers in increasing order of their intermolecular forces:
(i) Nylon-6,6, Buna-S, polythene
(ii) Nylon-6, Neoprene, PVC
Solution
(i) Buna-S, polythene, Nylon-6,6 (or) Buna-S < Polythene < Nylon-6,6
(ii) Neoprene, PVC, Nylon-6 (or) Neoprene < PVC < Nylon-6
25. Explain addition polymerization with an example. [March 2016]
Solution
Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon) is obtained by heating tetrafluoroethene under pressure in the presence of
ammonium persulphate.
(NH4)2S2O8
n CF2 CF2 pressure CF2 CF2 n

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26. Write the manufacture of high density polythene.

Solution
High density polythene (HDP) is obtained by heating ethylene at low pressure and low temperature in
the presence of Ziegler-Natta catalyst [triethyl aluminium and titanium tetrachloride in n-heptane
solvent].
333 − 343 K / 6 − 7 atm
n CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 n
Ziegler-Natta catalyst
(C2H5)3 Al + TiCl4

27. Write an example each for polyamide and polyester.

Solution
Nylon is a polyamide; Terylene (Dacron) is a polyester.
28. Describe the manufacture of terylene.
Solution
Terylene is obtained by heating a mixture of terephthalic acid and glycol under reduced pressure.

n HO OC COO H + n HO CH2 CH2 OH

420-460 K
O Zinc acetate-antimony trioxide (catalyst)

C COO CH2 CH2 O + nH2O

n

29. How does the presence of double bonds in rubber molecules influence their structure and reactivity?
Solution
Natural rubber is cis-polyisoprene and is obtained by 1,4-polymerisation of isoprene units.
2 3 2 3
n 1 4 4
H2C 1 CH2
isoprene cis-polyisoprene
(natural rubber)
In this polymer, double bonds are located between C−2 and C−3 of each isoprene unit. These cis-double
bonds do not allow the polymer chains to come closer for effective interactions and hence,
intermolecular forces are quite weak. As a result, natural rubber has a randomly coiled structure and
shows elasticity.
30. Explain the preparation of Buna-N with equation. [March 2014, 2015, 2017, 2019]
Solution
It is obtained by polymerisation of 1, 3-butadiene and acrylonitrile in the presence of a peroxide catalyst.
CN CN
copolymerisation
n CH2 CH CH CH2 + n CH2 CH CH2 CH CH CH2 CH2 CH
peroxide n
1,3-Butadiene Acrylonitrile Buna-N

31. What is the difference between Buna-N and Buna-S?

Solution
Buna-N is a copolymer of 1,3-butadiene and acrylonitrile whereas Buna-S is a copolymer of
1,3-butadiene and styrene.

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32. Explain the preparation of Nylon–6,6 with equation. [March 2018]

Solution
Nylon-6,6 is manufactured by heating a mixture of hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid under high
pressure and at high temperature.
553 K
n H2 N (CH2)6 NH2 + n HOOC (CH2)4 COOH
high pressure

HN (CH2)6 NH CO (CH2)4 CO + n H2 O
n

Long answer questions (LA)

33. How do you explain the functionality of a monomer ?
Solution
Functionality of a monomer implies the number of bonding sites present in it.
For example : monomers like propene, styrene, acrylonitrile have functionality of one which mean that
they have one bonding site.
Monomers such as ethylene glycol, hexamethylenediamine, adipic acid have functionality of two which
means that they have two bonding sites.
34. What are natural and synthetic polymers ? Give two examples of each.
Solution
Natural polymers: They are found in nature.
Example: Starch, proteins, nucleic acids
Synthetic polymers (artificial polymers or man-made polymers): They are synthesised artificially.
Example: Polyvinyl chloride, polythene, nylon, terylene
35. How are polymers classified on the basis of structure?
Solution
Based on structure, polymers are classified as
(a) Linear polymers: These polymers contain linear chains.
Example : Polythene, nylon, polyester, PVC

(b) Branched chain polymers: These polymers contain linear chains having some branches. They have
low tensile strength, low density and low melting point.
Example: Low density polythene, amylopectin

(c) Cross-linked polymers or Network polymers: These polymers have the monomer units linked
together to form three dimensional network. The links involved are called cross links. They are very
hard and brittle.
Example : Bakelite, melamine

