No wonder that one of the latest means of travelling is travelling by plane.

It combines
both comfort and speed. However if you are airsick the flight may seem not so nice to you.
Unfortunately sometimes the flights are delayed because of unfavourable weather conditions,
and one more inconvenience is jet-lag.
Purchasing airline tickets has been greatly simplified by the widespread use of online reservation
services. Oftentimes, advance booking will ensure that you will get to choose from a variety of
routes and the most affordable fares. Moreover, booking in advance can provide you with some
discount.
Getting to the Airport
Most airlines and the TSA recommend arriving at the airport at least two hours before the
scheduled departure of a domestic flight; get there three hours early if you're flying
internationally. That gives you time to check in and collect your boarding pass, check any
baggage through, go through the security screening checkpoint and be at the departure gate when
your flight starts boarding about half an hour before its scheduled departure time. The airlines
impose their own hard caps on when they'll stop accepting check-ins – usually 30 to 60 minutes
before departure, depending on your itinerary. They usually stop accepting checked bags 45 or
60 minutes before departure.
At the Security Checkpoint
You'll need to show your ID when you check in for your flight, and then show your ID and
boarding pass at the TSA security checkpoint. Once you're past the initial screener, you'll put all
your carry-on luggage, along with your footwear, outerwear and anything in your pockets, in
bins that are then put through an X-ray machine. While your luggage is being screened, you'll
walk through a screening machine yourself, then collect your luggage on the other side. If either
screening machine detects anything unusual, you and your luggage may be subjected to extra
screening measures.
Airline Luggage Regulations
Each airline's sizing rules for carry-ons varies slightly, so always check with the airline before
you start packing. A size limit of 24 inches by 17 inches by 10 inches, including wheels and
handles, is fairly typical. You'll also need to make sure you're not packing anything in your
carry-on that's prohibited by the TSA; pay special attention to the rules about liquids.
Most airlines also allow you to carry on a single small personal item that fits underneath the seat
in front of you – think a purse, laptop case or small briefcase. If you do end up checking a
suitcase, a maximum size of 62 linear inches (length + width + depth) and a weight limit of 50
pounds is common across the industry, with some airlines granting a 70-pound weight limit to
passengers with a premium ticket. If you lock your bag, make sure you use a TSA-approved
lock.
Waiting to Board
Once you're past the security checkpoint, you'll be in the departure terminal of the airport. Check
your boarding pass – it'll tell you which gate your plane will leave from. Each airport also has
large screens that display a list of flight departure times and gates. If anything changes about
your flight time or gate number, those screens and  are your best sources of updated information.
Most airlines divide passengers into boarding groups; the gate attendant will call your boarding
group or row number when it's time to get on the plane. If you need extra assistance getting
down the jetway – for example, if you're in a wheelchair or traveling with small children – they'll
let you board early.
Landing formalities and customs regulation are about the same in-all countries. While still
onboard the plane the passenger is given an arrival card to fill in, he fills in (in block letters) his
name in full, country of residence, permanent address, purpose and length of visit; and address in
the country he is visiting. After the passenger has disembarked, officials will examine (check)
his passport and visa (to see if they are in order).
In some countries they will check the passenger’s certificate of vaccination. When these
formalities have been completed the passenger goes to the Customs for an examination of his
luggage. The passenger is required to fill in a customs declaration form. He must list all dutiable
articles. Personal belongings may be brought in duty-free.
Here is a partial list of prohibited articles: firearms, drugs, in some countries – meat products,
fresh fruit and vegetables. The Customs inspector may ask you to open your bags for inspection.
After you are through with all customs formalities he will put a stamp on each piece of luggage.
Etiquette is a code of polite conduct based on social acceptance and efficiency. With the
same logic as traffic laws that ensure smooth transportation flow and prevent car crashes, so
there are social rules designed to facilitate positive human exchanges and reduce conflict. When
you know the rules of etiquette for any given situation, it increases your comfort, confidence and
competence, and as a result, it brings the ease and comfort to people around you.

For example, once you know the rules of table settings, you won’t have to wonder and worry
which bread and butter plate is yours, or which fork to use when in the course of a meal. That
keeps the focus of the meal where it should be: on the relationship.

Etiquette and manners have been developing along with society. The things that we are
accustomed and even used to didn't appear without a purpose. The original human being is
unmannered. There were not so many differences between a human and an animal. E and M
have been developed in order to team the best within.

