General introduction about Engineering

A-What is engineering?

Engineering is based principally on physics, chemistry, and mathematics, and their

extensions into material science; solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, transfer
and rate process, and systems analysis.

Engineering as a profession involves different tasks. It can refer specifically to the

manufacture or assembly of engines, machine tools and machine parts. It is also used
more generally to describe the creative application of scientific principles to designe,
develop, construct and forecast the behavior of structures, apparatus, machines,
manufacturing processes and works.

The function of scientists is to know, while that of engineers is to do(they must

solve specific problems).

B-Different branches of engineering require different equipments and are based on

different processes.

-Branches of engineers: the following words are followed by engineering.

Chemical engineering, civil…., electrical……., electronic……….., hydraulic….,

industrial…….., mechanical…, mining…, petroleum production………..

Equipment in engineering: boiler, crane, gas engine, machine tools, pump,

turbine…..

Process of treating metals:

Anneal, anodize, electroplate, forge, found, galvanize, harden, mint, plate, roll, soften,
temper, …….

-Notice the following adjective endings: al chemical, mechanical, physical,…..

ial industrial, ic electronic, hydraulic.

-Notice the following verb endings: en harden, soften.

Ize anodize, galvanize.

Notice the following nouns which are plural form but normally used with singular
verb: mathematics, mechanics, physics, thermodynamics.
Task one :complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

This is how you test the properties of the material. You put the material into the multi-test
machine. Then the machine does four tests on it in the first test, a hammer …………………..
(strike) the material with 50 k g weight. In the second test, two pairs of jaws………………
(pull) the material with a weight of 80 kg. In the third test, a heavy weight to 100
kg………………………(press) the material down. In the fourth test, two sharp
knives…………………..(scratch) the material with weights of 10 and 20 kg.

OK, now I’m demonstrating the four tests in action. Watch carefully. Here’s the first test.
The hammer……………………….(strike) the bar. Can you see? The bar isn’t breaking.
Here is the second test. It is starting now, the jaws……………………….(pull) the material,
can you see. The material………………………..(not stretch)Now the third test is taking
place. The heavy weight ………………………….(press )the material down. Can you see that
? The material (not break). And now here is the fourth and the final test. The
knives………………………….(scratch) the matriale.

Task two: complete the sentences with bend or break and other words.

1-polyster is a tough material. You can’t……………………..it easily.

2-Concrete is a rigid material. It doesn’t ……………………….easily.

3-Polycarbonate is a hard material. It………………..

4-This glass is brittle. You………………………………

5-These plastic rulers are very flexible. They…………………………………

Task three: Draw a line from each word to its opposite.

Rise enter into heavy strong

Go in inlet push light pull

Sink open out of tough hard

Go out to outlet soft flexible

Leave weak brittle

Close go down from rigid go up

Task four: complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb: boil, freeze,
melt, rise, sink, stretch.
1-If you heat water to 100C, it …………………

2-If you cool water to 0 C, it…………………………

3-If a heater warms the air in a room, the air……………………..

4-If an air conditioner cools the air in a room, the air…………………….

5-If you heat steel bars to 1400”C, they…………………………….

6-If you pull a copper wire very hard, it ……………………………..

Task five: identify the material from the description. Choose from the following
words: aluminium, ceramic, polycarbonate, polystyrene, rubber, steel.

1-Sunglasses are made of this material. It’s hard and tough plastic.

2-You can stretch this material and you can bend it, but it doesn’t break.

3-You can heat this material to a high temperature, but it doesn’t burn or melt. They
use it in spark plugs.

4-Parts of aeroplanes are made of this material. It is a strong, light, corrosion-resistant

metal.

Keys:

Task one: strikes, pull, presses, scratches, is striking, are pulling, isn’t stretching, is
pressing, isn’t breaking, are scratching.

Task two: break, bend, breaks, can break it, can be bend

Task three: rise≠sink, enter≠leave, into≠out of, heavy≠light, strong≠weak,

go in≠go out, inlet≠outlet, push≠pull, open≠close, tough≠brittle, hard≠soft,

flexible≠rigid, go up≠go down.

Task four: 1-boils, 2-freezes, 3-rises, 4-sinks, 5-melt, 6-stretches.

Task five: 1-polycarbonate, 2-rubber, 3-ceramic, 4-aluminium.

-Some irregular verbs

verb Past simple Past participle

Bend Bent Bent
Build Built built
Burn Burnt Burnt
Find Found Found
Lose Lost Lost
Pay Paid Paid
Break Broke Broken
Come Came Come
Give Gave Given
go went gone