STATISTICS 2.

QUANTITATIVE – Numerical Values

Discrete – countable
A branch of mathematics dealing with the
Continuous –Uncountable
collection, organization, presentation,
analysis and interpretation of data. CLASSIFICATION OF QUANTITATIVE
VARIABLES
MAJOR AREAS:
1. Discrete vs Continuous
1.DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS – Concerned
A. Discrete variable –A variable which can
with the collecting and describing a set of
assume finite. Usually measured by
data so as to yield meaningful observations.
counting or enumeration.
2. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
B. Continuous variable – a variable which
Deals with the analysis of a subset of data
can assume infinitely many corresponding
leading to predictions or inferences about
to a line interval.
the entire set of data.
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS
POPULATION AND SAMPLE
NOMINAL
1. POPULATION – Totality of the
observations Assigns names or labels to observation in
purely arbitrary sequence
2. SAMPLE – Subset of a population
Labels are used to classify the respondents
VARIABLE or objects without ordering.

An attribute or characteristics of person or ORDINAL

object which can be assume different values
Assign numbers or labels to observations
or labels.
with implied ordering
TYPES OF VARIABLES Ranking the respondents preferences
ordinal data.
1.QUALITATIVE VARIABLE –Categorical Data
INTERVAL
Example:
Reflect distance between rank position of
Names, Color, Occupation, Marital status, the respondents or objects in equal units.
Political affiliation This scale gives the distance between any
two numbers of known sizes
No to absolute zero point or “no true zero
point”

RATIO
 Reflect the existence of true absolute zero EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
point as its origin
A system used to gather data from the
Doesn’t have negative number unlike
results of performed series of experiments
interval
on some controlled and experimental
Ratio of two scale point is independent of
variables
the unit of measurement
has all the properties of an interval data DIFFERENT WAYS
and can be manipulated algebraically by OR
multiplication and division FORMS TO PRESENT DATA
DATA GATHERING
TEXTUAL FORM
DIRECT OR INTERVIEW METHOD
Makes use of words, sentences and
Person to person encounter between the paragraphs in presentation
source of information, the interviewee and TABULAR FORM
the one who gathers information, the
interviewer. Systematic presentation of data in rows
personal interview and columns
Used when related numerical facts need to
Telephonic interview be classified in arrays
INDIRECT OR QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD

Technique in which questionnaire is used

to elicit the information or data needed. GRAPHICAL FORM

The questionnaire is consist of questions hows numerical values or relationships in

printed or type in the definite order on a pictorial form
form or a set of forms makes use of graphs, symbols or visual aids

REGISTRATION METHOD GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION

Obtains data from the records of the ACCURATE –Reflect the highest degree
government agency authorized by law to accuracy
keep such data or information and made SIMPLE – Basic design should be simple and
these available to the researchers. straight forward
CLEAR – it should be easily read and
OBSERVATION understood
Attractive – holding a neat, dignified, and
Technique in which data particularly those
professional appearance
pertaining to the behaviors of individuals or
--- it should be stylish
group of individuals during the given
TYPES OF GRAPHS
situation.
LINE GRAPH

USED WHEN:

-Data cover a long period of time

-Several series are compared

-Movements are to be emphasized
-Trends are to be stablished

BAR GRAPH

-used when numerical values of an item

over a period of time are compared
-consist of regular bars represents the
quantity or frequency for each category

PIE GRAPH

used to show the percentage or

composition by parts of a whole
PICTOGRAPH OR PICTOGRAM

use to immediately suggest the nature of

data.