--!

F-

fttria or Ef.ouc C}lbm

Syhmelrical components 696 Th6oretrcat power ota wabr turbine 749
Posiliv6 sequenc€ components 696 SFcilic spe€d of a wat6r tulbine 750
Negalive sequence componenrs
Zero sequ€ne conponents
696 Iu6ne generator sel up 750
697 Heat en6rgy @nveEbn fictoB 751
GeneEJ lofiutas fo. symmeric€t
Tems used in pEdiction ofload
6S7
Per unit impedanc€ using a difte€nt 751
porcr & voltage bass 697
698
SIRUGIUft OTI|IIIN
The seougnce nelwo* 752
698
Ths seqoence nslwo 698 Planl capacity taclor
752
753
+ Matter - anything that occupi€s space and has woight
Singte tino to ground fautt 699
700 TEST 26 (44 problems) Tt4
.:. Element- a substance lhat cannol be decomposed any fudher by chemical
Double lins to ground fautt 700 SOLUTIONS TO TEST 26 765
701
Thee-phase t.utr €tcutanons gNen .l Compouncl - a combination of lwo or more elemenls
702
Apprcximate eqlivatents belw€en a
line to linefaLrtt& a 3-ph.s6 .:. Molocule- smallest partrcle lhat s compound can be reduced to before il
fauli ot an untoaded gene.ator 703 TEST 27 (33 probtems) breaks down into its elements.
TEST 24 (40 probtemst 776
7U SOLUTIONS TO TEST 27 784
SOLUTIONS TO TEST 2' 715 a Atom - smallest part lhal an element can be reduced to and slill keeping lhe
properties of lhe element.

(two dimensionat ptane) 735

9.107 x 1
(lh€6 dhensionar ptan€) 736 1.672 x 10
lrluminalion trom more than one
736
V.l!e of mountrng heighrto grve The atomic struclure ofan atom:
ma)rmum lllumrnarron 737 NuJ€ls at"h -.?ite,.itli. il.il
Zonal cavity or av€rage tltuninat on
it
"li.
6r'|.Etlt !,rc,!'ns i,]J,.,.
f3?
TEST 25 (20 probtems) 738
ieutbnr .:md..l
SOLUTIONS TO TEST 25 743

<-a _irr. el<tbis revove.rDrn!

jii o,bG
or she 5alodid tLe i".cls

x..!s,
where: N = iotal number of electrcns on a given shell
n: nrh shellofthe atom
 !J!t!J!!!!!!!!e!!!4J!_!!!!!!t!!!Et!3e!ins b!, R Roras rt. Electri.ity: Basic Principles 3
.l Valence electrons - electrons found in the outermost she or orbit ofan atom. Volt (V)- unit of polenlial differencs, which is equalto onejoule of work done
p.r ono coulomb ofchargs. Named afierthe ltaljan physicist, Atessand.o C.
n Atomic Number - represents the number ofelectrons or protons of an alom Voltr (1754 - 1827) who invented the firct electric battery.
$ Atomic Mass represents the sum ofprotons and neulrons ofan atom.

TITCTIIC GUIITXT

Wh€n a polential difference between lwo charges forces a third charge to mov€, the
charuo in motion is called an el€ctric current.

tttclntcG[ $
A body is said to be charge, if il has eirher an excess or deficit of etectrorc from its
normalvalues due to sharing.

{. Coulomb (C)- unit ofetectric charge, which is equivatentto G.2S x t0r3 Ampere (A) - unil of charge flow equalto one coulomb of charge past a given
electrons or protons. Named afrerlhe French physicist, Charles A. Coulomb point in ons s€cond. Naned affer lhe French physicist and mathematician,
(1736 - 1806). Andr6 M. Ampers (1775-1836).

?OTIXIIII IIITfIRTTSI ms$r cI

Potential- the capability of doing work Ihe fact that a wire carrying a currenl can become hot, it is evident lhat the work
done by lh€ applied force in producing the current must b€ accomptished against
Any charge has lhe capabitily of doing work of movjng another charge Bome opposition or r€slstance.
either by
attraclion or repulsion.
+ Ohm (O) - praclical unit of r€sistsnce_ Named afi€r the ceman physicist,
Example,A$ume1 cofcbarge.in movedi€lectron5. Georg S. Ohm (1787 - 1854).

l\\ _ 6+ F\
(€+
I \\ l\\
*_o'O-- l:)
betflohs* tbc:elcedbr'the,_ cpaea".r
rer{rw,l b.ar,4drd b},--. cpL.e Ri*', R'
-". L,^n
l',.1 I <- TzLl I rarler,$.iar.rdoio.zet*,o. qor!
\ ll ll 'o".'.rh",/.Da"
\J -oo-*\
o* \l where: R = €sistance (ohm)
A = cross-sectional area (square meter)

b. No+
p = resislivity (ohm-meter)
r \\ o+ 3 da1rcn5 M lbe itt,a.te,j b\ ihe,l c ptarc anJ L = Ienglh (meter)
I 11 aj!+ 3 elR:tons drllb€ Ep.led irhc -rc;hr.
frcll o;o+ mal,Dg r 6rllant hol,oi of6eecr oh5 qo nq
V = volume cubic met€r)

\ \ill o-+ rohad. rhe.r c Phte .l Specific resistance (!$istivity) - resistance offered by a unil cube of the

The net num ber of electrons moved in the diredion olthe positive charge ptate .! Circularmil(CM) - area ofa circle having a diarneter (d) of ono rnit.
depends upon the porentjat difference between the two charges.
-r----
1 l00l Solrtd Ptublen$ in Elect cal Ensineeins by R. Rot.ts Jr. Elect citv: Basic Ptihcible.\ 5

1,000 mil= I inch r, = radi'rs otthe cable

cM-il.. I McM = 1,000 CM r, = radius 1o the ouler surface oflhe insulation

IEIGI 0I It Pmlrufit n$t$ tc[
Experiments have shown lhal the resistance of all wires generally used in
praclice in elecl cal syslems, increases as the temperature increases.
G0x0tfitxcI
Conductance is a measure ofthe malerial's abilitv lo conducl electric cuffenl lt
rs equalto lhe reciprocalof reaistance.
Slomons (fomerly mho) - unil of conductance. Named aflerthe Geman
engineer, Em6t Weme. von Siemens (181G1892)

R1= initial resistance (ohm)

R, = linal resistance (ohm)
T = inferred absolute temperalure
= temperature when resistance of a given materialis zero 6 = conductivity (siemens per meleo
:
lr initial tempe€ture L = lensth (meler)
12 = final lemperaturc A - cross-sectional area (square meler)
Ai = change in temperature p = specilic resislance (ohm meter)
o = temperature coefficienl of resistance G = conduclance (siemens)
R = resislance (ohm)

Tempe.ature coetficient of resislance (o)- ohmic change per degree per ohm
at some specified temperature.

lffiultfl0r llst$txct 0r flflrs

rt:*'"f
@"
p = resisiivily of the insulating male al (ohm-mete0
I = length of cable (melet
 2s

t.
B. 32s
c. 1na

Ubs{ D. '12 s

Ploblcdr Or EE 8o.rd X|rch t99a

The 3ubstation bus bar is mad€ up of 2-iches round gopper bars 20 fl. long.
What is lh€ resislance of each bar if resistivlty iB 1.724 x 10'ohln-cm
Problcnl t!
Aietoctdc has a chsrge of 2 coutombs. tf 12.S x 1O1s A.7.21x1Osohm
I
-.- TS,ua19qg"9
eredrons are added to it, whatwillbe the net charge on lhe
tree
B. 13.8 x 106 ohm
said dielectric?
C.5.185x105ohm
A_ 4C D.2.96x106ohm
a. -2c
c. 8c Problcr! 7r EE !o.!ll bbcr r9y,
D. Zeto D€lemine lhe rasislanc€ ot s bus bar made of copper if th6 l€ngth is j O meters
long and the crGs-section is a 4 x 4 cln2. Use f.i241 micro ;hm"ctn as the
Problqn ar |esislivity.
Aiatt€ry.c€n detiver 0 joutes ofenergy to move 5 coutombs ofcharge.
., 't

lhe potentiat difference betwe€n the termin;s Whal rs A.2.121x1O{ohm

ofti6 ba(6ry?
8.4.312x1O'ohm
A.2V C. 3-431 r 1o6ohh
B. 50V D. 1.078 x 1Or ohm
c. 0.5 v
D.'5V P.aobL!A
Nk$rome ribbon r$lstor elemenls 6ach ha6 a 63i3tenco of 1 ohm, The €lement
ProblGrn tt made from sh€et of nichrome alloy, 0.m5 crn thick. tf ths width of th€ ribbon is 0.3
A clorid of 2.5 x 's what longth iB requlr€d p€r
cm.
1Or0 elecfrons move pasl a given point ev€ry 2 seconds. elcm6nt? Assurne specific €3istance of nidrrcme
How
much is the intensity of the €lectmn t!e? alloy to b€ 1m 4-cm.

A.68.8crn
a. 2A B. . 62.1 cm
c. 2.5 A C. 70.7 cn
D. 1.5 A D. 67.4 cm
Problcltt 4: PlobLnl 9r EE lo.r.d Oetota. t99t
, The curenl in €n 6lectdc tamp ls S amperes. Whet quanlily of etoctricity fows One lum o{ a copper bar is produced by cutting a copp€r wash€r along a mdius
towards the litament in 6 minulesi and spreading the end6. The washer is dI from soildrawn copper having a
A. 30C resistivily at 2O'C of l.732x1orohm-dn. The washer is 0.125 inch thick and has
B. 3600 C inside diamele. and outside diameter ol 1 inch and g ind|eB r$pectivety. C6lculete
c. 72C the exacl .€6islance betwoen the two en& of th€ tum to direct curent; taking into
account lhe non-uniiom qrnenl dislribution. Assume lhe contacl along the ends of
D. 1800 c
lhe turn to b€ perfect ovff the 6ntire cross€eclion_
Eroblclo 5r
A constant current ot 4 A charges a capacitor. How tong
wilt it lake
A. 12.74 x 10 6ohm
accumulale a tolalcharge of g to
coutomb; on the ptates? B. 15.53 x 10{ ohm
C. 17.22 x 1Or ohm
 t00l Prcbl.nt tn Et.ct cat
'olv.d Teet I 9
O. 14.83x 10{ onln
1.0.?8ohm
PaotL- tcr ED loaaa 6!.. taio C, 0.e3 ohm
! condicior o.1o_ m tors. with . uniform drrm.ror D, O.01ohm
t.o #mf,*f::"*lr-mor
1.0 c"',no rro"rne
;i;iffi:i Jffi;"fH"*ff
"'."l*"ny-"irfr";;il;
on€ 6nd otfrr! condqdor accordiag lo fl. foffula:
tiaDLrr tt
p - O.OOf + f O<f., otric,n A oo.ducto{ wttos€ diameter is 0.175 inch hAs a rosislsnce ot 0.5 ohm. Th€ wire
A.0.0852ohm h dnwfl lhroogh a sedes of dies udit its dianr€ter is r€duced to 0.OS ind,. A;;;
8. 0.0015ofim
lta apaclfic rrristance ot the materiat r€main3 con"t nt, *t ij ff," ,""i"L-J &
C.0.0806ohm Itneih.ncd conducior? "f
D.0.0902otrn
A. l l.,l5 o
htr ur trtlc.r{ a, 10.22 A
c. 12.75A
','Drllta}, D. ()
""iffi 8,H,,l;tdil?T; Hff :i,1ff"H"i*"#ilJ.#:"Ji 10.82

tr.ll.rr t& EP !o.rd Apfll rgtj

A. 1896 ohr|! A corloin wir€ has a ro3ldiance R, The r$iltance of another wire fttenticel wilh
g. 1825 ohmt lha ll..l except for havlng twico its diemet€r is
C. 17gZ c'vn
D. t8O5 ohrnr A,
ln
e. 'R
2
c. 2R
#
A. 4A
o. 1n
1

trou.ttt t?r
B. 3rr A givan wir6 ha6 a r6sbtance of 17.5 ohms. It its t€ngth b 560 m, how much
c. 5rr langth mwt b€ dd-off tom the r|i€ in order to reduce its reiistancs to ti.s otrms.-
D. 6n A, 160 m
Pr!t- lc- r!|t EA 8. 170 m
fo$d Octob., taca C. t45 m
,",r"i'gfiH,H"*ft.i"1;:H'c' r!;rewn untir ft! resbt nce is 1oo tirn€" rhe D. 155 m

10n PlcoblCltr tA EE lo.|r! oglotcr t''6

8. t00 m Whet is th€ stze jn squaB miltim€l€r (mmr) is the cabte of 260 MCM 6ize?
c. 12.5 m
D. 5m A 118.656 mm'?
B. 126.675 ll,m2
P.loblc.r 14, tE C. 112.509 mm'z
!o.rd Alstt tro:] D. 132.348 mm2
," .#i':ffi :y#fi :?HH#'","Hl*';;lilT;:k ffl:ff s #,0#'*'. Pr.obl.tn l9r
A. A 500 MCM ACSR cabt6 has 37 strands. Dete.mine the diameter in mils of each
0.85ohm
 TO l00l Solvcd prcblens in Etectticat