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36. Write the free radical mechanism for the polymerisation of ethene.
Solution
Free radical mechanism involves polymerisation of alkenes, dienes and their derivatives in the presence
of a free radical generating catalyst like benzoyl peroxide. The process involves three steps
(i) Chain initiating step: In this step, a free radical formed by the peroxide adds to the double bond of
the monomer, generating a new and a larger free radical.
O O O
(a) . 2CO2 .
C6H5 C O O C C6H5 2C6H5 C O 2C6H5
Benzoyl peroxide Phenyl free radical

.
(b) C6H5 + CH2 CH2
.
C6H5 CH2 CH2
(ii) Chain propagating step: This step involves reaction of the free radical from step 1 with another
molecule of the monomer forming a much larger free radical. The reaction continues with the
repetition of this process.
. .
C6H5 CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2 C6H5 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2
.
C6H5 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
n

(iii) Chain terminating step: This step involves combination of free radicals from step 2 to form the
polymerized product. One of them is given below.

. .
C6 H 5 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 + CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
n
C6 H 5
n

C6H 5 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C 6H 5

n n
Polythene

37. Write the names of monomers of the following of polymers:

H H O O
(i) N (CH2)6 N C (CH2)4 C
n

O H
(ii)
C (CH2)5 N n

(iii) ( CF2 − CF2 ) n

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Solution
(i) Adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine
(ii) Caprolactam (iii) Tetrafluoroethene
38. How is neoprene prepared? Give equation. [March 2020]
Solution
Neoprene (Polychloroprene) is formed by polymerisation of chloroprene. (Free radical polymerisation)
Cl Cl
Polymerisation
n CH2 C CH CH2 CH2 C CH CH2
n
Chloroprene Neoprene
(2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene)

16. Chemistry in Everyday Life

Exercise
Very Short Answer Questions (VSA)
1. Explain the term target molecules or drug targets as used in medicinal chemistry.
Solution
Target molecules or drug-targets are the macromolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic
acids with which the drug interacts in our body to produce therapeutic effect.
2. Name the macromolecules that are chosen as drug targets.
Solution
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids
3. Why should not medicines be taken without consulting doctors?
Solution
Medicine should always be taken after consulting a doctor because any medicine if taken in overdose
may act as a poison. Moreover, only a doctor can diagnose the disease properly and prescribe the correct
medicine in appropriate dose.
4. Define the term chemotherapy.
Solution
Treating diseases using chemical substances (drugs) is called chemotherapy.
5. Mention the forces that are involved in holding the drugs to the active site of enzymes?
Solution
Drugs are held to the active site of the enzyme through forces such as ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding,
van der Waals’ interaction or dipole-dipole interaction.
6. Name the medicine which can act as analgesic as well as antipyretic. [March 2014]
Solution
Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid)
7. Antacids and antiallergic drugs interfere with the function of histamines, but they do not interfere with
the function of each other. Explain.
Solution
Antacids and antiallergic drugs do not interfere with the function of each other because they work on
different receptors. Thus, antihistamines (antiallergic drugs) do not affect the secretion of acid in
stomach because they do not interact with the receptors present in the stomach wall.

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8. Write an example of sulpha drugs.

Solution
Sulphanilamide
9. Give an example for narcotic analgesic. [March 2018, 2019]
Solution
Morphine
10. Name the non narcotic analgesic used in the prevention of heart attacks. [March 2020]
Solution
Aspirin
11. Name a substance which can be used as an antiseptic as well as disinfectant.
Solution
Phenol can be used as antiseptic as well as disinfectant. 0.2% solution of phenol is used as an antiseptic
and 1% solution of phenol is disinfectant.
12. What are the main constituents of dettol?
Solution
Chloroxylenol and terpineol are the main constituents of dettol.
13. What is tincture of iodine? What is its use?
Solution
A 2-3% solution of iodine in alcohol-water mixture is called tincture of iodine. It is used as an antiseptic.
14. Name a substance which can be used as an antiseptic as well as disinfectant.
Solution
Phenol can be used as antiseptic as well as disinfectant. 0.2% solution of phenol is used as an antiseptic
and 1% solution of phenol is disinfectant.
15. What are food preservatives? Give an example. [July 2014]
Solution
Chemical substances which when added to food materials inhibit the growth the microorganisms and
thus, prevent the spoilage of food are known as food preservatives.
Example: sodium benzoate and salts of sorbic acid and propanoic acid
16. Name the first popular artificial sweetening agent.
Solution
Saccharin
17. Why artificial sweetening agents are required?
Solution
Artificial sweetening agents are required to give sweetness without any calorific value.
18. What are artificial sweetening agents? Give two examples. [March 2014, March 2018]
Solution
Substances which are used as sweetening agents in place of sugar but have no nutritive value are called
artificial sweetening agents. Saccharin and aspartame are examples of artificial sweetening agents.
19. What problem arises in using alitame as artificial sweetener?
Solution
Alitame is a high potency sweetener. It is about 2000 times sweeter than sucrose, therefore, the control
of sweetness of food is difficult while using it.