Understanding the “why” behind the rules, helps people buy-in and practice the protocols.
Consider why a name tag is worn on the right instead of the left, for instance. That’s because it’s
easier for others to see when you shake hands. As each person extends the right hand, the line of
vision naturally follows past the length of the arm and hand to the placement of the name tag,
which is on the person’s right.

Manners are polite behaviors that reflect an attitude of consideration, kindness and respect for
others. You may not have been taught how to make proper introductions, but a kind person
knows better than to belittle or embarrass another person in public or private. A well-mannered
person also remembers to say “Please” and “Thank you” and refrains from interrupting others in
the middle of a conversation.

I think of the difference between the terms this way: etiquette provides the form or structure
within which good manners operate.
 
Travelling by Train.
The history of railroads began in 1765 when James Watt built the first steam engine which didn't
actually move but was used in a coal mine. In 1804, Richard Trevithick invented the first
movable engine, and in 1829 George Stephenson with his engine "Rocket" won the Rainhill
Locomotive trail. A year later he established the first railway line between Liverpool and
Manchester.

Nowadays, British Rail operates a service of 16,000 trains a day serving over 2,000 stations. The
entire country is crisscrossed with railway lines and the trains run frequently.

Generally, there are two main types of trains: a passenger train that consists of a locomotive and
carriages, and a freight train which comprises trucks or wagons rather than carriages. Passenger
trains can be long distance that may have a restaurant car and sleeping cars, but not in the case of
high-speed trains that are very fast and arrive at their destination before the night falls.

For trains connecting cities, we can distinguish inter-city trains which do not stop at small
stations, and trains that serve all stations, known as local trains or “stoppers”. For shorter
distances there are commuter trains serving the city and its suburbs.

Accommodation in a train depends on its type (a day or a night one) and its class of travel (first
or second (economy) class) the choice of which depends on your budget and personal
preferences.

Day trains can have coach car seating or compartment seating. Coach car seating means the car
is open with a center aisle and seats on each side. In second-class there are usually two seats on
each side of the aisle while in first-class seats are wider and there are two seats on one side and a
single seat on the other.

Coach car accommodates its each passenger with a reclining seat, fold-down tray, an overhead
reading light, room for baggage in overhead racks and two restrooms at one end of the car. The
car with compartment seating is separated into enclosed cabins which open to a corridor along
one side of the car. In first-class cabins can accommodate up to six passengers, in second-class –
up to eight.

Night trains are for overnight travel. They include sleepers and couchettes. Sleepers is the most
comfortable way to travel on night trains. First class accommodates one or two people, second
class – up to four people and usually consists of two upper and two lower sleeping berths.
Amenities include a washbasin, closet and a lock on the door. Couchettes are open bunks in a
compartment, each with a pillow and blanket. They are usually located in second-class and
accommodate up to six people. Washrooms are provided at the end of each car.

Of course, railway trips are impossible without railway stations. A railway station is a point of
call for trains, allowing passengers to board and alight. It usually includes some form of
convenience store. Larger stations can have fast-food or restaurant facilities. Other facilities
include: toilets, left-luggage, departures and arrival boards, luggage carts, waiting rooms, taxi
ranks and bus bays.
Passengers can buy a wide range of rail tickets at stations at ticket offices, by telephone (tickets
can be posted to them or they pick them up at their departure station), with rail-appointed travel
agents or by the Internet.
All these facilities are introduced to make your travelling safe and comfortable.
We should take into consideration that there are some rules concerning baggage. Passengers may
take up to three items of personal baggage free of charge. This includes two large items and one
item of hand or carry-on baggage. Each piece of luggage must be visibly tagged with the name
and address of the passenger. Passengers are permitted 23 kilos of baggage.
 
Employment.
Only a generation ago, the majority of the workforce began work as teenagers and continued
with the same company until they are retired. However the job market has changed in recent
years. People in their forties are thrown on to the job market through redundancy and they are
looking for another job. When a pupil leaves school at 16 or later, he or she must find a job too.
School leavers without special qualifications will probably visit a ‘Jobcentre’ or look through
local newspaper advertisements. Perhaps, there is a factory in the district, or someone says there
is a shortage of clerical assistants in a nearby office. School careers offices can offer advice. But
ultimately it is up to the boys and girls themselves to find work.

Therefore, the people dealing with job applications are often snowed under, and they will never
be able to interview everyone who applies. Consequently, if you have found a potential job you
should have two main documents: the letter of application (or covering letters) and a curriculum
vitae.
 
The letter of application often provides the first direct contact between a candidate and an
employer. If this letter is not well written and presented, it will make a poor impression. The
letter normally contains four paragraphs in which you should:
- confirm that you wish to apply and say where you learned about the job;
- say why you are interested in the position and relate your interests to those of the company;
- show that you can contribute to the job by highlighting your most relevant skills and
experience;
- indicate your willingness to attend an interview

Of course, everyone should know how the letter of application is laid out.
First, you write your address in the right hand corner including your postcode. Then you should
miss one line and write the date. Then goes the name and address of the person to whom you are
writing. Then you write a salutation (gentlemen, dear sir, dear madam, etc). After the salutation
you write an introduction where you should explain for what position you are applying for (with
reference to your advertisement, i am applying for the position of...), in the next paragraph you
should explain why you are applying, how your qualifications match the required (i feel my
qualifications match your requirements, i feel i would be suitable for this post because, etc).
Then you give further details, but you shouldn't spend too much time on it (please find enclosed,
the names and addresses of referees, my CV, etc). Next you should make some reference to
hearing from the employer (i am available for interview...). Then goes the close (yours faithfully
(sir), your sincerely (name)) and your signature, it is advisable to print your name afterwards as
people's signatures are often illegible.
 
A curriculum vitae is required for all except the most junior jobs, and is a basis for assessment
and comparison of applicants for a job. A CV provides information about an applicant, set out in
a way easy to read. It can vary slightly in the layout as there are 2 types of CV: one is built
around your present job and another is aimed at a change in your career, but all give the same
basic information. If you get it right it will land you the interviews you want.

You should write your CV in the third person, so that you can give yourself proper credit. After
your name and address and contact number at the top, go straight into details about your
employment history, followed by your education and qualifications, finishing with your personal
details (including your date of birth, marital status and interests). Always put your most recent
job first and then work back in reverse chronological order. If you have been in a career for a
long time, you do not need to include your early education and qualifications. Having worked on
the content, make sure that your CV looks professional and clear and easy to read. Use headings
to help the reader to scan the document and bullet points to focus on key information. Also, you
must feel comfortable with what you have written, and confident you can back it up.

The last, and often the most important stage in getting a job is an interview. An interviewee
should dress appropriately and have clean and neat appearance; men should wear suits or a jacket
and a tie, and women – a suit or dress. You should always leave time to arrive punctually at
interviews, but do not arrive early. During the interview it is appropriate to smile and to look
directly into the eyes of the interviewer. The applicant doesn't chew gum or smoke. During the
interview be honest about yourself. Give honest answers to questions even if you think you are
not saying what the interviewer wants to hear. Also, you should always have questions ready to
ask them. But you should not ask questions about working hours and time off; that would
indicate a negative attitude to the work. At the end of the interview, you should thank the
interviewer for agreeing to see you and make a final remark about how much you would enjoy
being a part of the company.

Having found the job, you certainly don’t expect to stay in it for life – very often you move from
one employer to another and consequently from place to place to get promotion or a better
salary. Very often young people find themselves on short-time contracts (1 or 2 years) at the end
of which they have to look for another job. Such uncertainty is part of their life.
 A visit to a doctor

If you have a headache, toothache, backache, stomachache or earache, if you have a sore throat,
eye or finger, if you feel pain in your abdomen, if it hurts you to move, you need help. First of all
you should call to the polyclinic to have an appointment with your district doctor for a certain
hour.
When you come to the polyclinic you go to the registry first. A registering clerk on duty will ask
your name, and address and will find your patient’s card. Then the clerk will direct you to the
consulting room where your district doctor sees his patients. The doctor will listen to your
complaints and examine you thoroughly: feel your pulse, listen to your heart and lungs, palpate
your abdomen, take your temperature and blood pressure and send you to the laboratory for
some tests. On the basis of the findings he will make a diagnosis and administer you some
treatment. The only thing you will have to do is to follow the directions. Otherwise a slight
ailment can develop into an incurable malady.
In case you catch a cold and feel rotten you should stay in bed for at least three or four days.
Then you should call in a doctor who will examine you and prescribe a proper treatment. If you
cough and sneeze, complain of a sore throat or are running a high temperature, you should
follow the prescribed treatment to be well again as soon as possible. It is well known that if one
doesn’t follow the prescribed treatment this may cause serious complications, especially after the
grippe. Sometimes in addition to the medicine it is useful to have a scalding foot-bath or put a
hot water-bottle to the feet and have hot tea or milk. It also helps keep the fever down.
At times you cannot avoid different infections. A lot of children suffer chicken-pox, measles or
scarlet fever in their childhood.

Before entering University I also had to go to the district polyclinic to get the certificate of health
to hand it in to the Admission Committee. I had to be examined by different medical specialists
including a therapist, a neurologist, a surgeon, an eye-doctor, an ENT-doctor and other
specialists. They had to check my kidneys, liver, stomach, eyesight, and hearing as well. I had to
go to the laboratory for blood and urine tests and to the X-ray room for the chest examination. It
took me a lot of time to have everything ready but all this enabled the district doctor to obtain
objective findings on my health condition.
When I returned to my district doctor he looked through the results of my examination by
different specialists. Then he asked me to keep the thermometer in the armpit for 10 minutes. My
temperature turned out to be 36.6ºC. The doctor also measured my blood pressure. It was 120/75
mm Hg. Then he asked me to strip to the waist and listened to my heart and lungs. When the
examination was over the doctor filled in my patient’s card and wrote out my certificate of
health.
Public Healthcare & NHS in England

Healthcare in England is provided by the National Health Service (known as NHS) and provides
treatment for all residents through wide range of healthcare services. Healthcare is provided by
the British government and is paid for through taxes. As you will see later, most services are
free, but some are paid for NHS rates.
When you move to England, you will qualify for NHS treatment from the day you arrive. As
long as you intend and are entitled to live here permanently, as a rule of thumb, this typically
means that you will be here for at least 6 months and your passport allows you to stay here for at
least 1 year without any restrictions. This also applies to family living with you permanently,
such as your partner, children under 16 or children under 19 studying full-time.
Registering with NHS is easy. You will be given your NHS number when you register with a GP
practice. Simply visit your GP practice near your home and complete and submit their forms.
You will need proof of identity such as your passport and a proof of address like a recent utility
bill. You will then receive your NHS medical card and number by post. You can change your GP
practice at any time. Simply repeat the first two steps at a GP practice you would like to join.
And if you are accepted your medical records will automatically be transferred to your new
practice.
In some cases you may be unable to register with a GP practice. This may happen if you are not
eligible to receive healthcare in England. The practice is not accepting new patients. Or you live
outside the area covered by the practice. This is because most GPs are quite strict about their
practice boundry. However some GP practice is not participating in patient choice scheme which
gives you the right to register in somewhere more convenient for you. This means that even
though you live here, some practices allow you to register somewhere near your workplace.
When receiving care from the NHS, it’s important to know that your first point of contact is a
primary care provider. This means day-to-day provider, such your general practitioners, dentists
and ophthalmic practitioner are always your first point of contact for non-urgent healthcare.
Primary care providers refer you to secondary care providers who are made up of specialists. If
you need to see a specialist, you will need to see your GP, dentist or ophthalmic practitioner first.
And only they will decide if you need to see a specialist on a particular field, such as a surgeon,
dermatologist or cardiologist. A specialist will only see you with the referral letter. So your
doctor will write a patient referral letter on your behalf which will include your medical history
and background.
In England you have a right to start treatment with a specialist within 18 weeks from when your
GP, dentist or other healthcare professional refers you. The right to treatment within 18 weeks
from referral excludes maternity services and some mental health services.
The NHS provides a range of services which includes GP services, hospital services, emergency
care known as accidents and emergency or A & E, mental health, sexual health and social care.
All of which are completely free. The NHS also provides dental services, eye care and
prescriptions and pharmacy which are paid –for services based on cost and bank charges set by
the NHS.
A number of people are entitled to free prescriptions, dental treatments and eye tests depending
on eligibility. You can find out if you qualify for free services on the NHS website.
For urgent assistance, the official emergency telephone number in the UK is 999 which is
equivalent to 911 in some other countries. When you need urgent care there are number of NHS
services you can use other than hospitals and A & E departments. The first are NHS walk-in
centers which are convenient as do not require an appointment and most are open every day of
the year and outside office hours. They do not deal with long-term or emergency life-threatening
conditions. GP and dentist out-of-hours is available outside normal practice hours, normally
from 6:30 pm to 8:00 am on weekdays and all day on weekends and bank holidays. You will
usually be directed to out-of-hours service when you call in.
Minor injuries unites are for assessment and treatment for minor injuries such as sprains and
strains and lastly NHS 111 offer free telephone support when you need medical help fast, but it’s
not in 999 emergency. NHS 111 is available 24 hours a day 365 days a year.
The care quality commission are independent regulator who inspect the level of safety and
quality of all health and social care providers. You can find all of their inspection reports online.