116.25 .
Test I l1
B,
c.
120.24
118 34
PtobLo t{l
EE Eo.rd L.!Gh rt9!
D. 110.35
Th€ r68blenc6 of a wire is 126.48 ohms at 100 'C and 100 ohms at 30'C.
Dalalmlno lh€ l€mp€rature coefficient ol copper at 0 "C.
Prioblcd 2ot
A, 0.00427
I 0.00615
;#i#f #fi ,::#rx$;"1a,:"Jiff ';Hj"1r,T:"["j,ilHri;rT, jt: c
0
0.0258
0 0356
A. 800 ttllcM trablod r3r
8.820.t\rcM
c. 850 MCM Two wire8 A & B made trom two diffgr9nl materials have temperature coeflicient
D, Cl r.rlslenc€ 6quel to 0.0025 and 0.0005 ohm per "C, respectively. tt is deGircd to
9OO MCM
makc s coil of wire having a aesistenc€ of 1200 ohms \Nith a tomperature coefficient
Ot 0.001, u8ing suitabl€ length6 of the tvo given wires connecled in series.
oalarmlne lhe required length of rvir6 A?
ll#!.nitrffilfiffi fr'#iic"gr,""g;,g;y"r".,".,,. A, 5.5 m
g. 8.2 m
A.72.26ohms C 8.0 m
3 D. 5.0 m
3i3i3i$i
D.58.15ohms
Ftobld! 16r EE lo.rd OctoDar tt t
Ts,o heating €lem€nls which is 500 ohrns and 25O ohms are connected in sedes
P|!obLa!ta, wllh l€mp€ratu€ co€ffci€nls of 0.001 and 0.m3 ohms per 'C, resp€dively at 20 .C.
Calcul5le lh€ effediva lomp€rature coefficient of lhe combination.

fl rfli"l:H*:#$ffi 0.00215
{,:r{!ffirll,1## c.
0.00626
0.00712
A. 88.89a
B.90.12o
'ft1ir6r:q,f D, 000167

c.85.22() ProbIod !7t

D. 92.81fi A cylindrical rubber insulaled cable has a diameter of 0.18 tnch and an
lnlulation thickness of0.25 inch. lfthe specific resistance of rubber is 1014 ohm-cm.
Problcnt A[ dclermine lhe insulalion Gsistance per 1000-fi length of the cabte.

s:*l,!";li$"fl ..*;[i'$*ur;:"f:si#Hrrli*iiJlr""#Jix A.624MO

B. 682 MO
A. 60.4.C c. 678 MO
B. 59.2.C D. 694 Mc)
c. 58.4 "C
D. 53.7.C Problelr tar
The diameter of a given bare conduclor is 0.50 inch. A thermoptastic insulation
with lhickness of 0.1 inch is Mapped around lo jnsulate lhe conductor. Determine
the ansulation resistance of thjs conductor per meler. Assume specific resistance of
lhermoplastic insulation to b€ 2 )( 1 014 ohm - cm .
I2 l00l Solved I 13
' Solutons to Tesl

A-
B.
107xroP{)
l(}5x'toeo
i.tulrsbL$l
C- llOxl0eo
Or . +2C
D 109x lOeA
o? - -12.5 xlor'€ x;2i*1% = -2c
PFoblc|! t9. tE to.!d Oclo0cs tgtt
Ttte insulalion resistance of a kilo.neter of the c€bl6 haling a diameler of 2 cm o,n - o, +O, -2+G2)
and an inG{dation tickoes ot 2.rn b 600 otms. It the thic*n€;s of the ansutation ig Q*
inc.eas€d to 3 crn, find the in€ulatio,r r€6i6bnce otthe c€ble. 'o
A. 725 ohms
Notc volt-opulci ps@ul@b
8. 850 ohms I
C. 757 olms o6
D.828ohms 8.2 voll|
Pr.DLd
n€
tiot lE fc.a Oettb.r riao
a€si6k1ce ot 1m rneie{s otBire is 12 ohms. Wrat is its condl€ ance? E::'ff:;,H"';"'
0.0521 mno
B. 0.0€i] mho
6 mho6
!2n lo3 l - 2dfipgratt

E o-n-'(ur"'+#;
a -18@c

o8
t4
l-2d€c

2 Tl'
'lrir,"r,r
t lincfi /
-m2f8rrr?
^-€-a 4
1.D7. O !3_A t9_ A 25. C ??-30 - Iopnotch€. 1= 2ex r 1319 r 2 9{ 9n = 649 6 o','
2.A 8. A t4_C 20. a 26. D ln 1n l!
3.8 9. B 15. A 21.C 27.O ^ t (1.724 x 1O3Xm96)
4.O 10.C 16.O n.A28.A 25238
5.411_A 17. A ?'3. B 29. C :!5-e0 - Condition.l
6. C 12. C 1A. a 2.t- A 30_ B R -5.t85x105drt
O-I{ - F€iled
 H l00l Solved Prcblens in Elechical Enpineetine by R Ro,as Jt Sofutio^ to Test I 15

L = 1om x 1991! = looo cm

1m n .
f,
aL =
f oor.ro 'r:r +
^ 'L {1-7241x 104 )(1ooo) Jo Jro
A (4x4)
R =107.75x 103 ohm
". i[.-".'. 1'; ]]l' = i [.
**'.''{S)]
E L=!l=(Iqg!-9o R - 0.0806()
L = 68.8 cm

*=oi
I *-'$
Nota Sinccthe coll ir roound with thc same weight orwke, thusthe vollnres of
th. wir. us.d in both coDditionr rre con,Qnt. Ard witl lhc volumc coDttaDt,
Comid€f a difiarential elenrot rcrttance lqfleJ drFctly a. the qua'e ofthe length.
A=tdr
L=2nt R=kL2; k= proportionslity conBtant

n" tr"i'
an = d4I) R' lL,J
ldr
^1R R- fbnorh o€r tumxtL \t ttsaool'
380 ( bngfi p€r tum r t{ J \ 6000./
ce =
lt* \
tJl2't
Rz = 1895 35O

Notc: Asruming thclc ar. no losscs in the prcc€si, tb€ volum€ ofthe mat€dal
c=-t
2olrfdt =frn'1* =f.tr"',-r"1r rcmains constaDt And wlth the volume <on5tant, the fe3'fince ofthe nateial
a: ihe squa'e ofthc lcngth.
'anesdrcctly
s4cm
o.125inch x12 )
^ t l inch l (tnl.s- tno.s) R = k L2; k = proportionality constant

I
2a11.724x1041 R, TL, I, L1
G =6?902.25mho -|.r.,]
&
c::::33:::::5

I.
lr
l!.J' - o.o1z
sr,
-1 1
"^'
=*.
lL,/ I L, .l
1' L,= 2.5L1
G U102.25
R = 15.527 x 103 () Rz =54

R = k L, ; k = pfoportionality constant
"nd'?0?r,
R, IL, ],
L=0.1m=10cm . =l\
R.
R1

_L J

, lE;=. Foo R; 1:::::::..:.-)

"="'1& I & &=100R)
L, = 10m

I
16 l00l Solved Problens in Elect cal Sofutio,"t to Te.r I 17

n=oY=
a' (1,\'
14)
Pv -=rr'Y
I u'"1
N'n. Alrrm. thc dott 5<tiooal arc! oFth. wrrc to be.orsbnt And with th.
Notc: A5romiDg th.rc arc ro I65e5 jn thc proce$, thc voloD. of rlr (n^r k1tr.r)nl ca conjtant, rc'iri.oc. ofth. wjre \€ri., drectly astle let]gth.
rcrrainr .onstart And wtth tbc volume onstant, the rcsirtan.e ofthe
*tre:nrcncly ar thc (ou,tfi powcrorthe d amerer. R -tti k - propodionality c.mlant
R, t-
R=*; k =proporlionatity constanl
R' L'

!e=f4 f ' -!&.!9!l?9=1oo''

r.
R, 17.5 \,, l
R' t d,.J Lamfi crrl -off = L -1, = 560- 400 -rJ!_r
L, Length
cut-of
l-anClh cu( - of = 160 m
*,' =".f 4,
]' rr'zf
ldzl-oo.r1\5, 26O MCM = 25O,@O CM
R: = o.€3 o c -d
-__.\
a. JEu " Jzsoooo
- , soo-1",
l0o0rn13 linch -
rz 2,,,n'
R= * con3tant
*; =proporlbnality
&=f d,)'
^ d14 ann" ---ii$,2ll"
R, 14 ,J A.l26.67mrn'? J7-ttrand ACSR c6U.

*=o[#)'=,'(#i t(b tlCM = 500,000 Cil{

R2-1145a r.- -!Q!99=1*rr.u,*

cu. d
= 4 =r
c=olAltdz L
d-Jet=Jfu5135
d-116-25mils
Note.Arlrm. th< lalgth of{'c
two wkcj ir botb cordltlors to be conrtaDt And
wrtl thc lcngth cor5tant, tLc rerstance oftlc wrie latres rnveisely ar the square oi Notc t Dgth both @nditron! are tle eme
'D
I
p. - !.!.;0. = tzo-cup.rn
R=-:i f = proportona$y con {ar

R,=l4l
ld,l'
R. =*ie. = 10.37 r! - clil per ff

n: \E--._1, d/
R. =Rc
n.^=n.l4l'=^ll')' .1,=2d' p.L. _ p.L"
'
\d,I l2d, )
=?o
",
; t-
Solutioti; to Test I 17

E -="#=ffi="# _L
Notc Anumc thc doss s.ctional area oFth. wrrc to be constnrt And wjfh tbe
Note: Aisumirg tlerc arc no lorse5 ir t6. procets, rhc volumc oF the rrateral rkrs 5..tronilarca conrtant, retisiaD.r o{the wire v?do dfectlyasthe lenqth
ieirairs constart. Ar.l with tlc voJum..oDnrn{ tbe resrsence ofthe materral
lzrr.5 inv.6cly atthc Foudh power ofthe,ljamerd R-kLi k = propodionality conslant
R. L.
_k
r.(=-, t = proportionatity constanl R, L,
$o(12 5)
' =lEa=
1^
R, = a66 - \____rl__,J
!.=ld' i 17.5
L,
R' ld, J Longth crrl o{f = lr - L" = 560 - 40O
-
Length
cut-olf
Longth cul - off = 160 m
*,' = a,
]'- o 0.,1
rr'z I
^.I(dr/ \5, 250 MCM = 250,000 Ci'
R:=093o
cM= d
JcM - "65oJoo . soo -r" lind ,54tt
, l(mmtu
R=f ; k = nrolortionalig conatant
d=
' litrn -12.7.n.,'
. 'd d12n2
R, Id,)' 41
R, ldr.l A = 126.67mm2 ACSR caue
'7-strand
R,- = R.l.dtl'=o5lo
\d,) \ 0.06 l
f ris
500 McM = 500,0m ca4

Rz''11.45n 1.-,0 =!4@=rrra_srcu

cM=d
n=ol 4 -r, L
'A = aA2 d, d = Jct = Ji 3s13,sl
4 d = 1t6 25 mils
Note,.Ar5urrc th€ largtl ofthc two wr.s ir leth cor,ljtron, to be con5tant
Ard
wiih tlc lcngil, corrtant. tlc rerrsrarccoftlc nrcvariu: inu.oely as th"sq,a," oi Note, L$gth' ir boil ondltronr are tle 5ame
E
p" =!&;o. = rzo-cLrp.rt
R=+; k - propondna&y corl3tafil
p. !t!r;0. ro.:zn- cup.,a
R,= fd, l' = =

R,, td,j /___-t,

n, = n, 1!r l' =Rl-!Ll d, =2d' p,L. _ P"L.