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20. Name the artificial sweetening agent used only in cold food. [July 2017]
Solution
Aspartame
21. Why bithional is added to soap?
Solution
Bithional is added to soap to impart antiseptic properties.

Short Answer Questions (SA)

22. Explain the following, giving one example each
(i) Antipyretics
(ii) Antiseptics [March 2014, March 2017]
(iii) Antibiotics [July 2015]
(iv) Antifertility drugs [March 2016, 2019]
(v) Non-narcotic analgesics [March 2017]
Solution
(i) Chemicals used to bring down the body temperature during high fever.
Example: Aspirin
(ii) Chemicals which are used to prevent the growth of micro organisms but are not harmful to human
tissues are called antiseptics.
Example: Dettol
(iii) Chemicals that inhibit the growth or destroy microorganisms by intervening in their metabolic
process.
Example: Penicillin
(iv) These are the chemicals used to check and prevent the pregnancy in women.
Example: Norethindrone
(v) Drugs which are used for relieving of pain without affecting the central nervous system are called
non-narcotic analgesics.
Example: Aspirin
23. Write name of the medicine used for the treatment of the following diseases:
(i) Tuberculosis (ii) Pneumonia (iii) High fever
Solution
(i) Streptomycin (ii) levofloxacin (iii) chloramphenicol
24. Write one important use of each of the following in pharmacy:
(i) Equanil (ii) Morphine
Solution
(i) Tranquilizer (ii) Narcotic analgesic
25. Pick out the odd one amongst the following on the basis of their medicinal properties mentioning the
reason: Chloroxylenol, phenol, chloroamphenicol, bithional.
Solution
Chloramphenicol is a broad spectrum antibiotic while the others are antiseptics.
26. Is penicillin a broad spectrum antibiotic? Name a place in India where penicillin is manufactured.
Solution
Yes, pencillin is a broad spectrum antibiotic
Hindustan antibiotics in Pimpri

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27. (a) Name one medicinal compound each used to treat

(i) hypertension (ii) general body pain
(b) Distinguish between antiseptics and disinfectants.
Solution
(a) (i) Equanil (ii) Aspirin
(b)
Antiseptics Disinfectants
1. Destroy microbes or inhibit their growth Only destroy microbes
2 Do not harm living tissues Cause harm to living tissues
3. Used in wounds, cuts, infections Used to clean floors, bathroom
28. Account for the following:
(i) Aspirin drug helps in the prevention of heart attack.
(ii) Diabetic patients are advised to take artificial sweetners instead of natural sweetners.
(iii) Detergents are non-biodegradable while soaps are biodegradable.
Solution
(i) Most of the heart attacks are due to blood clotting in the coronary arteries. Aspirin helps to make the
blood thinner and thus prevents the formation of blood clots.
(ii) Diabetic patients do not produce enough insulin to metabolise the natural sugar. As a result, sugar
remains in the blood and thus affects liver, heart and kidneys. Therefore, diabetic patients are
advised to take artificial sweetners such as saccharin. It is not metabolized in the body and is
excreted as such through urine.
(iii) Soaps have straight chain hydrocarbons which are easily degraded by bacteria present in the sewage
water and hence do not cause water pollution. On the other hand, detergents with branched
hydrocarbons are either not attacked or attacked only slowly by bacteria. As a result, detergents
remain undegraded in rivers and water ways and thus cause water pollution.
29. Why is use of aspartame restricted to cold foods and drinks?
Solution
Aspartame is a very good sweetener for foods and drinks. But its use is restricted to cold stuff only. In
case these are hot, the sweetener may decompose and it may not be effective any more.
30. What is saponification? Write the equation to form sodium stearate.
[July 2015, 2018, June 2019, March 2015]
Solution
Soaps containing sodium salts are formed by heating fat (i.e., glyceryl ester of fatty acid) with aqueous
sodium hydroxide solution. This reaction is known as saponification.
O

