MITED

Lec. 8
Second stage
Anatomy and Physiology
(Nervous tissue)

MSc. SAMAR M. SHAKIR

‫‪MITED‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺖ‬
‫‪Lec. 8‬‬
‫ﻟﻴﻚ‪8 .‬‬
‫‪Second stage‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Anatomy and Physiology‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻭﻋﻠﻢ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬
‫)‪(Nervous tissue‬‬
‫)ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ(‬
‫‪MSc. SAMAR M. SHAKIR‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﻴﺮ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻒ ﻡ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﻛﺮ‬
Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissue is the term for groups of organized cells in the nervous system,
which is the organ system that controls the body’s movements, sends and carries
signals to and from the different parts of the body, and has a role in controlling bodily
functions such as digestion. Nervous tissue is grouped into two main categories:
neurons and neuroglia. Neurons, or nerves, transmit electrical impulses, while
neuroglia do not; neuroglia have many other functions including supporting and
protecting neurons.
Function of Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissue makes up the nervous system. The nervous system is subdivided in
several overlapping ways.
The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord, which
coordinates information from all areas of the body and sends nerve impulses that
control all bodily movements.
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of peripheral nerves that branch all
throughout the body. It connects the CNS to the rest of the body and is directly
responsible for controlling movements of specific parts of the body; for example,
just before arm movement the CNS sends nerve impulses to the PNS nerves in the
arm, which causes the arm to move.

Another subdivision of the nervous system is into the sympathetic nervous system
(SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS). The SNS activates in
order to stimulate a fight-or-flight response in an organism when that organism
encounters a threat and must decide whether to fight or flee from it. The nerves of
the SNS have diverse effects on different parts of the body. Activation of the SNS
causes the pupils of the eyes to dilate, inhibits digestion, increases sweat secretion,
and increases the heart rate. Conversely, the PSNS is activated during moments of
Nervous Tissue
‫ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬
Nervous tissue is the term for groups of organized cells in the nervous system,
، ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ‬
which is the organ system that controls the body’s movements, sends and carries
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻭﻳﺮﺳﻠﻪ ﻭﻳﺤﻤﻠﻪ‬
signalstoandfromthe differentpartsof thebody, andhasa role incontrollingbodily
‫ ﻭﻟﻪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬، ‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬
functions such as digestion. Nervous tissue is grouped into two main categories:
:‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺌﺘﻴﻦ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺘﻴﻦ‬.‫ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻢ‬
neurons and neuroglia. Neurons, or nerves, transmit electrical impulses, while
‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ‬، ‫ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬، ‫ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ‬، ‫ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬
neuroglia do not; neuroglia have many other functions including supporting and
‫ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻻ‬
protecting neurons.
.‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬
Function of Nervous Tissue
‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬
Nervous tissue makes up the nervous system. The nervous system is subdivided in
‫ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ‬.‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ‬
several overlapping ways.
.‫ﻋﺪﺓ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ‬
The central nervous system(CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord, which
‫ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ‬، ‫( ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‬CNS) ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ‬
coordinates information from all areas of the body and sends nerve impulses that
‫ﻳﻨﺴﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻭﻳﺮﺳﻞ ﻧﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
control all bodily movements.
.‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺪﻳﺔ‬
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of peripheral nerves that branch all
‫( ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ‬PNS) ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬
throughout the body. It connects the CNS to the rest of the body and is directly
‫ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺑﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬.‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺪ‬
responsible for controlling movements of specific parts of the body; for example,
،‫ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ؛ ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‬
just before arm movement the CNS sends nerve impulses to the PNS nerves in the
‫ ﻳﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻧﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻓﻲ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﻉ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ‬
arm, which causes the arm to move.
.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﻉ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﻉ‬
Another subdivision of the nervous system is into the sympathetic nervous system
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺩﻱ‬
(SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS). The SNS activates in
 (SNS) ‫( ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺒﺘﺎﻭﻱ‬PSNS). ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ‬SNS ‫ﺑﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ‬
order to stimulate a fight-or-flight response in an organism when that organism
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﺋﻦ ﺣﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻲ‬
encounters a threat and must decide whether to fight or flee from it. The nerves of
‫ ﺃﻋﺼﺎﺏ‬.‫ﻳﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﻭﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺮﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻨﻪ‬
the SNS have diverse effects on different parts of the body. Activation of the SNS
SNS ‫ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ‬.‫ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬SNS
causes the pupils of the eyes to dilate, inhibits digestion, increases sweat secretion,
، ‫ ﻭﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ‬، ‫ ﻭﻳﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻢ‬، ‫ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﺣﺪﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻦ‬
and increases the heart rate. Conversely, the PSNS is activated during moments of
‫ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻟﺤﻈﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ‬PSNS ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ‬، ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‬.‫ﻭﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺿﺮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬
“rest and digest”, when an organism is not facing an immediate threat. Nerves of the
PSNS work to stimulate activities that can occur at rest such as digestion, waste
excretion, , and they also decrease the heart rate.