\2d,j
'1=:lo
R-
It 1001 Solved Ptublens in Electical Solutloru to Test I 19

-
a' = &e. 49.!1) ars ezz
do
i- zgl:e6
p" = 10.37 =
so . 0.00427
A. :820 cM
R, - R.(1+ 0.0025ar) - Rb(1+ 0.0005^, ) -O
E ""=+
R, - (R. + RbXl+ 0.001a,) =O

r = --a- =zu.tgz,c Equato Eq.1toEq.2:

0,00427 R.(1+0.0025^r) + Rb(1+ 0.0005^,) = (R. + RbXl +0 001ai)
!e_ T+12
0.0015R.Ar =0.0005RoAr
R1 T+t1
Rr = 3Ru
- /r*.-) 5o(234.1s2+1oo)
-..=\tfaj= ,3.rrr.3o R. +Rb = 1200
Rz - 63.24 o Rr +3R. = 1200
R. = 300 o
r =1=-1-= 256"s 300
do O.o(X
Rr_T+t, L.=6m
Rj T +t1

R- = R. ffjlzl so(250 * so) R, = 5OO(1 +O.0o1l') + 250(1 +0.003ar) =O

' 'lT* t j =
250+20 R, = (500 + 250X1+ a* ai )
=A
R, - 88 89o
Equate Eq.1toEq.2:
1=1=-1-=zso"c 500 (1+ 0.001^r)+ 250(1+ 0.003a,) = (750X1+ od'^,)
ao 0.004 500 +0.5ar + 250 +0.75A( = 750 + 750o.nar.
R, T+t, _ dji =0.00107
R1 T+t!
r^ = ft*r.)rla)-r
' \R,l 9 "=*"7 't x
* r stl.119) R=
1O1a
hfg-!r)
'
= tzso 't120, - zso ,J,*" t,, lQ:gt \0.09./
r, = 59.2 "C \ 3.281ff1
R = 694.05 MO

R, _ T+1,
Rr T+ lr @ ^=*^?
100= T+30
126,48 T-1oo 1oi'2x I0.35l
T+30 = 0.7906 T + 79.06
2r(100cln) \0.25,
T = 234-288 0C R=107.'102x1Oen
 L)C Electi. Cba.itt 2t
Not : spdifi c5irt neofth. cabl€ a'rd l.ngth are @nrt?rt iD both conditiors
E
n ==!1nL
DCthffik
&=s
R" nC
0[r8ut
-,--.lH] .-[#,J Ohm'. Lrw alates lhct lhe cunenl florving ln 6n eloctric circuil ls dlr.cty
iilJrtr"ii ii tt'L imprersed enrf applied lo the circuit snd lnv'r'6lv lo lhe
ilamed afier th€ 6€rman physrqst Gcorg
5iui".r.t t .".i.r.n"" & lh€ said orqiil
l- Ohn {1787 - 1854).
R)=757o

^1
WWmm
1

R12
G = 0.0833 mho

ri\6ro E = impr€3s€d voltdge (voft)

I = currenl drswn (ampere)
R = r*iEtsnce (ohm)

lltgnltll?affn
Electrlcal powor - rale of Using or con6uining the olectrical onergy

Watt - un ol electdcal energy equal to one loula of enctgy consumed in one

iecona. ltarneU aner Oe Bri-iish engineer and inventor Jam€ Watt (1 736 -
1819).

,s$ue
where: P = electrical Power ($,att)
E = vohage (volt)
I= dfient (amperg
R = re3istance (ohm)
 DC Ele.tic Cn.uits 23

IUG| C r ltHI IXtXCy toulllErls tlltlttm$unloi tulD It[ tlsltflns G0rrts Ilr8I t8
{. Energy- the capacily to do work
E] E.

where W = etectncatene.gy (oute)

Q : heal energy (calone)
P = etectflcatpower (wait
t: time (second).
m = mass ofthe materiat (gram)
c = sp€cific heat of the matenat (catone per gram .C)
N.n. llth.i..rcthree or more reenances In serier, rcduce 6l'tthecrrc!ii two
dr = change in temperature of the mate at (.C) 'nto
l.ihl,r! lD rn.t b.fore applying the VDr
Note l calode:4186 ioales
1 BII z 252 .alo:jes
?rillu+onlcTm ftsBr0ns
.l Kilowat-hour (kw-hr) _ unil in which etectricat energy is sotd to a customer.
a Prnllal clrcult - th€ resistancos are connecled across each olher.

Note 1,lay = 24 boql5

l Donth = 30,lays
1 yerr = 365 day5 = 8760 hou6 l"
snl$_G0tIIGII0 trsFTtBS
.i Series circuit- the resislances are connecled end
to end.

+Et- +E2-
L
+ N,n. th. .ircuit .oDn€.lion either serl::, parallel or corDbination of
t E3 ,t 1,,
'l
lniependen{ oF
h. t hc tota power drawn by tbe circu it i5 equiE lent to the powels d'awn by each lord
I3
 DC EleciicCircuits 25

cufin r Dilt$t3r llfittrl IGm ron ffstsnis E0xxrsrrl tr 0[trt r wYt-G0rltcllll Rlsl ols
?illl1fl

lE,

\o(e .rth.,"a'e.hreF or no,e.ern4nce,.n para,lel, reduce t-l)r (he -tr.u r ntot*o

,e< ror. rn pdallFlbeforc applyinq tre lDT
U Wya to delta trenlformation3

sHllt-pttflfit G0tIIGIMISI$I0[8
t Series-parallel circuit-a conbinationat circuit which when simpl iedwj resutt
into a series circuat.

U D.lli to wye transformationr

_gc
- -A.+ BtC

?m|lut$Inl[$ c0xrlcltD [IStSr0ns

u tf A=B=c=Rrandx=Y=z=Ry

Parallel-series circuit- a combinational circuil which when simptifjed wiltresutt

into a parallel circuil.
 26 l00l Solyed Prcblens in Etecbicat
T?tt 2 27

trotl.d ttr EE f,o.rd Apdl a98a

A lrd'trrUay power stalion supplies 60 kW to a load over 2,500 fi, 100 mm'?, rwo
rNnrlrr,brr coppor losder lhe resistance ofwhich is 0.078 ohm per 1000 tt The bus
lflvollr{,o rB maintained constanl at 600 V. Delermine lhe load curenl

F t08 A
ti lt0A
Problc|[ ttr EE Bo.6d Oetobcs r99t lr
.1.18 Aamp€res.
load of 10 ohms was connected to a 12_voll battery. The curGnt
What is
drawn
ttalLm 16r
the intemat resistance of the batei?
120 V DC motor draws cuffent of 100 A and is located 1000 fl from the supply
0.35 ohm to0r|.l ll lh6 diameler of lhe copper transmission line is 0.45 inch whal must be lhe
B. 0.20 ohin ll,1146 ol lhe 6upply?
c_ 0.25 ohm
D. O 30 ohm 125 32 V
I 130 24 V
Problc|n trr c l2g 32 V
The potentiat at lhe terminats of lhe banery fa s from 9 V l) 127 05 V
on open circuit to 6
vo[s when a resistor ol 10 ohms is connecled across s terminals.
What is lhe
rnternal resislance ot the banery? tralLd l7r EE Bo.rd Ostobc. r9a6
A LRT csr, 5 km distance from the Tayuman, takes 100 A over a 100 mrn hard
5cl alrawn copp€r trolley wile having a €sistance of 0.270 ohm per ftm. The rail and
B, 4Q gtound rolum has a €sistance of 0,06 ohm per km. lf the slation voltage is 750 V,
c 3cl ihrl l. tho vollage of the cal?
D. 20
685 V
ProbL|[ t r EE Board Aprit tt9? ll 690 V
c 685 V
_...^^t!"_-"l11rotng!'1"_lT9e
ora standard ce is measured with a potenliometer that D 690 V
gMes a readrng oI1.3562 V When a I 0 megaohm r€"i"t", i"
slandard ce termrnals, the potentiomete. ;ding arop" "onir*r.a ""i"""
it"
to t.S56O V. Wh;ii"- trobl.n lar
inlernal resisiance ofthe standard cel?
" Th6 hol resistance of an incandescenl lamp is 10 ohms and the rated voltage is
174.5 ohms 00 VFind the series resislance required to operate the lamp lrom an 80 V supply.
B, 145.7 ohms
c. 147.5 ohms 8()
D 157.4 ohms B 4O
c. 6C)
ProbleE !,4t o 10 C)
A battery is formed of fve ce s
. . Joined in series When the e{erna| resrstance rs
4 ohms. tne cunenl is I 5 A and wh;n the enernar ,"r,"t"n"u Problca t9r
talls to 0. 75 A. F rnd the intemat ressrance of
i" S o1.",;" lrii"ni A rcsislive coil draws 2 A at 110 V aier operating for a long time. lf lhe
each ce .
lcmp€ralure rise is 55 'C above the ambient lemperature of 20 "C, calculale lhe
0.5 ohm oxlemal rcsislance which mustbe initially connected in series with thecoillo limitthe
L 1.0 ohm currenl to 2 A. The lempeBture coeflicienl of the materialof the coil {s 0 0043 per'C
c. 0.2 ohm il20'C.
o 0.3 ohm
10.12 ohms
I 10-52 ohms
20 l00l Solyed Prcblens in Electical Tesr 2 29

C. 11.45 ohms
tr.t!.o a4r EE to.rd Aprll 1997
D. 12.05 ohms
ll a rcrlrlor mtod al 5 welts and 6 volts are connected across a battery with an
cran ckcult voltago of I volts. What 13 th6 inlemal rosistance of the baltery if lhe
Ptoblcltr 4Ot raaulllng cuflcnl i3 0.6 A?
A carbon resislor dissipates 60 W of power from a 12d V source et 20.C H
much power will be dissipal6d in th6 resi3tor al 120.C jf connectsd across the
source? Assume th6 temperalure coefficionl of carbon at 20 'C is -O,0OO5 per .C,
A 0 30 ohm
l020ohm
A. 0 0.23 ohm
B-
61.50 W
65.21 W
0 0 03 ohm
c 6234W tratldn 4tr
D.63.16W A hlgh vollage OC tran6mission lin6 deliverc 1000 MW al 500 kV to 6n
{er.Orta load ov6r a dblance of 900 km. Determine lhe voltago at the sending 6nd.
lrroblcln 4rt EE lo.rd Aprlt rgatt EE,Eo.rd Octobcr rt34 Aaauma lhc loop reristanco of th€ lino to b6 1 mO p€r km,
Two (2) 11$V incandesc€nl lamps A and B are conneclod in sedes acro6s
23GV sourco. lf lampA b mt6d 75 watb and lamp B is rated SOwa s, det€rmineth A 610 5 tV
curlent drawn bylhe sedes conneclion. I !06 2 kv
0. 607.7 kV
4.0.52A D. 603.8 kV
B.0.64A
c. 0.48 A
tr.tlin EE lo.rd Aprll lt3t
o.0.57A '16r
ll lr rcquh€d lhat a loeding of 3 kW bc mainlain6d ln e h€eling al€menl at an
lntlal lanpareturo of 20'C, a voltago of 220 V b nao€.3gry for he puryo.e. Afigr tho
Prcb|...lo 4Ct aLmani fu! 3.ttbd down to rloady atato, ll Ir iound lhrl a voLta of 240 voll6 ia
An arc lamp takes 10 A al 50 volts. A resistanco R is to b€ ptace in serios so t!.o...rry to malnlain tho 3 kW loading, Tha olamont reildinca l€np€ralu€
lhat tho lamp may bum correclly from a 110 V suppty. Find lhe power wasted in this
resislor.
o. dcnl l. 0.0008 p.r do9r.o c.itigmd! at 20'C, Caloulato th. tn l l€mp€raluro
ol lh. h.allng.l6m6nl.
A. 800 w'fli A 345.43 'C
B.600watts 4 328.12',C
C.700watts
D. c 33r| 84 'C
900 wstt6 o. 318.48'C
trctLo 4tt taol!.r atr
Conduclor'x" ofs cedain materialand a givon crcss seclion has a resistanc€ of
0.1 ohm p€l met€r and a lomp€rature co6fici6nl of O.OO5 p6r .C. Conduclor ,y" of
r
A 200'W, 11GV lncandaacont lrmp haa flhmonl hay{no biprnlu.r r
@afidcnt of ruBlrllnca aqual lo 0.006 al 0 'C. lf tha nollnal gprr-te ad,l9araturc
anothor maledal and a given cross soclion has a resistance of 0,5 ohms p€r nioter ol tha bulb ii 2600 'C, how mloh cuarlnt rvrll lhr bulb drrw .t lha hda.( i ta lllliod
and e t6mp€ralure coemcient of 0.001 pd 'C. ls desired to make s coil havno a on. Arsume N rcom tcnrparalurc ot 20 'C.
rc5i6lance of 50O ohm6 and a tompe€Ure coeficiont of O OO2 by u3ing suttait.
'l'
longths of thc lwo wires conn€cted in geries. CalqJlato lhe requhed length of wiro A. 29.42 A
8. 18.37 A
1225 m c. 22.31,'
L 1250 m o. 24.214
c. 1240 ln
D. 1210 m
hl-ra.t
Th. po$qr d..*nbtrr*-a--g-alt tOV..d
10 'C. Calcuht! h ll'e G ly t cj .l 1tt V- 0 'C. Ih.
lamparetuE coeilnc,i!.i oli-Fd rO 'C b O.OrOl.
t ,-t!F*

J0 l00l Solred Prcblems in Eled,ical thsr 2 3I

H
c. 183 W c
D. 225 W (.) Nona ol lh6ie
Probleltl 49! trobLd J4r
An eleclric wals healer has a rating of 1 kW.230 V lhe coit used as Ihroc rssistors of 10, 12 and "/ ohms, tespectiv€ly are connected in pardLl
heating elenent is 10 m long and has a resistivity of 1.724 x 1O$ ohm-cm. Detemi .iro.r a constant current source of8 A Determine "x'ifthis resislor draws 2.5A
the required dianeter of lhe Mre in mils?
10 ()
A. 2.43 mils t 12 t)
B. 2.52 mils (l 13 Q
C 3 21 mils t, 11o
D. 1.35 mils
ProblqN! 5or
trobl.E 55t
fwo rosislors A and B made of differenl maleriali have tefiperature coefficignla
When two reslstors A and B are connected in series, the lotal resistance is ol rol6tance at 20 'C of 0.004 and 0.006 respectively. When connected acrola e
ohms. When connected in parallel, the totatrcsistance is I ohms_ What jslhe ratio vollrg6 source al 20 'C, lhey draw cunent equallY What percenlage of th€ lol.l
lhe resislance Rato resislance Rb. Assume Ra < Rb. o rranl al I 00 'C does r€sistor A c€rry?