CH2 O C C17H35
O CH2 OH
Saponification
CH O C C17H35 + 3NaOH 3C17H35COONa + CH OH
O Sodium Sodium CH2 OH
hydroxide stearate
CH2 O C C17H35
(Soap) Glycerol
Glyceryl ester (or Glycerine)
of stearic acid (Fat)
(tristearin)

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31. What are anionic detergents? Give an example. [March 2017, July 2017, March 2019]
Solution
Anionic detergents are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbons.
Example: Sodium lauryl sulphate
32. Write chemical equations for preparing sodium soap from glyceryl oleate and glyceryl palmitate.
Structural formulas of these compounds are given:
(i) (C15H31COO)3C3H5 (Glyceryl palmitate)
(ii) (C17H33COO)3C3H5 (Glyceryl oleate)
Solution
CH2OCOC15H31 CH2OH
CHOCOC15H31 + 3NaOH CHOH + 3C15H31COONa
CH2OCOC15H31 CH2OH Sodium palmitate (soap)

(C15H31COO)3C3H5 Glycerol
Glyceryl palmitate

CH2OCOC17H33 CH2OH
CHOCOC17H33 + 3 NaOH CHOH + 3C173COONa
CH2OCOC17H33 CH2OH Sodium oleate (Soap)
Glycerol
(C17H33COO)3C3H5
Glyceryl oleate

33. Why are detergents called soapless soaps?

Solution
Detergents are called soapless soaps because they resemble soaps in their cleansing action but they do
not contain the usual chemical contents of soaps i.e., sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids.
In other words, we can say that they behave as soaps without being actually soaps.
34. Label the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts in the following molecule which is a detergent. Also
identify the functional group(s) present.
(a) CH 3 (CH 2 )10 CH 2 OSO3− Na +
(b) CH 3 (CH 2 )15 − N + (CH3 )3 Br −

(c) C9H19 O(CH2CH2O)xCH2CH2OH

(x = 5 to 10)
Solution
(a) CH 3 (CH 2 )10 C H 2 OSO3− Na +
(Hydrophobic) (Hydrophilic)

(b) CH 3 (CH 2 )15 − N + (CH 3 )3 Br −

(Hydrophobic) (Hydrophilic)

(c) C9H19 O(CH2CH2O)xCH2CH2OH

v
Hydrophobic part Hydrophilic part

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Short answer questions

35. What is the need to classify drugs in different ways?
Solution
Drugs are classified in different ways because classification is useful to different persons dealing with
drugs. For example, classification of drugs on the basis of pharmacological effect is most useful for
doctors to treat a particular type of health related problem. On the other hand, classification of drugs on
the basis of chemical structure or on the basis of molecular targets is useful for medicinal chemists i.e.,
chemists who are involved in designing and synthesis of drugs.
36. ‘Ranitidine is an antacid’. To which classification does the drug belong?
Solution
This statement refers to the classification according to pharmacological effect of the drug which is used
to counteract the effect of excess acid in the stomach.
37. Why are cimetidine and ranitidine better antacids than sodium hydrogencarbonate or magnesium or
aluminium hydroxide?
Solution
Over production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach causes acidity. So, sodium bicarbonate or
magnesium or aluminium hydroxide are used to treat acidity. However, excessive bicarbonate can make
the stomach alkaline and trigger the production of even more acid. But, the drugs cimetidine and
rantidine work in a different way. They prevent the interaction of histamine with the receptors present in
the stomach wall and this results in release of lesser amount of acid.
38. Low level of noradrenaline is the cause of depression. What type of drugs are needed to cure this
problem? Name two drugs.
Solution
Drugs which can inhibit the enzymes which catalyse the degradation of noradrenaline are needed. This
slows down the process of metabolism of noradrenaline and will help in counteracting the effect of
depression. Iproniazid and phenelzine are two such drugs.
39. Sleeping pills are recommended by doctors to the patients suffering from sleeplessness but it is not
advisable to take it in higher doses without consultation with the doctor. Why?
Solution
Most of the drugs taken in doses higher than recommended may cause harmful effect and act as poison.
Therefore, a doctor should always be consulted before taking medicine.
40. What is meant by the term ‘broad spectrum antibiotics’? Explain.
Solution
Antibiotics which are effective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria are called broad
spectrum antibiotics. Chloramphenicol is one such antibiotic.
41. How do antiseptics differ from disinfectants? Give one example of each.
Solution
Chemical substances which prevent the growth of microorganisms or kill them but are not harmful to the
living human tissues are called antiseptics. They are applied to wounds, ulcers, etc. Dettol is used as an
antiseptic.
Disinfectants are chemical substances which kill the microorganisms or stop their growth but are
harmful to human tissue. They are used to disinfect floors, toilets, etc. For example 1% solution of
phenol.

