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Mathematics
Quarter 2 – Module 2
(Week 3)
Relations and Functions
About the Module

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
about Relations and Functions. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

This module contains:

Lesson 1 – Relations
Lesson 2 – Functions

After going through this module, you are expected to:

 illustrate a function and a relation;
 verify if a given relation is a function; and
 determine dependent and independent variables.

ii
 What I Know (Pre-Test)

Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your chosen answer on
a separate sheet of paper.
1. A relation is any set of ordered pairs (x , y). It can be expressed in different
ways EXCEPT one.
A. drawing C. rule
B. mapping diagram D. table
2. It is a correspondence among two or sets such that there are one or more
elements assigned to every element or member of the domain.
A. domain C. range
B. function D. relation
3. It shows how the elements are paired and consists of two parallel columns.
A. graphing C. rule
B. mapping diagram D. table
4. In the statement “The more time people spend using social media, the less
they read books.”, which one is the dependent variable?
A. less books read C. time on social media
B. people read D. none of these
5. Which of the following sets of ordered pairs defines a function?
A. {(3, 2), (-3, 6), (3, -2), (-3, -6)}
B. {(1, 2), (2, 6), (3, -2), (4, -6)}
C. {(2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, -9)}
D. {(4, 4), (-3, 4), (4, -4), (-3, -4)}
6. A type of relations where you express the dependent variable, y, in terms of
the independent variable, x.
A. graphing C. rule
B. mapping diagram D. table
7. What is the domain in the relation shown in the mapping below?

-2 4
2 16
4
25
5
6 36

A. {-2, 2, 4, 5, 6} C. {-2, 2, 4, 5, 6, 16, 25, 36}

B. {4, 16, 25, 36} D. {(-2, 4),(2, 4),(4, 16),(5,25),(6, 36)}
8. “All functions are relations, and all relations are functions.” is a
_______________ statement.
A. false C. partly false
B. true D. partly true
9. It is a correspondence in which each element in the domain is mapped to
any two or more elements in the range.
A. One-to-One C. One-to-Many
B. Many-to-One D. Many-to-Many
10. What is the independent variable in the statement: “Eating breakfast in the
morning increases the ability to learn in school.”?
A. ability to learn C. school
B. eating breakfast D. time in the morning

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11. Which of the following is a graph of a function?
A. B.

C. D.

12. Given the relation R = {(6, 4), (8, -1), (x , 7), (-3, -6)}. Which of the following
values for x will make relation R a function?
A. -3 B. 1 C. 6 D. 8
13. Which of the following statements is true?
A. All the relations are functions.
B. In every relation, each input value has exactly one output value.
C. A relation is defined as a set of input and output values which are related
in some way.
D. All the above-given statements are true.
14. How would you describe the type of correspondence below?

Apple
Juice Lemon
Orange
Soda Cola
Rootbeer

A. One-to-One C. One-to-Many
B. Many-to-One D. Many-to-Many
15. Which of the following tables shows a function?
A. C.
x -2 -2 0 2 2 x 1 1 2 2 3
y 5 10 15 20 25 y 3 2 1 0 -1
B. D.
x 4 4 4 4 4 x -2 -1 0 1 2
y 2 4 6 8 10 y -6 -5 -4 -3 -2

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 Lesson
RELATIONS
1

What I Need To Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
o define a relation;
o represent a relation in four ways: a table, a mapping, a rule and a
graph;
o identify a kind of relation; and
o list the domain and range of a relation.

What’s In

Let’s start the lesson by looking at the relationship between two things or
quantities. As you go through this lesson, think about this question: How are the
quantities related to each other?

Activity 2.1
Description: This activity will enable you to write ordered pairs. Out of this activity,
you can describe the relation of an object to its common name.
Directions : Group the following objects in such a way that they have common
properties / characteristics.

fork liquid eraser grater

pencil knife iPod
laptop ballpen Pot
digital camera table cellphone
ladle notebook paper

KITCHEN SCHOOL GADGETS

UTENSILS SUPPLIES

Questions:
1. How many objects can be found in each column?
_________________________________________________________________

2. How did you classify the objects?

_________________________________________________________________

3. Based on the coordinates you have formulated, is there a repetition of the

first coordinates? What about the second coordinates?
_________________________________________________________________

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Activity 2.2
Description: Given a diagram, you will be able to learn how to make a set of ordered
pairs.
Directions : Describe the mapping diagram below by writing the set of ordered
pairs. The first two coordinates are done for you.