A 0.5 a7.14%
B. 0.4 s 62 a6%
c. 0.8 c a1 34%
D. 0.6 D 30.86%

Problqn tt: EE lo.rd X.rch r99a tlcDl.a 55t

Ihree resislors of 10, 15 and 20 ohms each are connected in para et. What is Two re6blors A afld B made of different maledals have temperature co€fficiontl
lhe equivalent resislance? ol rcrislance of 0,003 and 0.005, resPctively. When connected in parallel asosa I
volhgs source al 15 'C, consumes equal power, What is the ratio of the pow€l
at
45 ohms drawn by rcsistor B to that in resistor A wh€n lemperatute rises to 60 'C? Assurn!
B. 17-2 ohms aupply vottage is constant.
c. 0.22 ohm
D 4.62 ohms A 0.829
B 0.926
P.oblqn! 5l c o.s@r
The equivalent resisiance of three resistors A, B and C connecled in parallel is 0 0.882
1.714 ohms. lf A is twice of B and C is hatf as muctr as I, find the equivatent
resisiance when lhe three of them are connected in se es. Itroblcln ttr EE Eo.rd Lrsft t9te
Three resistoB of 10, 15 and 20 ohrns each are conflecled in parallel. whal ll
A. 17.5 ohms lhe lolal conductance?
B.21.0ohms
C.24.5ohms 0.217 mho
D. 28-0 ohms B 3.41 mhos
c 4.62 mhos
O 52 mho
Problcn 3! D
Three resislors of 10, 12 and 15 ohms are connected in parallel. Evaluate the
value of curent lo the parattel system thal will make the cufient in the 10 ohm
resislor €qual to 2 A.
 12 . !t)!!,1!!!!!t'tohtens ih Eteuticat En
Plobtcor jAr Test 2 33

,3ij,,-i;1,.;1-$i$:tHiyn$:}"?,.,"ki
jrf::":*:#:q{sfi s
0 llJ ohrn.
0
615.32 W
B. 506.58 W
tttll.l. atr
c. 582.45 W lrln lho ctrcull as shown, determine the rosislance between
terminals a & b.
D 604.38 W

Problqn 59!

:"9nru;'"m":i*"rl""il";git i';iii,:i'""':"Jii:g;U:;:*i",il A
I
I(rcon
t e23 n
A. 8.10 r)
c ,oE30
B. 8.52 rl
t, 2362(l
c. 7.84 n
;Lu.d C4t EE Xro'.rd Octob.r t99?
D. 9.22 rl
A10.ohm and s 2Gohm r€sistanc€ ar6 connected
n.r.r.ncc or s-ohm is cDnnecrod in 6efi6s w h lhe t"". rr r," in paraltet Another
Ptobtqt| 60l votta, what is ths current through th€ 1O_ohm re3i6lanca?
*jprrl"ir""" iJ'ii
A I21 A
,H:"::#t{tlifl iirstrni{{.{#ifi $;ffi :"ji{lxr#trJ a 271A
c a02A
150 ohms
0 672A
B. 100 ohms
c. 200 ohrns
t otl.n| 6tit
A 30 ohm reststor is @nn6cted ln psre €l wilh e variabte
D, 180 ohm! prr.tlot com_brnation is th6n connocted in resistanc€ R. .lh6
rc.o..a l20vsource
s6n€swith a"r,Inl."ii.r"i i"o i_..iii
h..ll.r arr EE lcad Ostotrr roor
Find the minimum veru€ of
lo lho pow6r lak6n by th66-ohm rcslslor
itf" ih; il;;il;;';;;l;'fii,"":

;* ;f,:Hf j:i:ffi "" A 10.35 rl

f ""*:J*;iijttfi"*.xfl{*".,"r,#."J"1:iTfii *t":iil B 12.24A
c 10.21A
a 3t33iilt o 1146(r
C. 1a.i ohm6
D. 2'1.2ohmi Pr.oblco Car EE lc.fit lrlch rrra
r wo r€srgtanca3 of i0 and 15 ohms,
_,
Ihs rwo are then connrded in s6ri€s
sach respoctivoty 616 conn6cted rn pare gl
Pr.ll- ht ff a-.a l-!t &_ icross a 12-V ba ary, rhel are
with a s_ohm reeisianc€. tt le than coi;.e-;Ja
li€ crlrr6nl and ,0116r?

tr "*i"".sf:t*;I ffi trro,ifi :i?j"f: 1.2 A,17.28W

"#*ffi{",:;5'; a
c
096A. t152W
1.00 A 13.1 W
r) 1 5 A. 20.2s w
J
J4 l00l Soltcd Ptoblems in Elechicdl Test 2 Jt
P.obLn| 6t! (;
An 8 ohm resislor is connected in series with a parallel combinatior of lr
resistors, R and 24 ohms. Determine R if the power consumed by the pa
connected resistors js equalto the power consumed by the 8-ohm resistor. tlallar ?rr Ef, ao.rd octoDct t997
A procc.! 6quipm6nl contains 100 gallons of waler at 25 'C. lt i3 rsquired to
10 ohms Llrt0 ll lo bolllng in 10 minules. The heat loss is estimaled to be 5%. what as lhe kW
B. 16 ohms ltll e ol lhr hcalofl
c. 12 ohms
D 20 ohms t:6 kw
I ,!2 kw
Probt€lf 6ar 0 t06kw
A multi'tap resistor R is connecled aqoss a 220-V supply. A voltmeler o t07 iw
intemal resislance is 15-kO is connecled across the cenler tap and one end of
supply terminals. lfthe voltmeter regislors 100 V, what is lhe value of resistor R. itltat. ttr 3E Eo.!d octobc! ltto
A lol.l ot 0.8 kg ofwater at 20 'C as
placed in a l"kw elect c ket e. How long a
5.5 kO l[n. lll mlnulol! nesded lo raise the temperature ofthe water to 100'C?
B. 5.0 ko
c. 6.0 ko 4 a6 filh
D 6.5 kO I 6 32 mln
t: 0Umin
Problclr 6l't l) a 60 mln
A potontial divider of resistance of 50 ohms is connected across a 100 V DC
sourc€, A load resislance of 10 ohms as connected across a tap an the potential tiallitr 74l EE Bo.!d ogtobcr l9glt
divider afld the negative teminal of lhe source. lf a current of 4 A flows towards th6 Ho{r meny calories does an electdc h€at€r ot 10o watls generate per second?
load, what is the curent supplied bythe source?
A l0
5.32 A I ?3 88
B. 5.05A c 1000
c. 5_21 A 0 a2 25
D. 5.48 A
tta$.a 75r EB lo.rd oc@b.. t9t7
Ploblclr 7or lhc clectric snergy roquired to 6ise the temperature of water in a pool is 1000
Two €sistors A and B are connectod in series across a 220 V DC source, Wh6n lwh It lhr hoat loss€s are 25%, the heating energy rsquned will be
a vollm6ter wilh an intemal resistance of 10 kO ohms, is connectod across resistor
A, th6 instrument reads 100 V and $hen connected across resislor B, il reads 80 -.
volls. Find the resislance of resislor A. I 1266 kwh
0 1750 kwh
4ka t) 1333 kwh
B. 3ko
c. 5ko Problqr ?6! EE 8o.rd April l9'r
An olecldc healer carries 12 A at 110 V, is subfieQed in 22.5 lbs of water for 30
D. 6ka
nrlnulss. What will be lhe linal lemp€ralurc of lhe waler if ils initial lemperature ia
36',F?
Ptobldr 7tr EE lo.td &rll 1992
An electric kelde was ma*ed 500 W, 230 V found to take 15 minutes to bring 1
A 135 43'F
kilogram of water at 1 5 "C to boiling point. Delemin€ the heat effciency of the kettte.
lt 125 42'F
(; 133 56'F

B.
79.1%
75.30k
t) 12a 33 'F
36 l00l Soh'ed Prcblens in Elecbical T?-rt 2 37

lrroblqli 7'l EE ao.rd Octotcr r99o I

ln an electric hoater the inlel temperatur€ is '15'C. Water is tlowing st the rate lR
300 grams per minute. The voltmeler measuring voltage adoss the heating ele I
reads 120 volts and an ammeter m6asuring cunent tak6n rceds lO ampercs. 0
sleady slate is linally reached, what islhe finalreading ofthe oultel thermometer?
!
0lR
A. 57.6 "C
B. 68.4'C ttall.ir att
c. 72.4', C lhraa r6sislors of Aohm resistance are connected in della lnside the delta
D. 42.6.C lmlll.l thrac &ohm resistors aae connected in wye Find ils resistance betwe€n any
! ootnorr
Probl.ll ?t! EE lo.rd Octob.s ttgt
Four cubic meters of waler as to b€ healed by m6ans of four 1.5 kW, l 2 ohm.
immersion heating elemenls. Assuming the offciency of lhe h6al6r es I I ohm!
determine lhe time required boiling lhe water ifthe initiat temperature is 2O.C and 0 a ohmr
allfour el€ments are connect€d ifl parallel. 0

B. 63 hrs
C. 69 hrs
D. 66 hls

Ploblcnt 79 EE Bo.rd Octobcr r99r

Four cubic meters of waler is to be heated by means of four 1.5 kW, 230,
imn€r6ion heating elemenls. Assuming the efficiency of the heater as
determine the time required boiling lhe water iflhe initiat temperaturc is 2O"C and
the elemenls are connocled lwo in series in parallelwilh two in series.

A. 275.6 hrs
B. 295.3 hrs
C.252.2hts
D. 264.4 hrs
Probhltl aor EE 8o.rd Aprit t99?
A carcuil consisting ofthree resistors rated: 10 ohms, 15 ohms and 20 ohms 31. B 42. B 53. A 64. B 75. D
connecled jn delta. Whal would be the resislances ofthe equivalent wye 32A43.854.865.D76.4
load? 33C44.A55.B66.C77.C
A. 34C45.D56.867.C78.C
0.30, 0.23 and 0.15 ohm 35. B 46. C 57. A 68. C 79. A qg-5? - Top notcher
B. 3-0, 4.0 and 5.0 ohms 36 B 47. C 58.8 69.8 80. C
C. 3.33, 4.44 and 6.66 ohms 37A48.C59.A70.C81.C
D. 5.77.8.66and 11.55ohms 38. C 49. B 60. C 71. A 82. B
39. B 50. A 61. A 72. O AE-35 - Conditional
Probl.rlt ttr EE Bo.rd Octobcr 1994 40D51.D62.A73.4
The equivalent wye element of3 equal resistors each equallo R and con 41 A52.8 63.8 74.8
in delta is
tt 100) Solved Ptublens in Elect cal SolutiorLt to Test 2 39

Sllutlonrtolts[2 r ;.1'#::*:i:fi'"-"-'"
E=*
,=E-s=-11-1e
I R:t0t)
1.18 I. - ' +lRi
= 0.169o
t :0.2O ooo-4!99*rro.gsr
I

600l - 80,000 + 0.391'

r=&=9=oer
R 10 tr 1538 46+153846= o
v =E-vR =9-6 =3V
R: t00 L.,.lng lh6 quadratic fomula :
I 0_6
.,-1538 461fi538.46r - 4{1X153846) 1538.46 +1323.433
r=5O --- n
,' vR 1.3560 N,,t. Vre negativ€ rigD folminimum curent
R trlo6
l=1.356x10rA I - 1!!!39:.1!39-1!9 = 1s7 513 x
2
lq 1O8A
=1.3562-1.3560 R=lMO
v = 0.0002 v Let R = tolal resistance of the line --------> Ft00A
v. 0 0002 A . d, =(0.45x1000)'?= 202,500 cM
| 1 356x10 "
t= 147.5 A R-"!
Lel: r = internal resistance per cell. n -]9!21?49) = o roz+ o
202,fio
,E E. = VR + lR = 120+ 100(0.1024)
5r+RL Lr-+--
E. = 130.24volts
Substitute condilionsl 1000 t
15=-l Assume iR = equivalent resistance of the circuit
5r+4
Vn = E' -lR
E=7.5r+6-O
v. = 750 -1oo ft0.27+ o.o6x5t
075= l VR =585V
5r+9
E = 3.75r +6.75 +O
v50 I
EquateEq.ltoEq.2: E,,= R, 10
7.5r +6 = 3.75r + 6.75
t = O2r) =E-r:lL=99:!9=eo
 10 l00l Solved Prcblen: in Elecbical

a.=f =f =so
R, - n,f +o a,)
R1 *Rr=
t+od, = 44.48 o
0.0043(55)
'l +
R = Rr - Rr = 55 - 44.48
R - 10.52fi

Ar 20€:
= l4 = 13{ =zoo.,
n.'P60
At1200c:
R, = R1(1+ aa, ) = 2ao !- o.ooo50 20" - 20.)l= 22s n
- E2 12o'
R, 228
P -63.16W

R-
"475
=
Ei = ll![ = 176 333 o
I

rl R- = Ei = l!l![ = ,* ,,,
'Pb50
Rr =R. +Rb = 176.333 + 264.5 = :140.833 O
, E, 230
""&=410'a33
lr'052A

E *.=f=#=u.
n, =f -ff=rro
R-R( -RL = 11'5 = 6O
Pbs=rr'?R=(10)r(6)