The enteric nervous system (ENS) controls the gastrointestinal tract (digestive
tract). This division of the nervous system, along with the SNS and PSNS, are
collectively referred to as the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS
regulates activities that are performed unconsciously; we don’t have to think about
digesting food for it to
occur, for example. By contrast, the somatic nervous system (SoNS) controls
voluntary body movements. It is made up of afferent and efferent nerves that send
signals to and from the CNS, causing voluntary muscle contraction to occur.
“rest and digest”, when an organism is not facing an immediate threat. Nerves of the
‫ ﺃﻋﺼﺎﺏ‬.‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻲ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺍ‬، "‫"ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻀﻢ‬
PSNS work to stimulate activities that can occur at rest such as digestion, waste
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻔﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ‬PSNS ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬
excretion, , and they also decrease the heart rate.
.‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺿﺮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬
The enteric nervous system (ENS) controls the gastrointestinal tract (digestive
‫( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ‬ENS) ‫ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻮﻱ‬
tract). This division of the nervous system, along with the SNS and PSNS, are
‫ ﻫﻮ‬، PSNS ‫ ﻭ‬SNS ‫ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬، ‫ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ‬.(‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﻚ‬
collectively referred to as the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS
ANS). ANS) ‫ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻼﺇﺭﺍﺩﻱ‬
regulates activities that are performed unconsciously; we don’t have to think about
‫ﻳﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﻋﻲ ؛ ﻻ ﺩﺍﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ‬
digesting food for it to
‫ﻫﻀﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
occur, for example. By contrast, the somatic nervous system (SoNS) controls
(SoNS) ‫ ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺪﻱ‬، ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‬.‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬، ‫ﺗﺤﺪﺙ‬
voluntary body movements. It is made up of afferent and efferent nerves that send
‫ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﺻﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬.‫ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﻳﺔ‬
signals to and from the CNS, causing voluntary muscle contraction to occur.
.‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻘﻠﺺ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﻀﻼﺕ‬، ‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ‬
Types of Nervous Tissue
Neurons
Neurons are cells that can transmit signals called nerve impulses, or action
potentials. An action potential is a quick rise and fall in the electrical membrane
potential of the neuron, which transmits signals from one neuron to the next. These
are the different types of neurons:
Sensory, or afferent neurons, relay information from the PNS to the CNS; different
types of sensory neurons can detect temperature, pressure, and light.
Motor, or efferent neurons, send signals from the CNS to the PNS; these signals
provide information to sensory neurons to “tell” them what to do (e.g., initiate
muscle movement).
Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons to the brain and spinal cord; they
act as connectors to form neural circuits and are involved with reflex actions and
higher brain functions like decision-making.
Neuroglia
Neuroglia, or glial cells, are cells that support neurons, supply them with nutrients,
and get rid of dead cells and pathogens such as bacteria. They also form insulation
between neurons so that electrical signals do not get
crossed, and can also aid the formation of synaptic connections between neurons.
There are several types of neuroglia:
Astroglial cells, also called astrocytes, are star-shaped cells found in the brain and
spinal cord. They provide nutrients to neurons, maintain ion balance, and remove
unneeded excess neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft.
Ependymal cells are also found in the CNS. There are two types of ependymal
cells. Non-ciliated ependymal cells form cerebrospinal fluid, while ciliated
Types of Nervous Tissue
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬
Neurons
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬
Neurons are cells that can transmit signals called nerve impulses, or action
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
potentials. An action potential is a quick rise and fall in the electrical membrane
‫ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺻﻌﻮﺩ ﻭﻫﺒﻮﻁ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ‬.‫ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
potential of the neuron, which transmits signals from one neuron to the next. These
‫ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ‬.‫ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬، ‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻮﻥ‬
are the different types of neurons:
:‫ﻫﻲ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬
Sensory, or afferent neurons, relay information from the PNS to the CNS; different
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ؛ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬
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types of sensory neurons can detect temperature, pressure, and light.
.‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ‬
Motor, or efferent neurons, send signals from the CNS to the PNS; these signals
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻲ ؛ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬
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provide information to sensory neurons to “tell” them what to do (e.g., initiate
‫ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ‬، ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﺔ "ﻹﺧﺒﺎﺭﻫﻢ" ﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬
muscle movement).
.(‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ‬
Interneurons connect sensoryand motor neurons to the brain and spinal cord; they