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42. Why soaps do not work in hard water?

Solution
Ca+2 and Mg+2 ions present in water react with soap and make the soap to precipitate which adheres onto
the fibres as gummy mass and cause hindrance to good washing.
43. Write the chemical equation for preparing sodium soap from glyceryl oleate and glyceryl palmitate.
Structural formulae of these compounds are given below:
(i) (C15H31COO)3C3H5 – Glyceryl palmitate (ii) (C17H33COO)3C3H5 – Glyceryl oleate
Solution

CH2 O C C15H31
CH2OH
O ∆
(i) CH O C C15H31 + 3NaOH 3C15H31COONa + CHOH
O sodium palmitate CH2OH
CH2 O C C15H31
O glycerol
glyceryl palmitate
CH2 O C C17H33
CH2OH
O ∆
CH O C C17H33 + 3NaOH 3C17H33COONa + CHOH
(ii)
O sodium oleate CH2OH
CH2 O C C17H33
O glycerol
glyceryl oleate
44. Why are detergents preferred over soaps?
Solution
Synthetic detergents can be used in hard water as well as in acidic solution. The reason being sulphonic
acids and their calcium and magnesium salts are soluble in water but fatty acids and their calcium and
magnesium salts are insoluble in water.
45. Between soaps and synthetic detergents, which one is used for cleaning clothes, if water contains
dissolved calcium hydrogen carbonate.
Solution
Synthetic detergents are used because calcium salts of detergents are soluble in water but that of soap are
insoluble in water. Therefore, soap forms curdy white precipitate with calcium ions and are wasted in the
process.
46. Explain the following terms with suitable examples.
(i) anionic detergents and (ii) non-ionic detergents
Solution
(i) Anionic detergents are sodium salts of sulphonated long chain alcohols or hydrocarbons.
Example: Sodium lauryl sulphate
(ii) Non-ionic detergents do not contain any ion.
Example: Detergent formed by combination of stearic acid and polyethene glycol

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47. What are biodegradable and non-biodegradable detergents? Give one example of each.
Solution
Detergents which are decomposed by microorganisms like bacteria are called biodegradable and
detergents which are not decomposed by microorganisms are called non-biodegradable. Detergents
containing unbranched hydrocarbon chain are biodegradable while the detergents containing branched
hydrocarbon chain are non-biodegradable. For example, n-lauryl sulphonate is biodegradable.
48. Can soaps and synthetic detergents be used to check the hardness of water; Explain?
Solution
Soaps can be used to check the hardness of water. A sample of soft water form lather with soap
immediately but a sample of hard water will take some time to form lather and also there will be some
curdy white precipitate formed in this case. From the amount of curdy white precipitate formed, the
extent hardness can be inferred.
Synthetic detergents cannot be used to check the hardness of water because they produce lather with soft
as well as hard water.
49. Label the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts in the following compounds:
+ +
(i) CH 3 (CH 2 )10 CH 2 OSO 3− N a (ii) CH 3 (CH 2 )15 N(CH 3 ) 3 Br −
(iii) CH3(CH2)16COO(CH2CH2O)nCH2CH2OH
Solution
+
CH3(CH2)10CH2 OSO3 Na + CH3(CH2)15 N(CH3)3Br
(i) (ii)
Hydrophobic Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Hydrophilic
or or part part
non-polar part polar part

(iii) CH3(CH2)16COO(CH2CH2O) nCH2CH2OH

Hydrophobic Hydrophilic
part part

50. Following type of non-ionic detergents are present in liquid detergents, emulsifying agents and wetting
agents. Label the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts in the molecule. Identify the functional group(s)
present in the molecule.

C9H19 O(CH2CH2O)xCH2CH2OH

(x = 5 to 10)
Solution

C9H19 O(CH2CH2O)xCH2CH2OH

Hydrophobic or Hydrophilic or
non polar part polar part
Functional group: Alcoholic group

***
41