R, = Rr ('l +0,^,)+ Ry(1+ arlr)

R, = R,(1+0.00s^r) +Ry(1+ 0.0014,) +O
R, = (R" + RyXl+ 0rar)
R, = (R, + RyXl+0.002^,) +O
 Solutio,te to Test 2 1I

11 +R, . lQg
i, . !00-R, =1p

lqu.[. Eq.I io Eq.2 :

ir(l+0.m64) + Ry(i +o 0ol4) = (Ri +RyXl+0.0o24r)
ir +O,OO6 +R, + 0.00larRy = R" +0 0024rR. + Ry + 0 002d,Ry
'R,
C,O3R, -O.mlR' =0=@

h lubdtlt Eq.3in Eq.4 :

0,00!Rt -0.001(500-R,) - 0
r 0,OaR' '0 6
; ir.126ohme
;' .r. t26n
t' '5;67
Lr . t260m

r.f
"P5 .{=z.zn
.E
' r+R
rl
,.E-n=9-z.z
'| 0.8
r. O,3o

r. (0.001)(2 x 900) - 1.8 o

T t-l.1mox10.6 = 2ooo A
V, 500 x10'
Er . V + k = 500,000+2000(0 18)
E. ' 503 6 kV

R.-:L=:::=18133O
' P, 3000

'''
"^=Ei=4=rn2n
P, 3000
R, - R1[+ o (1, - t1)]
19.2 = 16.133 h + 0.0006 (12 - 2o')l
t2 = 336 84"C
 3.t8 occ . ll
[(.oz - zr)
sooo o+r€o! sr. z 6r
tt D+qru - tu
[(,}-
oom zd -
uzst=TA=-E="8
ome zd
Ueet Sl=-;;= !:='U

Argeoe-13
(8! o)oooz + ooo'ms = rt+ h-'3
v0o0z =
.0!x 009 h
= d.l
^m
u s.! = (006x zX!00 0) -I

UC0=I
80 I
Z/- 9 =U--=r
u+l
I "l
u 11-;9d= -:;- - u
ur oez! = ''l
ui/ut 0 ,_
fi;zr=rU|
gurqo g?t-
I o = 'utoo o
o= ('u-oo9)loo o-'uooo o
:tbf ute blqnuaqns
@=o= ^ulooo-'ucooo
ru'vzoo rU+
o+ 'u'vzoo o* 'a = ^f 'vi,oo o+ ^u + "Urv900 O+ 'U
' ('vzoo o+l)(ru+ 'u) - ('vroo o+ t)ir +('vgoo o +!)'u'
:Z b3ol!'b3 elenbf

G)- 'u - ooe = 'u

009 = ^a+ 'u

It a ,tal o, sltolt vos

a2 1001 Solved tuoblens in Elect ical

E *,=f,=ig=*'
'
1
'T
L=zoo.c
r=-o.oo5

R, _ T+t,
R1 T+tj
*, = *,
ffi *. (r...,.*_ry-) .,.
)
= =
"
,E110
R, 4.93
I =22 31A

E *,=#=#=*'
n,* = n.! + ca,]= ss[r+0.003s3(100 *20j = 72.29o
E?=zz:e
-F,oo=n- 11s'

q* = ieaw

.=f,=ffi=u,nn
n=o!
e!= 1.724x1:0::(0x100)
A= = 32.sg9x1oacm,

e =ra'
1
Ei 4{32.589 x 106) ^ ^^--- lo0omits
6dnx_
la n 2-S4cm
d = 2.52 mils

When aeri€s connecl€d :

Ra +Rb =36+O
When parallol connecled :

El*;='-o
 Solutiotll to T?^tt 2 13

lub.tltut. Eq.I to Eq.2 :

R.(ra-R.)-8(36)
i.'.30R.+288-o

UdnC thc qusdretic fo.mula :

- ae r
'6rlfoxzs8) 36ii2 36-12

Rr.36-12*24o
nrlo - l!21
Rrtlo - 0.5

1111
Rt Rl R2 R3 n, n,t Rr* Rr
ttl1 tqa t 15r,1 200
Rr 1o 15 20
Rr-4615o

1111
R, R. Rb Ro
1111
1714 2Rb Rb 0.5Rb
R! =6O
R. =12o
R"=3o

wh6n connoct€d in series :

Rr=R"+Rb+R.=12+6+3
Rr = 21o

I n=ffi=ffi=uu'n
ByCDT:
, I,R
"=R,+E
,\= | (R, +R)=2(10+6.67)
R 6's7
\ =5A
12 1001 Solvcd Problens in Ele.tical

=4=]l{=*..,
n,'P200
1
-T
T=---1-=2oo.c
0.m5

R, _ T+t,
Rj T+ir
*, = *, (Jf!.u - *
J
u(ffifr) =.'.'
.E110
R, 4.93
l=231A

E *,"=g=g=*''
n,* = n.! + ca,l= ss[r +o.ooseqroo -eo] = zz.ze o
...E2
n.=C- =rrfi 1,1.s2

P,- =ioew

q = E1= 3g!i = sz e.,

P 10m
n =.!
A= !! =
1.724 x 1:0-6(0 x 109)
= 32.s89 x 1o€cm2

'o=Io"
4(32.589r10€) - ^---- 10O0 mits

'=',F= r 2.54crn
d= 2.52 mils

When sedes connected :

R. +Rb = 3s+O
Wh€n paral[6]@nnected :

El*='-o
Fr'
Solutiora to Te$ 2 13

trb llul.Eq.1toEq.2:
i.(16-R.)-q36)
i.'|-36R.+288=o

UtlnC lhr quadrallc formula :

t.- o i .,..6t- a6es8) 36r12 3a-12 _-

2(1) 22
Rr.36-12*24o
rrlo - 11
21
R.tb.0.5
't111
Rr Rr R2 R3
& n,{ Rr{ R,
1111 t00t tsat 200
R, 10 15 20
Rr .4.615O

1111
R, R. Rb R.
1111
't.714 2Rb Rb 0.5Rb
R! =8O
R. = t2o
R. =3O

Wh€n @nnecl€d in s€ri6s :

Rr =R"+Rr+Ro =12+6+3
Rr = 21o

R,R, i3M
n=R,+Rr o
= = o.oz
12+15
By CDT I

,= I,R
" R;;E
. lj (R, +R) 2(10+6.67)
R =-- a-?
"=
\=5A
aa I00l ! ued ptublens in Etect cat
Solutions to Test 2 15
n."ffi=1wa=s.*n I', 2P, +O
ByCOT: lt, t Pt = 2280)O
,''-R,-R
l,R
lirb8tilule Eq.1 in Eq.2 :

l', | 2P, = 22AO

=f-n=!.(!!9 5a5 t'. 760 w
=12() l" 2(760) = 1520 W

At 100.c:
-----"> I, -2.5 A
E-'-
P,= 760 = 13.15 e
-
R. 1991

=Re!+o.ooa(loo 2ot=1.32Rla
l{ _E1=lq=658,,
Pr '1520
= R1b11+ 0.006(1oo - 2o)l= 1.a8R$
,, E' 1oo2
'"' R-- - 1316+6.58
Not<_\hethev.lrawedudr .ur..,rhat20.C. r\en p,!,
r.,= p
|k.. 506.58W
AyCDT
R,.
.r. = L tl.4aRl
-;R;-;R =0,5286rr ll - Pl +P, +P. = 750+250+200
l. P, - 1200 W
= 52-86% of lr
Pr=f?99=ror
' - r't
r.
12O
At 100.c:
1,-Pr=I99=75y
Rr. -R1.(1-oa^r) - Rr! * 0.003(60 - 1st t.135R," r, 10

l"
- nJ
R2b ' Rlb(l * ob^r) - Rrlr , o.oosloo
tstj. r zzsn,o - 120 75 = 45V
4s'
Note, Since they daw equal powe6
ar j5
.C.
rheD Rr= &b_ R ,t, -E;
P, - 25O
o E,
-11. . E': lr, -81cr
P. R,, 1.i3sR
E=F;="t* =on'u x--E1=!{=zoo.,
'P,50
G- =1 n"-E1=194=roon
'Rl ' Py 100
'l l1l N,n. !J thrt th. hmp5 may opeiate prcpefy when connecte,l in se;ie5 too5s a
R, R1 R' R3 ,'(){) V ntuilc, thc votage a*oss each amp must be equalto lOO V. rlus, the

^111 R,l R, NJ
,Arn,rL.acos: thc paralcL bEnch irust bc equalto thc rejijtanc. oFlamp y.
10 15 20 tqal rsn 200
Gr =O.2167mho u -L
aa lql Solwd Pmbf.nt tn Etectricdt Ekoi

1oo. !.egl
R+20()
R+20O=2R
R=200o

E'-#*i.*
R' -678o
toa 80

10a

^,'#**u
-11 o
Rr

R." 1+ 2(3X4)
=
- 2(3) + 3(a) + a(2)
Rn = 1.e23o
t
Solurior,.t to Tert 2 17

nr =ffi+s=rr.ezo
1. -Er=-IL-rrrae
' R, 11.67
EI
By CDT :
48t/
, f, R, 4.113t2O\
"-R,*&= 10-m
1,, ,2
\,2.74 A

s"cor
- r" =]i4l
' 3O+R
trr(6) = r.'(R)

'*--(#ffi)
i (ao + n)'! =
T
900+00R+R'?=1a,oR
Rt -goR+9oo - o

!y quadr.tc fumula :

-"._ln
t Ji6F - a{teoo)
co g0 i 87.08

Tala G) for minimum value ofR:

I - 00-870a
2
i
R.lt.46 n

R,..lgM*5=11o E,
T ' 10+ 15 t2v
r,.f,L-lf =r.oor
Pr. Eil' .l2C.0s)
A .13 08w
lE I00l Solved prcbtens in Etectticat Solutions to Test 2 19

\ote 5rn." power. d%wF are -qua' rhc equralent ..s.<tan.c U.lng lh. quodretlc lormub :
.omb,natron mlsr he eqlalto I ohms:lso

., zr , Jzsi,lttx sool zs*st.za

R"q=8 2(1) 2
26 r 61.23
8=l1L
24 +R
'2
24R = 192 +8R R - 38.12 A
R=12rr
&rbtlllulc R inEq.2:
lj = l, +1, 80 60
120_ 100- 100 t20I/ t00 y '' 50 R 50- 38.12
R/2 R/2 15.000 t, - 5.05 A
240_2OO- 100
R R 15.OOO Urlng lho lirst condition :

40 _ 100
R 15,000 100 1m 120

n=ao1#99=oeoo Ra-1qooo= Ro
1- 100, + 100
R=6ko Rb 10,000(120) 120R.
Er =20 v
by CDT:
_ t.R
i; ="it.";=o
' R+R,
Uring the second condiLon:
r, =
r.(Rf R.) qnJ to)
=
=O ---'>L """"> It
t#=*m.#=u
v = Er
-Vr = Vr -|LRL
V = 100-a(10) =60V substitute Eq.l inEq.2:
,'=#=effi-a r4o
=
so. ^^l t - s)
R, rpoo 6R"
r oooo "'[ r ]
Equale Eq.land Eq.2: 140= 1t 400
4(R+10) _ 60 R" ?50.6R" h =220 v
R sO_R tt mol^
t14o=t*-u*"J*
(R + 10)(50- R) = 15R
l*"
50R,R, +500 1OR = 15R 140 = 0.0'146677R. + 66.6667
R, -25R_500 =o R" = 4999.88 O
R.:5kO
 !! ! AJ!!!!!!!!!!2!!r, i, Et""t,i""t

O = (lOoO g)(4 186 J/g ,C)(

Solutions to Test 2 Sl
1Oo _ 1 5) = 356.810 .t
fir - .J/ orbt 1h 10.22kS
=
,r =l5g!=- 3558r0 2
w"* 5oof;;*]=o?eo6 r, - :zy-
!1r f,1:s-
szy = r.mz"c
\=79.1o/o l] -, r: r lnc(1, tr)
|I ()
. r00s"r,,ffi"ffi,ff_a,are 0(, I, =
570.24
10-.(1)+1.667=5746.C
e(slrot
L-
f'c,::= *.,
X:- il1'.itj:
cl,n = 29842. 105
!T.T[',?']lo.
25) - 283s0 kca, l, - tJ5.43.F
kc€t
{J - n,c^, rO
o = o.24 Pt
(), 0 24pr = 0.24Etr+O

zesrz. t os = o.zap !9lgg l

f1o ,nin Ltriats Eq 1lo Eq.2l
t " tmin J
P-2o7.24kw 0 24Etr = mcA,

o zler=
Q = mcAr f("a,)
Q= (80osX4.lss J/g.CX100
- 20)
= 2679o4 J o zo1'zoy1rel = p9!,-1rL 111g,r l,^ .
\ min 60 sec J s ,c
I ./,-'
,
A 57 6oC
,w2674
'- = -i6o-
E =,ut n*s.c x l,
I= 4.46hjn =!!L
ou sec = ar -!1 = 57.8_15
\ =72.6"C
Note,l atore = 4.j86./
E Note, rle iating ofrh. hearo is rlways the power drawn from rhe
n- Pt loo{1)
E suppty

