INTRODUCTION TO Complete Sample.
A set of objects from a parent population that
STATISTICS
Statistics. A branch of mathematics that deals with the scientific collection,
organization, presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data in
order to obtain useful and meaningful information. A field of study
concerned with summarizing data, interpreting data, and making decisions
based on data. Ito yung subject na pinag-aaralan
Data Analysis. A study of processes and systems that extract
knowledge or insights from data in various forms, either structured
or unstructured.
Data Science. A continuation of some of the fields such as
statistics, data mining, and predictive analytics.
Statistic. Any estimate of statistical attributes taken from a sample. For
example, average grade of BSA students in PSBA- Manila.
Parameter. Any statistical information or attribute taken from the
population.
STRUCTURE OR MAJOR BRANCH OF
STATISTICS
Descriptive Statistics. A statistical method concerned with describing
the properties and characteristics of a set of data. For example, kukunin mo
average grade ng students sa PSBA-Manila.
Mean Median Mode
Range Variance Graphs
Inferential Statistics. It is concerned with the analysis of a sample data
leading to a prediction, inferences, or conclusion about the entire population.
For example, yung nakuha mong average grade ng students sa PSBA-
Manila, gagawan mo ng conclusion.
Population. The totality of all elements or persons for which one
has interest at a particular time. For example, lahat ng currently
studying students sa PSBA-Manila.
Sample. A subset of the population from which information is
collected. For example, kukuha ka lang ng iilang students sa
population na kinuha mo which is mga BSA students lang.
KINDS OF SAMPLE
includes all such objects that satisfy a set of well-defined selection criteria.
Unbiased (Representative) Sample. A set of objects chosen from a
complete sample using a selection process that does not depend on the
properties of the objects.
Random Sample. A sample where each individual member of the
population has a known, non-zero chance of being selected as part
of the sample. This is the best way to avoid a biased or
unrepresentative sample.
TYPES OF RANDOM SAMPLE
Simple Random Sampling. A method of obtaining a sample from a
population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of
being selected.
Stratified Random Sampling. A business owned by two or more people
and operated for profit.
Cluster Sampling. A method of selecting a sample from a population in
which the population is divided into subgroups (i.e., clusters) and a simple
random sample of those subgroups is taken; all individuals within these
clusters may be sampled, or a simple random sample may be taken from the
selected clusters.
Variables. A specific factor, property, or characteristic of a population or
sample which differentiates a sample or group of samples from another
group.
Independent or Dependent
Independent Variable. Its value is not influenced by any other variables
in the study because it is the cause. For example, types of antidepressants.
Dependent Variable. Its value changes as a result of the independent
variable manipulation because it is the effect. Ito yung outcome na interested
ka. For example, relief from depression.
Qualitative or Quantitative
Qualitative Variable. Express a qualitative attribute such as hair color,
eye color, religion, or gender.
Quantitative Variable. Measured in terms of numbers like height,
weight, or shoe size.
Discrete or Continuous
Discrete Variable. It takes only certain values such as having three
children or six, basta whole numbers at walang decimal.
Continuous Variable. It takes any value within the range of the scale like
26.5 inches, 1.64 seconds, or 50.7 kilograms.
Data. Any quantitative or qualitative information.
LEVEL OF DATA
Nominal Level. Names or categories and the lowest level of measurement
such as gender, handedness, favorite color, or religion.
Ordinal Level. Classified according to order or ranks but differences in
values are not significant such as consumer satisfaction ratings, military
rank, or class ranking.
Interval Level. Data arranged in some order and differences between
values is meaningful. Data at this level may lack inherent zero starting point
like Celsius temperature scale.
Ratio Level. Data arranged in some order and differences between values
is meaningful. This data includes inherent zero starting point like the amount
of money – zero money indicates the absence of money.
ORGANIZATION AND
PRESENTATION OF DATA
Presentation of Data. This refers to the organization of data into tables,
graphs, or charts, so that logical and statistical conclusions can be derived
from the collected measurements.
THREE METHODS DATA MAY BE PRESENTED
Textual Presentation. The data gathered are presented in paragraph form.
Data are written and read. It is a combination of texts and figures.
Tabular Presentation. Method of presenting data using the statistical
table. A systematic organization of data in columns and rows.
Table Heading. Consists of table number and title.
Stubs. Classifications or categories which are found at the left side
of the body of the table.
Box Head. The top of the column.
Body. Main part of the table.
Footnotes. Any statement or note inserted.
 Source Note. Source of the statistics. A leasing agent will randomly select tenants
Graphical Presentation. There are kinds of graphs or diagrams. whether they agree with the newly added
Bar Graph. Used to show relationships or comparison between terms and conditions.
groups.
Pie or Circle Graph. Shows percentages effectively.
b. Purposive Sampling
Line Graph. Most useful in displaying data that changes
Before the vaccines are launched, the DOH
continuously over time.
Pictograph or Pictogram. It uses small identical, or figures of chose medical experts to be tested and to
objects called isotopes in making comparisons. Each picture provide feedback for product improvement.
represents a definite quantity.
c. Quota Sampling
Sampling Techniques Deane wants to know which kind of learning
1. Probability / Random Sampling mode BSA freshmen in PSBA-Manila prefer.
a. Simple Random Sample She considers a sample size of 100
At a Christmas party, the teacher of the participants divided into a group of 50
Grade 6 pupils decided to conduct a raffle females and 50 males. All of which range from
daw whereby 10 out of 40 students receive a ages 19-21.
surprise pop-up gift. 
d. Volunteer Sampling
b. Systematic Random Sample Deane wants to know who is more popular on
Lou and Ann aim to research their FaceBook, James Reid or Daniel Padilla. She
restaurant’s favorability among the posted a picture of them with the former
customers. They pass a survey to every 7th needing a heart reaction and the latter, a
customer that exits the restaurant. care emoji. She will gather data based on the
number of reactions.
c. Stratified Random Sample
Researchers Deane and May decided to
gather data about the newly accepted OWWA
EDSP Scholars in NCR whose general weight
average was above 85. They are going to
choose among those students as their
respondents in knowing the benefits of being
a seafarer’s dependant. 

2)   Non-Random Sampling
a. Convenience Sampling