Set of ordered pairs: narra

flower
{(narra , tree), (tulip, flower), tulip
(______,______), (______,______), orchid
(______,______), (______,______)} mahogany
rose
tree
apricot

How did you make set of ordered pairs? How many elements are there in the
set of ordered pairs you have made? What elements belong to the first set? Second
set? Does the set of ordered pairs represent a relation? How is a relation represented?
In this module, you will learn and understand the key concepts of
Representation of Relations and Functions. You will also understand how a relation
and a function are represented.

What’s New

Each of us is the son or daughter of our father and mother. The pair consisting
of a son or daughter and his or her mother is called a relation. A relation is simply
a set of ordered pairs relating the elements of another set. Consider the following
relations below:
1. Mother-Children Relation

In the diagram, we can write the

Sandy relation using the ordered pairs :
Chariss {(Mother, Sandy), (Mother, Chariss),
Vellen (Mother, Vellen), (Mother, Grethel),
Mother
Grethel (Mother, Jon), (Mother, Wilma)}. This
Jon indicates one mother corresponds to six
Wilma children.

2. x-y Relation

The relation is between x and y and the

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correspondence is given by the relation:
1 2 {(1, 1), (1, 3), (2, 2), (2, 4)}.
2 3
4

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Representations of Relations
1. Table – clearly describes the behavior of the value of y as the value of x changes.
Below is an example of a table of values presented vertically and
horizontally.

Vertical Horizontal

x y x -2 -1 0 1 2
-2 -4 y -4 -2 0 2 4
-1 -2
0 0
1 2
2 4

2. Rule - is where you express the dependent variable, y, in terms of the independent
variable, x. In the tabular example above, notice that the value of y is twice
the value of x. In other words, this can be described by the equation
y = 2x, where x is an integer from -2 to 2.

3. Mapping Diagram 4. Graphing

- it shows how the elements are - it illustrates the relationship of
paired and consists of two parallel the values of x and y.
columns. The first column
represents the domain and the
other column for its range.

x y
-2 -4
-1 -2
0 0
1 2
2 4

The relations above represented in different ways can also be expressed in

set of ordered pairs:
{(-2,-4), (-1,-2), (0,0), (1,2), (2,4)} , where
Domain: {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}
Range: {-4, -2, 0, 2, 4}

A relation is any set of ordered pairs (x , y). It can be expressed

using a table, rule, mapping, and graph. The set of all first coordinates is
called the domain of the relation. The set of all second coordinates is
called the range of the relation.

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 What is It

In real life situations, it is easy to see correspondences between elements of

the two sets. Correspondence may be classified as one-to-one, many-to-one, one-to-
many, or many-to-many. Consider the mapping below:

1. One-to-One Correspondence 2. Many-to-One Correspondence

– if every element in the domain – if any two or more elements of
is mapped to a unique element the domain are mapped to the
in the range. same element in the range.
- -
Student Rank

x y
1 5 Mary
1
2 10 Susan
Ken
3 15 3
Andrew
4 20

3. One-to-Many Correspondence 4. Many-to-Many Correspondence

- if each element in the domain – if any two or more elements of
is mapped to any two or more the domain are mapped to any
elements in the range. two or more elements in the
- range.
Domain Range -
Domain Range

10 4
1
20 2 5
30 3 6
0
40
50

The correspondence above can be written in ordered pairs:

1. {(1, 5),(2, 10), (3, 15), (4, 20)}
2. {(Mary, 1), (Susan, 3), (Ken, 3), (Andrew, 3)}
3. {(0, 10), (0, 20), (0, 30), (0, 40), (0, 50)}
4. {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6)}

The correspondence above are all relations but Correspondence 1 & 2 are
special relations called functions since no two ordered pairs have the same first
coordinate. This also suggest that One-to-One and Many-to-One Correspondence are
said to be functions too.

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Illustrative Example:
Given the graph below, complete the set of ordered pairs, and the table of values
and then draw the mapping and generate the rule.

Set of Ordered Pairs:

{(0, 6), (1, 5), ( __, __ ), ( __, __ ), ( __, __ ),
( __, __ ), ( __, __ )}

Table:
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y

Answers:
Set of Ordered Pairs: {(0, 6), (1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1), (6, 0)}
Table :
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Mapping: Rule:
x y Notice that the sum of x and y, which is
0 6 6 is constant. Thus, the rule can be
1 written as x + y = 6.
5
2 4
3 3
4 2
5 1
6
0

What’s More

NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!

Activity 2.3

A. Write the relation shown in the diagram as a set of ordered pairs then identify
the kind of relation as to function or not.
1. 2. 3.

2 4 1 5
4 -2 8 2 -5 25
16 4 12 3 6 36
-4 16 4 -6

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B. Determine if the relation is a function. Write F for function and R for merely
relation.
1. {(2, 7), (3,4), -1, 4), (0, 5)}
2. {(-1, 5), (2, 6), (2, 9), (-3, -2)}
3. {1, 2), (4, -7), (9, 5), (6, 14)}
4. {(8, 2), (4, -5), (3, 0), (8, -1)}
5. {(8, 0), (7, 0), (6, 0), (5, 0), (4, 0)}

C. Express the relation shown on the graph below as a set of ordered pairs and
in the table.
1. 2.

D. Determine whether each relation is a function or not function.

1. B = {(4, 3), (5, 4), (6, 4), (7, 2)} _________________

x 2 3 3 5 6
2. _________________
y 5 7 8 -3 -2

3. _________________

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 What I Need to Remember

 A function is a special type of relation in which every element

in the domain is mapped to exactly one element in the range.
Thus, a set of ordered pairs is a function if no two distinct
ordered pairs have equal elements in the abscissas.
 A relation is any set of ordered pairs (x, y). It can be expressed
using a table, rule, mapping, and graphing. The set of all first
coordinates is called the domain of the relation. The set of all
second coordinates is called the range of the relation.
 All functions are relations but not all relations are functions.

Lesson
FUNCTIONS
2

What I Need To Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
o define a function;
o determine a function from a mere relation;
o determine whether a relation is a function through the vertical line
test; and
o determine dependent and independent variables.

What’s In

Determine which of one of these is the graph of a function. Illustration A

or B? How do you recognize if it’s a function or a mere relation? How is function
represented in graphs?

A B

In this lesson, you will discover a technique in determining the graph of a

relation and a function. Are you excited to learn more about these? You will find
out as you go through the lessons. Have fun learning!

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 What’s New

How do you know that a graph represents a function? What are vertical
lines? Consider the following examples below to understand about the Vertical Line
Test and how it is very helpful in determining graph of functions.

What is It

.
The Vertical Line Test
If a vertical line crosses the graph of a relation in more than one
point, the relation cannot be a function. If no vertical line crosses the graph
in more than one point, then the graph is a graph of a function.

Illustrative Examples:
State whether each of the following graphs represents a function.
1. 2. 3.

Solution:
1. Using the Vertical Line Test,
we see that the graph is a
graph of a function since no
vertical line crosses in more
than one point.
2. Using the Vertical Line Test,
we see that the graph is not a
graph of a function since
more than one point
touches the vertical line.

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 3. Using the Vertical Line Test, we see that the graph
is not a graph of a function since more than one
point touches the vertical line. The arrow also
signifies that the graph continues so it touches
more than one point.

Dependent and Independent Variables

In an equation where y is expressed in terms of x, the variable x is
considered the independent variable because any value could be assigned
to it. However, the variable y is the dependent variable because its value
depends on the value of x.

Illustrative Examples:
Classify the variables as independent or dependent variable.
1. time and salary Answer
Independent variable : time
Dependent variable : salary
2. the distance covered and the volume of the gasoline
Independent variable : the volume of the gasoline
Dependent variable : the distance covered
3. height of a plant to the number of months grown
Independent variable : the number of months grown
Dependent variable : height of a plant
4. y = 2x + 1
Independent variable : x
Dependent variable : y

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 What’s More

NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!

Activity 2.4
A. State whether each of the following graphs represents a function or not function.
1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

B. Identify the independent and dependent variable from each of the following.
1. The amount of memory on DVD determines how many songs you can
download to it.
Independent variable : _________________________
Dependent variable : _________________________
2. The number of hours boiling and the number of ounces of water in the pot.
Independent variable : _________________________
Dependent variable : _________________________
3. Higher education typically leads to higher income.
Independent variable : _________________________
Dependent variable : _________________________
4. Drinking energy drinks makes people more aggressive.
Independent variable : _________________________
Dependent variable : _________________________
5. y = -2x

x -2 -1 0 1 2
y 4 2

Independent variable : _________________________

Dependent variable : _________________________

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 What I Need to Remember

 The Vertical Line Test - is used to determine whether the

graph is a function or not. If any vertical line drawn
through the graph intersects the graph in exactly one
point, then the graph represents a function.
 Independent Variable – is a variable which can be assigned
any permissible value without any restriction imposed by
any other variable. It is also considered as a variable that
can stand on its own.
 Dependent Variable – is a variable in an expression or a
statement that has its value determined by the choice of
value/s of other variable/s.

What I Can Do

A. Given the set of ordered pairs, do the following.

a. mapping
b. table
c. graph
1. {(0, 0), (1, -1), (1, 1), (4, -2), (4, 2)}
2. {(10, 0), (10, 2), (10, 4), (10, 6), (10, 8)}

B. Analysis:
In Cebu City, the jeepney fare for the 1st 4 km is Php10 and an additional
Php 3 is charged for every kilometer thereafter. Make a table and graph
to represent this particular fare scheme in Cebu City.

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. Assessment (Post Test)

Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your chosen answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following relations is a function?

A. {(0, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (3, 4), 2, 3)}
B. {(x, y) | y = |x – 2|}
C. {(x, y) | y > x }
D. {(x, y) | x = y2 , x and y are real numbers}

2. It is a correspondence in which every element in the domain is mapped to a

unique element in the range.
A. One-to-One C. One-to-Many
B. Many-to-One D. Many-to-Many

3. Which of the following sets of ordered pairs defines a function?

A. {(a, 2), (b, 6), (c, -2), (c, -6)} C. {(m, 2), (m, 3), (m, 4), (m, -9)}
B. {(1, 2), (2, 6), (3, -2), (3, -6)} D. {(4, -4), (3, -4), (2, -4), (1, -4)}

4. A __________ is a special type of relation in which every element in the domain

is mapped to exactly one element in the range.
A. domain C. range
B. function D. relation

5. Which of the following statements is false?

A. Not all functions are relations.
B. In every relation, each input value has exactly two output values.
C. A function is defined as a set of input and output values which are
related in some way.
D. All the above-given statements are false.

6. In the statement “The more time people spend using social media, the less
they read books.”, which one is the independent variable?
A. less books read C. time on social media
B. people read D. none of these

7. A relation is any set of ordered pairs (x , y). It can be expressed in different

ways, EXCEPT one.
A. graphing C. rule
B. concept mapping D. table

8. Given the relation R = {(8, 4), (1, -1), (6, 7), (x, -6)}. Which of the following
values for x will make relation R a function?
A. -3 B. 1 C. 6 D. 8

9. A __________________ is used to determine whether the graph is a function or

not.
A. Horizontal Line Test C. Perpendicular Line Test
B. Parallel Line Test D. Vertical Line Test

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10. Which of the following is NOT a graph of a function?
A. C.

B. D.

11. What is the range in the relation shown in the mapping below?

-2 4
2 16
4
25
5
6 36

A. {-2, 2, 4, 5, 6} C. {-2, 2, 4, 5, 6, 16, 25, 36}

B. {4, 16, 25, 36} D. {(-2, 4),(2, 4),(4,16),(5, 25),(6, 36)}

12. Which of the following is a false statement about functions?

A. Each element in A (domain) must be matched with an element in B
(range).
B. Each element in A (domain) is matched to not more than one element in
B (range).
C. Some elements in B (range) must be matched with one element in
A (domain).
D. Two or more elements of A (domain) may be matched with the same
element in B (range).

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13. How would you describe the type of correspondence below?

Apple
Grapes
Juice
Guava
Lemon
Orange

A. One-to-One C. One-to-Many
B. Many-to-One D. Many-to-Many

14. Which of the following is NOT a table of a function?

A. C.
x -3 -2 -1 0 x -4 -3 -4 -5
y 4 5 5 6 y 1 2 3 4
B. D.
x 8 7 6 5 4 x -2 0 2 4
y 0 0 0 0 0 y 1 1 1 2

15. Which of the following is a graph of a function?

A. C.

B. D.

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 17
Lesson 2
WHAT’S MORE : Activity 2.4
A.
1. not function 3. function 5. not function
2. not function 4. not function
B.
1. Independent Variable: amount of memory on DVD
Dependent Variable: songs you can download
2. Independent Variable: number of ounces of water in the pot
Dependent Variable: number of hours boiling
3. Independent Variable: higher education
Dependent Variable: higher income
4. Independent Variable: drinking energy drinks
Dependent Variable: aggressive behavior
5. Independent Variable: x
Dependent Variable: y
WHAT’S MORE
Activity 2.3
A.
1. {(4,2),(4,-2),(16,4),(16,-4)} not function
2. {(4,1),(8,2),(12,3),(16,4)} function
3. {(5,25),(-5,25),(6,36),(-6,36)} function
B.
1. F 2. R 3. F 4. R 5. F
C.
1. {-3,4),(-1,-3),(1,-2),(5,3)}
x -3 -1 1 5
y 4 -3 -2 3
2. {(-4,2),(-3,-2),(1,4),(5,1)}
x -4 -3 1 5
y 2 -2 4 1
D.
1. function 2. not function 3. function
Lesson 1
WHAT’S IN : Activity 2.1
KITCHEN SCHOOL GADGETS
UTENSILS SUPPLIES
fork pencil laptop
ladle liquid eraser digital camera
knife ballpen iPod
table notebook cellphone
grater paper
Activity 2.2
{(narra, tree),(tulip, flower), (orchid, flower), (mahogany, tree),
(rose, flower), (apricot, tree)}
HONESTY is required.
Remember: This portion of the module contains all the answers. Your
ANSWER KEY
References:
Websites:
Relations and Functions, accessed December 13, 2020
https://physicscatalyst.com/maths/relations-and-functions-worksheets.php

Worksheets on Relations and Functions

https://byjus.com/maths/relations-functions-worksheet/

Mapping Diagrams
https://www.varsitytutors.com/hotmath/hotmath_help/topics/mapping-
diagrams#:~:text=A%20mapping%20diagram%20consists%20of,relation%20betwee
n%20any%20two%20elements

Representing Functions
https://www.mathplanet.com/education/algebra-1/discovering-expressions,-
equations-and-functions/representing-functions-as-rules-and-
graphs#:~:text=Functions%20are%20usually%20represented%20by,of%20the%20i
ndependent%20variable%2C%20x.&text=A%20pair%20of%20an%20input,as%20(a
%2C%20b)

Books:
Abuzo, Emmanuel P., et al. Mathematics 8 Learner’s Module, “Relations and
Functions”, Department of Education-Instructional Materials Council Secretariat.
2nd Floor Dorm G, Philsports Complex, Meralco Avenue, Pasig City. 2013

Crisostomo, Ricardo M., et.al. Our World of Math “Relations and Functions”, Vibal
Publishing House Inc.,1253 G. Araneta Ave., Quezon City, 2013

Glorial, Jonathan C., et. al., Phoenix Math for the 21st Century Learners Second
Edition, “Basic Idea of a Function”, Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 927, Quezon
Avenue, Quezon City, 2017

Nivera, Gladys C. Ph.D. Grade 8 Mathematics Patterns and Practicalities,

“Relations, Functions, Vertical Line Test”, Salesiana Books by Don Bosco Press
Inc., Antonio Arnaiz cor. Chico Roces Avenues, Makati City, 2013

Images:
https://images.app.goo.gl/zE9E966HitCyw8xq6
https://images.app.goo.gl/aeLtPE6i3GtRptREA

Congratulations!
You are now ready for the next module. Always remember the following:

1. Make sure every answer sheet has your

o Name
o Grade and Section
o Title of the Activity or Activity No.
2. Follow the date of submission as agreed with your teacher.
3. Keep the modules with you.
4. Return them at the end of the school year.

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