-- 4Js6 =;.i86
Pd,M = 4(1.5) 6kW
=
Q = 23.98 calories
P*a* = Pon I = 6(0.9) 5 4kW
o =
+O
O = mcdl
o=Pt+o
Wn = 10oo+o.25wn m.rlqg&
Wn = 1333.333kW-hr
'n
=4 l= 4ooo i"
o equate eq.t roeq.Z:
= 0.24Pr =0.24Ett
E Q = 0.24(1 10X12X30
mci! = Pt
min), !9!99 mcA, _ 4000 ks
= szo.zr r""r r- {4.1s6l{IqI).(!g:!qlg
i = 248059.259 sec

J.
32 l00l Solyed Prcblens in Electrical Sol tio8 to Test 2 53

I = 248059.259 x3600thrsec = 68 9h.g e- t0 1o(2ol--lllc,

20
+ '16 +
l:69 hrs
r. Jo(16) .rsso
- lO+16+20
R =; =
tsoo = 35.266 o c- lO l6(?Q-
, 16 +20
= s.eeo

t dre 'atrng ofrne heare. rs rlway,tlr powcr,l.awn 6or the suppli

2 Vlheh two Scaterecncnt. are.on.ected In €
e!. {he'ort,:9.a ros. eacr

2
element wll be equalto l,/2 oFrhetotalvo hse
5,1c. rct spe.l'icq. a*Lhe (he. rLir -onnF.l,ol qoe. no, a4a trc
lr-rR R,

e#iciency o(the heato.

i,-:

Convcn lhe Y resislors lo a :

R^ - 3Ry = 3(6) = 18O

p' - 1!{9I=a5e
18+6
""* =.[+] =.[-q*] =,uoo * =, .** Ry - 4.5+ 4.5 = 9O
P6ftdtu = PdM n = 1.5(0,9) = 1.35 kW
Q = mc^l +O
o=Pt+O ,. R,R, 4.5(9)
"* 'R. -& = 45-,
Rrt =3rt
. =+ ," fl!99-9) = rooo ro
t 1m' ./
EquateEq.l to eq.2:

mc^r _ 4000 kg (4.186 kJ/kg oCX100 -20)'C

t_
P 1.35kW
thi
t =992237.037secx
3600sec
t = 275.6 hrs
 -----------xF-
51 1001 Solved Problens m Electrccl Netvatk Ldvs & thetens SS

1 , i...lr!l lr.ric cvr uate.lby tDultarco!t trbstjt!irons ofthe

',1,,1
, I' rt,r r l,rtrrLrl.rtc.l,A n9 KCLand KVL

lllxwltls lsll flIl0[

lhll lnvolves a set of independent loop curent3 assagned to as many

trncitoF$ uw .r rl oxisl in lhe circuil and lhese curents are employed in connection wilh
itath'r.lhod
lftxot rrln rosislances when the KVL equations ale written
Named afrer the Geman physi;$, cusrav Rob€.t Kirchhotf(1g24- 1887)
,, CunEnt L.w (KCL) - the atgebraic sum ofthe cur.ents al any junction or
of an €lectric circuit is zero.
n/ R)
t Voltags Layv (KVL) - the atgebraic sum of th€ emfs and the resistance
drops in any closed loop of an electdc ciroit is zero.
6^r,
Sign Convenlions for Kirchhoffs Law:

O Currenl towards lhe node, positivecunsnt.

o Cufi€nt away frcm the node, negative curent.
@
g ln a vollage source, ifloop enters on mrnus and goes oul on plus, positive
Cl ln a voltage source, if loop enters on plus and goes out on miirus, negative Itlvl
O ln a resislance, if the loop direclion is the same as the cur€nl direction. ,
''t'A Ei - lA(Rr++ R,) - lBRl = o
n€getlve rrabtance volta06 drop ,. 't'lJ l::- lr(Ri R6) - lAk = O
O ln a resistance, if the loop directioh is opposite to the clrent direction,
reriatance voltage drop_ M.\h.!rent5la and Lua'ee€luated by 5im u ltaneou, 5u brtitutions oFthc
-1 ,.rt ons lotmulate,l6om each oopormerh using KVL

q;lqi q"]rl

s|PtlP0sm0x [oRfii
h r r$lwofk of resistors, the currenl in any resistot is equal to lhe algebraic aum ot
By KCL lha curronts delivered by each independent sources assuming that each source is
tolhr0 alone or independently wilh respect lo lhe olhers.
By KVL :

E1-liRr-lrRr=O
E: - trR.1, lsRs = O
E1- lRj + l,&- Er= O

Ir
56 I00l Solved Prcblens in Electti@l Neteork Ltus & Theorens 57

tottlrou flllo!
lhl. m.lhod, r clrcult wth "n" nodo!, has a solulion with only
lill.llon. nacd.d.

Note, lFa 5ource (eithda cutrentoia voltagesourcc) rs acting alone, ihe other
cureDt sources a'e open circujted whileth€ other voltage sources aie rhod
L

5TEP 1 : lfEr ii acting alon. Connon node

\rr. tl)crc aicthre (n = 3) node5 rn thrs crrcuit, therefore on ly two equitions
.'r. r.al.d toiolvcthr5 PDblem

sTEP 2: lfE, i5 acting alone,

| {l i!rl. b, lr = l! + 15

Nd,lc voltage5 v.and Vbare daluated by sim ultaneous substitutiont oFthe

.quitioni f;'mualtcd using KCL an,l otespondrn!!, currctts flowiDg througb
tr.h rcrstancescan be solvcd.
Note , ltre cunentr ll', l:', L', l1', l:' & 13'arc cqluate,i ushg basic electrc circd(

If,Iwilt$flI0nil
ll a taalalor of R ohms be connected between any lwo terminals of a linear network
ll. ra.ulling steady state current through the resi6lor is the ratio of the potential
allLr.nc. E. (betw€€n lhe two points prior to the conn€ction) and the sum of tho
Yalu.. ol lhe resistance R. (resistance b€tween lh6lwo points) and lhe connect€d
lltla{anco R. Named affer the French telegraph engineer, Chatlea Leon Thevenin
(1667 ' 1926)
St l00l Solled Ptublens in Electical

Thevenin s equivalent circuil:

Example, solve for tr.

sTEP 1 | Open circuit &, and:olve for the voltage acbsr the op.n crrcu(ed t€lminals.

Note, Eo rs computcd uring any rhetbo,l5 (Ktrchhoffs, Ma&e I, Nodal, etc..) of

aDalyziog oetwo* Problcmt.
 Netwotk LNs & 1'heorcns 59

Conprin t (rhort circutall iodcpcndcnt voltage source5 and open clrcuit all
hll.Fn{.nt curcDt tourc.t).

RJ R,
+
h

lahcornputcd
llwn clrcu(.
(on
w
using the basic priDciple5of iindinq thc tota I rcrista nce ofa

u.l thc Thev.nin': equiv?lent ciEuit and solvethe resultiog cunent

t, RO R3

rcnmffilf,t0ltx
l! analogous to Thevenin's theorem except thet instead of lhe open
, lhla theorgm uses the Bhort drcuil te6t and tho 6quivalent circuit is a
Cmllt. Nomed afrer lhe Amedcan engineer, E. L. Norton (1898 - )

aqulv6l€nl circuil:

l"
I
50 lo0l Sobed Pmhlens in ElecEical N.t\|o Laws & Theot.ns 61

ruxl $fltaltr
numbat ol voliag6 aourc€s of arbrtrary geneBled vohage and finhe
iiinoo ddhrcnt trim zero are connecl€d in parallel the resulting voltage
'.'dh__-'_toomutnatton
ia ttre ralio of lhe algebraic sum of lhe currenls that
Siidirioir. v 0.r,""r. shorl circuited to the algobratc sum of the
E, "ten
lIltlolanc.
tQulvll.nl clrcuil

sTEp 1, short crrcuii Rj ?n,1 soh€ tbe sholt .irc! it currcnt that llowstowardsthe

Note l'.,5 computed using?nymethods (Kirchhoffs, Ma"well, Nodal, et..) oF

analyzng octwork poblems

5TtP2, Compute R.

Not., R.6 computed uting the basic principle, of Fnding thetotalresistaDc. ofa
given ciruit.

5TEp 3, CoDstiuctthe Norton's equi!4lent circ! it and rolve For I'

l^,
62 l00l Solved Prcblens in Electlical Enpineehns br R. R

5TEP 1 Drawthe Millman sequN?lentcirco( and solve for Vrb

5TTP2 5olve for lJ. b and l:

stuncr rmrs[0[ttll0I ilHIt0!

Thls method srmplifies lhe numb€r ofmeshes rn lhe nelwork and thus simplilies
the number ofequations needed.

* Voltags source to curentsource

tre Es
Rs

., Cunent source lo voltage source

 It./l,'or[ LaN &Thzon s 63

tblw (or ll

thc rcltagc and cuncnt sourcet to th.lr cqu i€lcnts'

ltmplltthc Ptallel branch andtransform bacl<th' cuiient sourc'to an

qutvrlcnt voltage sourcc
--------> It

llP ! By K\iL (utng thc aivcD looP d irc€tioD ), tt crn thcn bc solv'd

9&-1"(p. p.)- 1"p. -s

'p" "
 61 I 001 Solved Ptubtens in Electrical
Test 3 65

xt ru t0xftfiIr $Ennr0nl
Maximurn power transferred to 6load rss,stor occurs
ontywhen the sad resistor
to the resistance (R.) of the networi ro"t,ng u""k f._-t;"'
1-"j.tu.,_"q*t

Ex?mple Find R iFit 6to absotbe,l maximum pryer.

aL- alr EE Bo.rd Oc3ot r99C

R3- "
A 12 V baflory ol o.os-ohm resFtance and another battery of 12
ta.r.r.nc€ supply power to a 2_ohm resistor. What is lhj curent V and 0.075
lhrough the
Is
llnA
103 A
tf2 A
lt 91 A
solltion: o?enrrcu( rcsistor R, shortcrcqit ail independeDt volhge, 5ource5
aDd
a lI in,lepen,lent .uneDr sou rces. 04r

p'ip.:itn1["str":,fi3"f,ffi:1"}[,s";j;H:x,lr"J?"",ilffi i
Rt RJ R,
A, zrv
.Ro
|
0
2sv
25v
0 3ov

trobls! a5! EE Bocrd At dt 1989

Tho LRT lroll€y syslem 10 mites tond ir fed
by two substalrcns that generate
100 volls and 560 votrs, rospectivety. The ;esistanc€
or lhe lroley wire and rait ler n
tl o 3 ohm per mite tr the car is toiated 4 mite" r.o.
U," OOo*ilr _ -
lrom the line. How much is the cunent supptied
by eactr station? "i"iii"-oi*J)"riii"
^
133.33 A, 66.67 A
No(e, ifrhe @aesuo'rl
"s .Lr.c1, or po*e. drah') by,c!s,o, p 5 to be ro .ed ..e I 123.67 A, ?6.33 A
elhe the\en|n ror \o,lon s thco,em ro.o.ve tre p.ob.em c 1 17 .44 A, 82.56 A
D 125.54A.63.05A

Problqn 36t
Ten cells each ol emf 1.5 volls and inlemal resistance
pamrer and connected to an exremar circuit
of 0,2 ohm are ioined in
i
resisran* o ir,rn!. #r,"iii,i#iiiili
A 0.45 A
8.0.65A
c 0.50A
D 0.48 A
 66 lOAt S.)lr!Lr 1,tu1)k"8 u-Etetunol t hgtneeting TPtl3 67
b R

Problem a7:
Two battedes A and A are connected across each other with lerminats of 'tFtl.m
'-rr 9rl EE Do.rd Octobcr t9a5
r iii i;llr, s tm oistance fiom lhe Tavuman, lakes 100 A over a 100 mm hard
same polarity together. The open ci.cuit emf and internal resistance of 0.270 ohm per km The rail and
js respeclively 24 V and 1.5 O. Oetemine
of each b;i *rrri ,.'l'r- irottev wire having a €sisl;nce km lf the siation vollage is 750 V
the resistance ot a healjng toad conn;i n* *"i"lance df
lii"-rri lrr.,'lliciency 0 06 ohm per
across lhe parallel combinalion of baneies so lhal tne power mnsimeO
in tne t llnl '"i''" " oltransmrssron /
is 100 watts.

B. 422() I
^
c. 4.o2 0 li
0
D. 4.12o-

Problcm 8a: EE f,oard Octobe! rtx)o

,r.u.rn
- '-a 9tr
n connected across two batleries A and B connecled in patallel
The lead storage bafleies'A" and "8" are connected in para et. .A, has fm '" ana inlernal resrstances oflhe banenes are 12 V 2 ohms and
'n"'"iun"e s.rs
open circujt voltage of 12 V and an inlernat resistance of 0.2 ohm. Ba(ery,,B,, h;;
open c'rcuil voltage of .12.2 V and an internat resistance of 0 3 ohm: tf the
i t """rii"i,n
t "lr" . respeclrvely. Deler mrne the ohmic value of R if lhe powet absor bed by R

b€ efles together detivers power to a 0 5 ohm power resistor. Negtecting effecls

i l. / lllit wAlls
temperature how much cLirrent is contibuled bi baflery.A"?
A
29.62 A I l) l)
a. 16.00 A ll ll ()
c. 12.85 A 0
D 25.24 A
tr.tl.D
- ltt EE aoard octob.t t96t
- ,,harqer,
Plobleln 89! A a battery and a load are connected in patallel. The vollage acrcss lhe,
nlrl0r rs i2 6 vons anO the banery has an eml of 12 volls and rnlemal Iesistance of
Three resistors of 2 ohm resistance arc connecled in della. lnside the
2 ohm resisrors a.e connected tn wye. six oatrertes oi neirigi
d( ili i""' r"" load consists of a 2 ohms lesrslor Frnd lhe cLrrtenl through lhe
lTlti ]l'::
inle.nal resistance and ot different emf are inse.b; i"6 .";;;;; U"Y;;;
ammeler. lhe current rn one ot tne defla Dranch was tound oul ro be 3 A. tt (il A
a 4_;h {r
resislance is inserted into that branch, what wi be the new cunent?
t(:r|254
0424
A.2.00A
B. 1.75 A l) o50A
c. 1.50 A
D. 1.25 A ,"obl.D
_ 94! EE lo.rd octobcr lt9a
lead ;l;rage battery is €ted al 12 volls lf lhe internal lesrslance is 0 01 ohm
Problclr 9Or EE Bo.rd Apltt r99" rllntls the maxi;um power lhal can be delivered to the load?
ln Man a, the LRT runs between Grt puyat Statron and layuman Stallon
_ wh.
::_-.^l(Il-?:l_i"9
resrslance ofgo andTlllta,ns
v^ott.ees of 420 votrs and 410 v;rs respecrivery
retum rs 0.05 ohm per km. The lra," d,"; a;;;;i;;i;ijr
i l 3.600 w
or ruo A whrre in motion. whal arc the currents supphed by the two statrons {: / 200 w
train ls al lhe distance of minimum polentiat?
rf
t) 1800w

175 A, 125 A Probrer 95! EE B(|.td Attttl a995

B, 183 A, 117 A a l2o-tiaterv havrnq an inlernal resislance of O 5 ohm is connecled lhrough
n h,(, resrslance of9.5 oh;s io a vanable load r€srslor' What maximum power will
c. 164A,136A
D. 172 4.128 A lh,, ballery delivet to the load resistof
 68 1001 Sotyed pnblens in Etectical
Test 3 69
B. 63 watts
C.630wafts toor EE Bolr'd Aprll t99t
D.360watts lw.lv. .imilar wires each of resistance 2 ohm6 are c.nnecled so
llfid lh€ r6sislance between the two com€ls of the sam6 edge.
P.oblqn 96t
I ll3 (l
I t02 (l
*l,Sgiffi ,,'3;"'j:,
;-ifffi "''":"".#'.T1"rJ T B'f5|",f '*:
;]urfr lTi"jJ,l#j"!T.:"T,:;;X?ll:r1x,:"i::iil;til,,":#itr: M6o
I l0l l)
A. 8.0 rr torr EE Boord Ostobcr l99l
a. 1.5 f,r hrlv. idonticalwircs of resistance 6 ohms each are arrang€d to form lhe edge
c. 2.0 cr I trbr A curent of 40 mA is led into thepotential
cubs at one corner and out at the olher
D. 1.8 () ly opposite comer. Calculate the difference d€veloped between

PlolFln 92, EE Bo.rd l.pdt rrsr 0lo v

0riv
;T';[L",!i{fffl.r.':.ffi :i{irri}$;:3l-".",
ll,?:*:# 022v
02av
A. 230.77 kW tqr EE Bo.rd Augun t97C
8.220.35kW tlnd the value of the voltage V.
c.242.73kW
D. 223.94 kW L 31V
fi 24V
Ploblqr g8r 12 19V 0.10 Lanp
1166V
ffi:1""1""1*3""':'i"i ._iffi,i#,,;.,: 60w
# ?#t?i:r:i,i!l
0.25 ohm. sorve ro, the m",_,,i'i"*iiiitl,i#v,11,:f
ffffJ"yf,i:,9jeli*, 21v
+ t2v
A. 130.20 w
B. 115.52 W
c. 120.21W
D. 142j2W
Probte& t9l EE Bo.rd Aprtl r99r
rots EE lo.rd Aprll t9tt
R.lcrring to the circuit diagram below, if the chaqer voltage is 130 volts and tha
stmjtar wires eech of resislance vollage is 120 volts, solve for the cunent Ib.
uuue. rrno lhe resislan@ between 2 ohms are connected so as
^,.h-rweNe the two diagona y opposile
lo form
cornem -o.215 A
1.45 ohrns 0215A
I B, 1.66 ohms -o 306 A
c. 2.01 ohms 0306A
D 1.28 ohms
Batrery
Chatget
 ]iF
70 l0Al Solw.l Ptoblens in Itlecbict by R. Rolas Jr. Test 3 7l

Problcm ao4r EE Bo.rd August ag1z ll.i loTl

ln the ligure below Rr = 1 ohm, R2: 1 ohm, R3 = 3 ohms, iolv. lor I uslnq Sourc€ llansformalion method
V. Fand Es.

A. 182.41V
0trA
B. 153.32 V
03llA
c. 164.67 V R/ R?
D. 157.22y I Rr
+ 211/

Problern 1o5r EE Bo.rd Ostobcr r9ao, EE Board Apdt r9a4 )-b- roct
ln the dc circuil as shown, the high resislance vottmeter gives a reading - lolvo lor V ustnq Maxwells mesh melhod
+0.435 volt- What is the value oflhe resistance R?

B. 5 ohms
I?V
C. l6v
D.
3 ohms
2 ohms
l4v
t2v

Ptobl.rn 106! EE to.rd Aprll rgto hrDtoo ro9:

Detemine I in the figure- '--rr.i.*in" tt rn the 1-ohm resistor using Norton s theorem
" "un"nt
0.028 A
A
B, 0.010 A 254
c. 0.025 A
I,
0 60A
D- 0.0't4 a 33A
0
 ------.F-
!2 tl!!.!:\:t::!tn*ren.g
n trec
-!u!1ty!!g by R_ggt1,
Ploblcllr ltor Test 3 73
Detemine the curenl

0.8334
in the 1o_ohm resLtor
using Thevenin,s
theorem.
hurnrur
a. 0.667A
c. 0.707 A
D. 3t2
0.508 A

t0!)
t0y I2v

Plobte& lrlt lirttrm rr.lr

Oeleffnin€ Ihe;urent l,otormine lhe vottage V
in the 6,ohm resislor
by Superposition
theorem.
A
B.
c.
4.2 A
4.O A
I0 l2v
l0v
D. 3.8 A 0 t0 v
I2 t'

Probledr u2!
D€termtne the
looking back resislance
belween terminals
a & b.
1lo
B. 9f)
c. 10o
D 12o'

30r
D 90. A 97. A 1O4 C 1.t1. B
c91 A 98 C 105. C aA-3P Topnotcher
A 92. A 99. B 106 D 112.
113
D

c 93. D 100. D 107. A 114 c

D 94. B 101. A 108.
c 95. D 102. A 109. AC l,E-el,- (onditionat
c96 B 103. A 110. B 0- 1,5 - Failed
74 l00l Sobed Problens in Electical
Solutiotts Tat 3 75

Sol&BbTlrH VL = zl40 volt6

, 600 v, 600- 440

Apply KVL on loop'dabed 1.2 1.2
l, = 133.333 A
12-O.O5\ -2\ =0
I = 2a0 aoll +O t" 560
VL _ 560 - 440
' 1.81.8
Apply KVL on loop fcbef r, = 66.667 A
12- 0.075t, 2tL =0 I
l, =i60-26.671 +A lJse Thevenin s lfroolem:
Solve for the looking back resistance acrcss lhe load terminals.
Apply KCL at node'b':
Note opeD circuit R!. 5hort-ciicuit allthelocclls. By in'pection the lookinq back
I +1, =lL +O s equa I to 'l.c egur\a lcnt .esistance of 10 rdenriLqIre.ftols -onn;e,l n
'^n,ar.e
Subslitut€ Eq.1 and Eq.2 in Eq.3:
240-4011 +160 26.67|1 =lL
67.6711 = 400 n^-10
=
1= 93 =o.ozn
10
lr =5.91A
Solv6lhe open circuil vollaqe across lho load lerminals:

\'tre cr
'=#=o Srnce the cejh
t'trdl e .ohbin"r.on, thui
rdentrcal therc s no ctrcrd{rrg cureri in,ouqn the
Eoi. equal rorhe ope.r c,rcu,r.mfofore ceit
Apply KVL on loop'odbacr ./J0r, ,T Eo = 1.5 volts
u-,lE) o I
l3I 'lt)=
l2 ,/
v 0.167rR=0-o U8ing the Thev€nin's equivalent circliitl
J

Substilute Eq-1 To Eq.2:

r, ="|.t=ffi=orsoo ]L

ll :o.sA
v_o j 67fl!q)(R) =o
tRr',
v - 25.05 =0
V 25 volts
= N,,ta:5rncethecellsare identjca, the load cuffent 0r) 5 djvided equally 0/1o)
.r,,,Jr!thetcncel, Refeitotlecjrcuit,{ragianl, conydera loopwith
q = 0.3(4) = 1.2 O , y r')d ihe loa,l "necell
) ie5r5taDce.
f, =0.3(6) = 1.8o
t =4.2O IL
+
UseNodalnode method
ApplyKcLatnode'a: 6oov r s.
L

;(0.2) -
rr (3) = 0 I
lr +1, =lL
r5 3.02tr =0 +
I
rr . 0.4086
600 - vr 560 - vL -^^
1.2 1.8 rr :0 5A
 .F
76 l00l Solved Prcblens in Electticol
Solutions Test 3 77

Use Thevenin's lheorem: U.. Nod.lnod. mclhod:

Solve lor looking back resistance across the load lerminals: Itdy KcL .l nodo 6
lr'|ts-lr
Note Open.,rcL i P . )Lror-.0, d i'lae lwo I dre.ies. B/ r..p+ro.'F. l
lrn vr ,122 V1 _ Vr
ba.k rerstan.e F equalto the equ valent rcti(ance oftwo rdentical re5ittois 0.3 0.5
0,
It llv, ' 10 66 3.33V1 = 2Vl 1

r 15 l0 vl - 103 88
"22 Vr . l0 03 volle
. t2 6 V,
tt'oz'T 126-10.03
Solve the open circuil voltago;crcss the oulput.
lr '12 E6A
Note, Since the batteies are identi.al, tltre j5 Do circulating cuft.nt i'r the
for the two batteres, thu, the open circuit voltage is equal to ile open ci
Uta lhavcnin'3 lheorem.
voltage oF.a.h battery.
0t n ckcull RL and solve for Ro

Ea =24v 2+R
is-R,,
a=l-54 . rt:l 59 -!-O
Using th6Thevenin s equivalent circuit:
r,- l.;o
'.-**;=;#"=o,,,
+O IL'RL
PL = aUldllul. R"in Eq.li

Substitule Eq.1 to Eq.2:

sr-2'213*ut-zo
',*={ 'o I'n,'
\0.75+RL, Thov6nan' s equation :
Udng
57ffit
ro 75*R, )t =
100 i-n"rh,
0.5625+1.5R1 +Rr' = 5.76Rr
R.'?-4.26R. + 0.s625 = o
lli, -2o
U6ing the quadratc fomula: lr-t' 1no *n.1= 312121
lu - tZ votts
-' +.20.,,{+:of -otrxosozsl
211)
4.26 r3.9A7
2
RL(.) =412o
I a l) r€sislor is insert€d
a

i -2r4=6O
Rrl-) =0.136o Eo 12
Ir -
R"tq- 2+6
ll -15A
7t l00l Solved Ptoblens in Elecoical Solutions ?est 3 79

t,=005x i-027(6)-1.36n
r, = 0.05(4 x) h.0.0.06(6)-03o
Apply KCL on node 'b':
lr +1, = 300
11 = 300 - l, +(D
tlo -loor, =o
loorr -E,
tlo..loq1.35)-E, -1oo(0 3) = o

Let VL = voltage across th; tain l' . 6tl v

Apply KVL on loop dabed':
420-11(0.0sx)-VL =0
vL = a20- l(0.05x) +O
n'l'fl'*=#"*
i. tltt
t!!-
Apply KVL on loop fcbef:
alo - lr(0.05)(a - x) vL =0
l||. llodrl nod. method:
nodo '4.
'
Arrly KcL d
V! = 4t0- lr(0.2- 0.o5x) =)O
l. rlr - ll
SubslMe Eq.1 in Eq.2: u. v 8-V. ,
V! = 420 - (3cro - 1, X0.05x) 2l
Vr = 420 - 15x + 0.05x1, +O a-0.0v1 8-vr =ll
+

| .11- l.5v! +lD

Lqualo Eq.3 to Eq.4:
11O-0.22 +O.05x12 = 420 - t5x + 0.05x1,

, 410 -420 + 15x

,,-
02
l, =75x-50
t.ft-1F=o
lqud. Eq.1 lo Eq 2:
Subsiilute in Eq.4:12
7 656
VL = 420-15x + 0.05x(75x
-50) la 1.5v1 =-
Vr =420-15x+3.75x'z -2.5x
vt 420 17.5x+ 3.75x2
llvr 1.5v.' = 7.656
=
v,'s::v,*s.to+=o
!L=6-175*75'
Ulng lhe quad.alic fomula
0=7.5x-17.5
x = 2.333 u''I -'33,Jtg.33))o;- = z
-4(1)(5.104) 9.33:8.162

l, = 75x-50 = 75(2.333)-50
V.(')=875volts
lz=125p'
t1 = 300,t' = 300 125
V| =o 584voltg