‫ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ؛ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ‬
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act as connectors to form neural circuits and are involved with reflex actions and
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﻮﺻﻼﺕ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭ‬
higher brain functions like decision-making.
.‫ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬
Neuroglia
‫ﻧﻴﻮﺭﻭﺟﻠﻴﺎ‬
Neuroglia, or glial cells, are cells that support neurons, supply them with nutrients,
، ‫ ﻭﺗﺰﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻐﺬﻳﺎﺕ‬، ‫ ﻫﻲ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬، ‫ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻘﻴﺔ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬
and get rid of dead cells and pathogens such as bacteria. They also form insulation
‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ‬.‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺘﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬
between neurons so that electrical signals do not get
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻻ ﺗﺤﺼﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
crossed, and can also aid the formation of synaptic connections between neurons.
.‫ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻜﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬، ‫ﻋﺒﺮﺕ‬
There are several types of neuroglia:
:‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬
Astroglial cells, also called astrocytes, are star-shaped cells found in the brain and
‫ ﻫﻲ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﺠﻤﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﻭ‬، ‫ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴﺔ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴﺔ‬
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spinal cord. They provide nutrients to neurons, maintain ion balance, and remove
‫ ﻭﺗﺰﻳﻠﻬﺎ‬، ‫ ﻭﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬، ‫ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‬
unneeded excess neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft.
.‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺒﻜﻲ‬
Ependymal cells are also found in the CNS. There are two types of ependymal
‫ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬.‫ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ‬
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cells. Non-ciliated ependymal cells form cerebrospinal fluid, while ciliated
‫ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻬﺪﺑﺔ‬، ‫ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻋﻲ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬
ependymal cells help the cerebrospinal fluid circulate. Cerebrospinal fluid cushions
the brain and spinal cord.
Oligodendrocytes are found in the CNS and provide physical support to neurons.
They form a myelin sheath around some neurons in the CNS. The myelin sheath is
a fatty substance wrapped around the axons of some neurons; it provides electrical
insulation.
Schwann cells also form myelin sheaths around some neurons, but they are only
found in the PNS. Neurons that are myelinated can conduct electrical impulses faster
than non-myelinated neurons.
Microglial cells, or microglia, are small macrophage cells in the CNS that protect
against disease by engulfing pathogens through phagocytosis (“cell eating”). They
can also destroy infected neurons and promote the regrowth of neurons. All of the
other types of neuroglia above are larger and collectively called macroglia.
ependymal cells help the cerebrospinal fluid circulate. Cerebrospinal fluid cushions
‫ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻋﻲ‬.‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻏﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬
the brain and spinal cord.
.‫ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﻲ‬
Oligodendrocytes are found in the CNS and provide physical support to neurons.
.‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬Oligodendrocytes ‫ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
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They form a myelin sheath around some neurons in the CNS. The myelin sheath is
‫ ﻏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻳﻠﻴﻦ ﻫﻮ‬.‫ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻳﻠﻴﻦ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ‬
a fatty substance wrapped around the axons of some neurons; it provides electrical
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻠﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ؛ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ‬
insulation.
.‫ﻋﺎﺯﻟﺔ‬
Schwann cells also form myelin sheaths around some neurons, but they are only
‫ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ‬، ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺷﻮﺍﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻏﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻳﻠﻴﻦ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬
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found in the PNS. Neurons that are myelinated can conduct electrical impulses faster
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺮﻉ‬.PNS ‫ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
than non-myelinated neurons.
.‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
Microglial cells, or microglia, are small macrophage cells in the CNS that protect
‫ ﻫﻲ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﻠﻌﻢ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻬﺎ‬، ‫ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬، ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬
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against disease by engulfing pathogens through phagocytosis (“cell eating”). They
‫ ﺃﻧﻬﻢ‬.("‫ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﻉ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻌﻤﺔ )"ﺃﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬
can also destroy infected neurons and promote the regrowth of neurons. All of the
‫ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝ‬.‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺪﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﻳﻌﺰﺯ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬
other types of neuroglia above are larger and collectively called macroglia.
.macroglia ‫ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺣﺠﻤﺎ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺔ‬