DIFFERENT KINDS OF OBLIGATION

1. Pure Obligation
- Walang kondisyon na binigay
2. Conditional Obligations
- Mabibigay lang ang obligation once na nagawa na ang kondisyon.
- Suspensive – suspended ang pag demand hanggang hindi dumadating ang tinakdang
oras at panahon
- Resolutory – pwede na hingin agad pero once na tapos na ang service ay tapos na rin
ang obligation.
- Potestative – Upon the will of the contracting parties
• Suspensive (debtor) – VOID
• Resolutory (debtor) – VALID
• Suspensive and Resolutory (creditor) – VALID
- Casual – upon the will of the third person.
- Reciprocal obligations – once na ginawa na ng other parties ang kanyang part ay
dapat mo n arin gawin ang dapat nong gawin otherwise you shallbe liable for non-
compliance.
3. Obligation with a Period
- Pag ang araw na kung saan gagawin ang obligation ay dadating at dadatin din.
- Kinds of period
• Ex die – period with suspensive effect.
• In diem – period with resolutory effect
4. Alternative Obligations
- Maraming services ang available pero sapat na ang isa para matapos ang obligation.
- Ang may Karapatan pumili ay ang debtor unless there is stipulation between the
parties that gives a right to the creditor to choose.
- Hindi mapipilit ng debtor ang creditor na tanggapin ang service.
5. Facultative Obligations
- Isang service lang ang due pero may pwedeng ipamalit sa service kung sakaling may
mangyaring masama sa principal.
Before substitution
- Pag nasira dahil sa fortuitous event, walang pananagutan ang debtor.
- Pero kung dahil sa debtor kaya nasira, dapat magbayad siya para sa damages
- Pag nasira naman ang substitute, ay wala pa ring pananagutan ang debtor kahit na
hindi ito nasira dahil sa fortuitous event.
After substitution
- Pag nasira ang principal kahit hindi dahil sa fortuitous event ay walang pananagutan
ang debtor kasi may pamalit.
- Kung nasira ang pamalit, saka lang may pananagutan si debtor.
6. Joint Obligations
- Ang debtor ay liable lamang sa kanyang parte pati na din ang creditor
7. Solidary Obligations
 - Ang debtor naman ay liable sa buong obligation ganon din ang creditors.
8. Divisible Obligations
- Nahahati ang obligation
Indivisible Obligations
- Hindi nahahati ang performance such as delivering a motorcycle.
9. Obligations with penal clause
- Provides a grater liability on the part of the debtor.

EXTINGUISHING OF OBLIGATIONS
1. Payment or Performance
- Payment means not only the delivery of the money sometimes it is performance.
- There must be delivery
- Debtor cannot compel the creditor to accept the services
- In obligation, to do or not to do, an act or forbearance cannot be substituted.
(ex. D is obliged C to paint C’s car, he cannot substitute to paint C’s house.)’
- The payment must be in legal tender – MONEY
- Who must make the payment
• Free disposal of the thing due – dapat ang property na ibabayad ay walang
nakadikit na utang.
• The capacity to alienate the thing – must not be incapable of giving consent.
- Creditor not bound to accept payment from third person UNLESS
• When there is a stipulation between the parties.
• When the third person is either guarantor or co-debtor
- Right of the third person who makes the payment
• Payment with knowledge of the creditor – pwede niya marecover ang kanyang
binayad kahit sobra ito.
• Payment without knowledge of the creditor – pag sobra ang binayad ng third
person ang kanya lang na marerecover ay saktong amount na utang ng
creditor.
- Payment shall be made to ff persons
• To the creditor
• Heirs
• Unauthorized person
- Kailan dapat nag pag bayad
• Kungmay usapan kung saan, edi don
• Pag wala naman, ay doon na lang kung san nagsimula lahat
- Special Forms of Payment
• Dation in payment (dacion en pago) - ownership property is transferred to his
creditor to pay the debt.
 • Application of payment – shall be applied when the debtor owes several debts
to the same creditors.
• Payment by cession – abandonment of ALL the property of the debtor to pay
its debts and the creditor may sell them and the debtor must be INSOLVENT.
• Tender of payment – is an act of the debtor of offering to his creditor what is
due to him.
• Consignation – the act of depositing the sum or thing due with the help of the
law.
✓ Requisites for tender payment.
a. There must be a valid tender of payment.
b. Creditor refuses without just cause to receive the payment.

2. Loss of the thing due

- Pag nawala at hindi na mababalik pa.
- LOSS OF A DETERMINATE THING.
• As a rule, pag nawala ang determinate thing, ay mawawala na rin ang
obligasyon. EXEPTIONS ARE THE FOLLOWING:
✓ Pag ang nakawala ay ang debtor, ibig sabihin ay siya ang may
kasalanan maliban kung mapatunayan na hindi.
✓ Pag na delay ang debtor.
✓ Pag ang debtor ay nangako sa magkaibang tao ng parehong
bagay.
✓ When stipulated by the parties.
✓ When it requires assumption of risk
✓ When the debt proceeds from criminal offense.
- LOSS OF A GENERIC THING
• Pag ang nawala ay may kapareho ay hindi mawawala ang obligasyon kasi
mapapalitan naman ito. EXEPTION:
✓ Delimited generic thing.
- LOSS IN PERSONAL OBLIGATIONS (obligations to do)
• Pag ang pinapagawa ay masyadong imposible then the obligation is
extinguished.
• Pag ang service ay sobrang hirap.
3. Condonation or remission of the debt
- Gratuitous abandonment by the creditor to his right.
- Forgiveness of an indebtedness
- It requires creditors consent.
- Kind of condonation or remission
• As to amount of extent
✓ Total – total obligation ibig sabihin principal at ang accessory
✓ Partial – only part of the obligation.
• As to form
✓ Express – made orally or writing
 ❖ Pag immovable properties dapat may public instrument.
❖ Pag movable naman ay lumagpas ng 5,000.00 kailangan ay
may kasulatan.
• Implied – the creditor voluntarily delivers the private document to the debtor.

4. Confusion or merger of rights of creditor and the debtor.

- Meeting in one person with the qualities of creditor and the debtor.
• Merger in a joint obligation – only the share of the joint debtor or creditor
• Merger in solidarity obligation extinguishes the whole obligation

5. Compensation
- Both of them are creditors and debtors
- Kind of compensation
• As to amount or extent
✓ Total – when the debts are in same amount.
✓ Partial – when the debts are in different amount.
• As to cause or origin
✓ Legal – operation of law.
against the will of both parties

6. Novation
- Extinguishing of obligation
- Changing the subject or the principal
- Substituting the person of the debtor
- Subrogation of the third person
- There must be a previous valid obligation.
- There must be an agreement between the parties EXEPT:
• When the person of the debtor exchange even if its against the will of the old
debtor
• When another person is subrogated in the place of creditor.
- There must be the extinguishment of the old obligation.
- There must be a validity of the new obligation.
- Kind of Novation
• According to the object or purpose
✓ Real or objective – changing the principal or the subject.
✓ Personal or subjective – change by parties’ debtor or creditor
❖ Substituting the person of the debtor (always with the
creditor’s consent)
➢ Expromision – third person initiates the substitution
assume the obligation even without the knowledge of
the old debtor.
➢ Delegacion – the debtor who initiates the substitution.
- If the new obligation is void then the novation is void.