11 =1754
t0 l00l Solv.d Ptoble^ in F.le.bical $lutit' Te 3 EI

Substitute VL = 8.75 in Eq.2 fl"l, l!t ,,l.lrr.t!n) Pow.r transfcr' lor,l rcs rtancc mu5t be cqu vrLcnt t" th'
l,i,l ,!tl.r, !,.nd.rD.. meilre.l ri the Lo!,]terDinalt
1,
" =Z!!9=e6754
8.75
Oll.n clrcuil Ry and solve lh€ looking back resislance across its terminels
n=!'-='875
rL 0.875
2(8)
n,,
2'8 ".^
p r,-13r=e.zse
llr -Ro - 1.5 O
&
,-29
Apply KVL on loop abcdefa':
12.5-tb?)-12 0
i r20v
= R:20
ls = 0.25A
I2I/ to th.
N'(r 1,, n)itimom Power van56r, load rc5istance must be equN€lent
Apply KCL at node'b: h'lrnt h.rc[ rotstance measu'cd at the load teiminaG
lc = lr +lb = 6.25+0 25
L = 6.5 A
r,-., -z[ffi'zsoot)
Note, Fofmarrmum powei tranrFer, loa,l resistance must be
Eoi€lenttoth€
looLing back rctrtance mearurcd atthe loadteminals. ln thrs problem, tu = r
-039(l I
IL
Ir
E. 600 E"= 600 v R1
RL =Ro =r=00'lo I,
t:0.011) Rh* +Rr 0.39+ 0.39
Using Thev6fl in's equation: t - 760.23
rR,
A
r. =uft.=ffi"=ooon a - t, = (769.23)'(0.39)

12v ft .230 77 kW
PL =r!'?Rr = (600)r(0.01)
Pr = 3600walts Nrrt. l(r'naximump ertransFer,load rcsittance must be equie lcnt to thc
Lr,Liir,I'i.k rcsistance measured atthe loa,l teminals
Note, For maximum pola$tianjF.r, Joad rcsittance D{]5t be equivalentiothc
looking back rcristarce mcasurcd at the load tem in.ls tn th rs problem. Rr = r Otan ckcuit Ry and solve lhe looking back rssistance acloss its terminalg.

R,,-=9.50
RL =Ro = r +Rlr =05+9.5=10O
r=0.5n
Using Thevenin's equalion: RL=fu
.t E. 12O
+R, = 10+10 =oA
=
Rn
120
Pr =rr?Rr = (6),(10)
Pr = 380 watts

ir -o-' = !?1]!!l
0-25+1.25
= o zoa o
E2 1001 Solyed Prcbtens ih Etectricat Solutions Test 3 83

n.=ozs'fffffi-orzeo :q 1 ln Eq.2
rl) \ -0
r,=-;=oi;.28.044 rl t, -0

tfiI
By CDT:
, l, (1.25) 28.O4t1 25\ lor tha vollagc 6cros6 branch 'ab:
'L
=
i25E = -E i2os = 21 04 A .t -['-z(1)1"=f n-6
a,ra
P, - t.zRL - (24.0a),(0.208)
Pt =12O21W lor th. tot.l curr€nt:

Noie,.ln,l€pendcnt.of.be cn-u rt .on n.d roD. rhe toial powe..l,awD

equal lo the sum o{ th. powe6 td!f,D b
by
eaLh rcr;stqnce.
a t.rR, '.O
Lel: R = resistance of eadt leai3ld gq 4 to Eq.3:

R = Pr +P2 +P3 +........+p1,

!
12

,,R, =6(*)'R.6(*)'R t-
tt2
rn, =f(,n).${,n) I
l^ .112'
,2,
R. =:R +:R
93A I
!
6
.! 167 Q
R. =9R=!(a
86 /or
lda {. thc P oblen #99 ro, 'l e'o'-)ur. 'o <o've P

Rr = 1.66 o
I I R . roalltence ot each resistor
3
Lel: R = resistance of each rosistor
@ .6a - 9ror=sn
Apply KVL on toop ,abcda': r1
68
(r- ztj)R - tlR - (1 _ t')R - trR 0
=
l,.t,Ri.(4Ox10'Xs)

d
lR 2llR - 2lrR -trR + t,R =0 , II lr - o.2o v
r-Srr+ru =o -1, O,K J
l, = 511 +l=O
y' ,l
/,1
4atL
I
I-2r l *-t, ita
Apply KVL on toop ,efghe': 60w
(, l,)R irR 2trR t,R=o t
I
t
lrR r,R t,R 2t,R t,R = 0
'tn1". +
_lj,.,.
r2v

st2 \ = 0-@
I._,
21V
\) ,l"'+r''
E4 I 00 I SobeA Problens in Elect.itul Snlutions Test 3 Es

SoMng for the resistanc€ of the lamp:

r,.f -$-...'o
R, =:.L=\:L=21c +
'Pl 80
Arply KCL rt nod.'b'l
,t ta lo
I
{ f"
Ir-24
UBo Nodal node malhod:
Apply KCL on node'e':
l,.l' +h - 2+ a0.67 +
+
v 30
tr - a2.67 A Es
ll =1, +13 +l.i - 120v
24,V V -12 V V Atply KVL on loop dabed':
1 0.1 4 21. a. - 12.g7ll) -2(1, - 12O = 0
24- V = 10V -120 + 0.25V +0.4'l6V
11.666V = 144
lr .164 87 volts
V ='l2.34volts thc voltmet€r has a very L'igh rc5itta nce .omP?red to the resistanc's
in
Ndt., 5iDcc
it'. tt'" -"*t no* tow.rds th; voltmeter is negligible
"r'*'t.
12
'' 20+R
I I
I30v '| 1o+50
'---lL=o2A ch
t2y
Apgly KVL on looP 'cdabc':
O 435 + l,R -lr(10) = 0

Use Nodalnode melhod:

Apply KCL at node'a': ocu.(jfo)n-to,x'or=o
130 - VL 120-VL Vi -1?L
20+R
= t.ses
3240 12R=31.3+1.565R
a3.333-0.333V! +60 0.5Vr = 0.025V!
10.435R = 31 3
0.858Vr = 103.333
R-3()
VL = 120.43 volts

|'r- 120 12O 43 L,so Thevenin's theorem

2- 5o-fl resrstor and solve tle
lb = -0.215 A Not. Shoit circuit the 12-V suPPly' oPcn crrcuit the
,)(.l{ln9 baak resirtancc ofthe.rr.uit at thesat€minah
Notc: Tte negativ. sign denotes only that the actual curcnt is oppo5jte
given dircctron (charging the batt€ry).

Apply KVL on loop ebcfe:

120+r;Rr-V=0
12o +211)-v =0
V =122volts
86 I00l Sol'ed Ptuhlens ib Electti.al
Solt uuns Te 3 87

FlmIllly lh€ parall€l

R^ = !!{M* lq9qr
" 20+40 10+30
Ro = 20.833 O
,.
'' '16\ -zqa
- 4rB
Solve forthe open circuit voltage:
- fa) '' 0"
',
r.= 12 =o.ze
12 200 f rrllrlorm lh6 currenl sources lo their equivalent vollage sources:
' =10+30 =ogl
t" 10n
l2v -+ t,-0(2.4)=14.4v
Apply KVL on loop'dcbad': l, - 10(1.6)= 16V
Eo +r,00)- tr(20) = 0 10n 300
Eo = 0.2(20) 0.3(0)
Eo = l volt !0 ll1 6+1+24)-1a4=0
ln 5 0
Ljsing the Thevenin s equivalent circuit: l'032A
Ro +Rr 20.833+50
R..draw the circuil:
l=0.014A

Transform the voltage sources lolheir equivalenl current sources.

Apply KVL on loop dabcd'i

(l^ ls)2 lB(8)- (lB + lc)2 = 0
N,n. lA = 6/4r lc = 34

Sub6litute:
(8 ls )2- 8lB (B + 3)2 =0
12 2ts 8ls-2lB-6=o
lr.0.5A

v rB(8) = 0,5(8)
It I 00 I Solyed Prcblens in Etectricat Solutions Test 3 89
Open-circuit lhe 1-ohm r6sistor and solve th6 looking back .esistance
circlil al these terminals. 9p.fi olroull lhc lo-ohm rosistance and solvo the op€n circuit vollage atthese
Irn nal.

50

o n, (l) toa vt

t0r

Note, T1'e cu[ent source i5 open€d wbilethe voltage soorces aie short_ci
Afrt KVL uBino the loop as shown :

By insp€ction, Ro = 4C) v (0lv,x5)-10 =0

vr 0 6vr 10=0
Shorl-circuil th€ 1-ohm resistor and solve the shorl circuil cur€nt
that Vr - 20 vottr
to lhis branch. lr-Vr _20volls

ahorl clrcult lho lo-ohm resistor and solve the short circuit cunenl

i
r'
t)a "l l1_
h=0
I
IL

Norton k equival ent c itcu it

Apply KCL at node 'a':
Th ev enin's equ iY ol e ht c it cu t

Nol. lh. volt.ge-controled.urrcnt source a' sho,n will delivei zeto cu*ent
-2O-12
^_t
Alply KvL using lhe loop as shown:
t , the Nonon's equivatent circuit: l0 l.(o+ 5) = o
t*Ro l2)t4,
,''-R"*&=4; lr'tl
r- - E-q=?9=zoo
l! =164

Ua. lho Thevenin's equivalenl circuit:

'|r. - R"El=-?L=6667n
+R' 20+10
90 1001 Solyed Prcblens tn Elec|ical Sol rio6 Test 3 9I
Notc: When a so!r.€
opefating alone, the other c! reDt Fdrces mun bc
D 0llrlr rtrcull lho 2-ohm resistsnco and solve lhe open circuit voltage across
while the oth€r voltage sou rces must be shod-circuited.
------->I -----> I =0
Lel, the vollage source lo opersle alone:

+ 6t)
tatv,
+
6r/
N.il. ! r!c tciminah 'ab' E oPcD-cir.uited (l = o), the current controlled curent
|.rn,. wrl,lclver sro cuifent (equi!4lenttoan oPen circuit)

6+v1-t(6)+3V=0 lf ln.p6clion, Eo = 30 V
6+4V, =61',+O
llrorl clrcuil the 2-ohm resistance and solve lhe shorl circuit current

V =I(1)=r+A ApDly KcL at node 'x: """'> 1' x -"'t'l = I.

l,-lr0.6l
Substitule Eq.2 in Eq.1:
6+4(l')=d' l| - 1 .8r

l=9=se -to6v, -., arv.

-l 4J J

2
t 02v, =0.4vr
Lel, the currenl souce to operal€ alone: V, - l0 volts
Apply KCL at node'a': r, -r !:=f =zsr
3 = 11+ f'

..-i:=#
3 = 1.667V
1,, - 12 {}

1=1!-=1[9)=12a U16 Nodalnode method:

66
l= l'+ l"= 3 + 1.2
t=42A
Notei since the drection of cureots for botb I' an,l
rcsultant cu"ent that will 6ow i,r the 6-ohm r6irtance,
5!r, ofthetwo cunentyeipectively.
92 1001 Solrc.l Ptablens ib Ele.biul R.R

Apply KCL at node 'a :

6 = l+ li

6= % r
24
k3:13
6 = 0.5V. +0.25% + 0.51- 3

n=orru *ool]'l
" \2 )
I = 0.75V, +0.25V.
Bsuw
G0u10

tlrrl l.yv ol €l.cttGt tic6: Like chaQes repoleach othet and unlike
t=:a=:=45A a[r!.. rllract sach othet.
22 The lorce of altracion or repulslon between
aaoonrl l.w ot olocuostatlca:
lJse Nodal node methodl ir]u.r 'i.jrocily proporlionalto lhe prcducl of lwolhem
charges and inversely
Fq';'t 'trlto lh€ square ofthe distance b€tween

I2V
rJ, (lr r charge in each tody (coulomb)
l" -.I,lolule P€rmitlivity
- LE54 x '10 t'zfarad psr meter
l, - rolalrvo pemittivity or dielectric constant
- t(ono), for free space
Apply KCL al node 'a' rl - (lritdnc€ between the lwo bodies (meleo
l+4=li+41 l- Sl unils equalloI r10r
",slantn
4=11+31
b'',.rr,,', ".1)"e. O =.hr -ou omb. d ".entmete .n,l
r=Y*"ftz-v'1 ri.r,,,l {, I, n a I coulombofcharqe
4=0.25V+9-0.75V
0.5v = 5 tr[CIf,OSTING NIttI I
V = 10 volls potlntlal-the electdc potential resulting from the location ofcharged
lo

V - .ln(lrostalic potential (volt) at a distance ofd (meter) from a charce

l!rly ol charue Q (coulomb)