sIff & sf] kf7\oj|md sfof{Gjog dfu{bz{g, @)&*

@=#=! ul0ft ljifosf] kf7\oj|md

kl/ro
kf7\oj|md kl/dfh{g lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lj|mof xf] . kf7\oj|mdnfO{ ;do ;fGble{s, Jofjxfl/s / kl/j]z ;'xfpFbf]
agfpg] k|of; :j?k cfwf/e"t tx -sIff ^–*_ sf] kf7\oj|md, @)^( nfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L cfwf/e"t tx -sIff
^–*_ sf] kf7\oj|md, @)&& ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . To;} cg'?k cfwf/e"t tx sIff ^–* sf] ul0ft ljifosf]
kf7\oj|mdnfO{ ul0ftLo 9fFrf, lj|mof / k|lj|mofn] ljBfyL{df sf/0f vf]Hg], cf}lrTok"0f{ lg0f{o lbg], k|i6 ljrf/ /fVg],
Jofjxfl/s ul0ftLo ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ h:tf ;Ifdtfx¿ ljsf; ug]{ ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z u/L kl/dfh{g ug]{
sfo{ ul/Psf] 5 . ul0ft ljifosf] Jofjxfl/s, Jofj;flos / ljifout cfjZostfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L
ljBfyL{x¿sf] :t/cg';f/ ul0ftLo ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ lgDglnlvt 5cf]6f If]qx¿df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 M
!= ;d"x @= cª\sul0ft #= If]qldlt
$= aLhul0ft %= Hofldlt ^= tYofª\szf:q

dfly plNnlvt If]q cGt{ut ul0ftLo ljifoj:t'nfO{ k|lt sIff % kf7\o306f / jflif{s !^) sfo{306f x'g] u/L
;/n tyf hl6nsf] j|mddf /flvPsf] 5 . ;fy} ;f]xL cg';f/ sfod x'g] u/L If]qut ?kdf ;d]t sfo{306fsf]
afF8kmfF8 klg ul/Psf] 5 . ul0ftsf] l;sfO lj|mofsnfknfO{ ;s];Dd ljBfyL{sf] b}lgs hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt u/fO{
…u/]/ l;Sg]Ú l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t eO{ Jofjxfl/s / k|of]ufTds kIfnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} ;~rfng ug{ o;
kf7\oj|mdn] hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o; kIfnfO{ dfu{bz{g ug{sf nflu l;sfO pknlJwsf] lj:t[lts/0fdf ;f]cg';f/sf
lj|mofsnfkx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . ljBfyL{ d'Nofª\sg k|lj|mofnfO{ ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO ;'lglZrt ug]{ u/L
lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sgnfO{ hf]8 lbFb} j:t'ut / Jofjxfl/s agfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L Jofjxfl/s /
k|of]ufTds l;sfOn] ljBfyL{x¿df ul0ft k|ltsf] ?lr, rfxgf clej[l4 eO{ kf7\oj|mdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf ;Ifdtf
tyf l;sfO pknlJwx¿ xfl;n x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
cfwf/e"t lzIff kf7\oj|md, @)^( sfof{Gjogsf] sl/a Ps bzs k"/f eO;s]sf] 5 . lj1fg tyf k|ljlwdf
cfPsf] kl/jt{g, ;fdflhs rfxgf / cfjZostfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g, cGt{/fli6«o kl/j]z cflbsf cfwf/df
ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;fdlos ?kdf kl/dfh{g ug{ ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . ;f]xL cg'?k ljBfyL{x¿df ul0ftLo 1fg, l;k,
clej[lQ tyf ;f]r ljsf; u/L b}lgs hLjgsf Jofjxfl/s ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Ifd agfpg tkm{ s]lGb|t eO{
ul0ft ljifosf] kf7\oj|mddf kl/dfh{g ul/Psf] xf] .
txut ;Ifdtf
cfwf/e"t tx sIff ^–* cWoog kZrft ljBfyL{df lgDgfg';f/sf ;Ifdtf ljsf;sf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 M
1. ;d"x;DaGwL Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg
2. jf:tljs ;ª\Vof k4lt;Fu;DalGwt Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg
3. kl/ldlt, If]qkmn tyf cfotg;DaGwL Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg
4. aLhLo cleJo~hs tyf ;dLs/0f;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg
5. ;dtnLo tyf 7f]; cfs[ltx¿sf] /rgf / u'0fx¿ tyf tYox¿sf] k/LIf0f
6. lgb]{zfª\sx¿, kfOyfuf]/; ;fWo/ :yfgfGt/0f;DaGwL wf/0ffsf] k|of]u;lxt ;d:of ;dfwfg
7. tYofª\ssf] juL{s/0f, k|:t'lt / JofVof
8. ul0ftLo 1fg, l;k / wf/0ffx¿sf] cGt/ ljifos If]q tyf cGo ljifosf l;sfO If]qx¿;Fu ;DaGw
:yflkt ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; .

1
@=#=@ kf7\oj|md / kf7\ok':tssf] ljz]iftf

ul0ft ljifosf] gofF kf7\oj|mdsf] ;+/rgf

-s_ kl/ro
-v_ txut ;Ifdtf
-u_ sIffut l;sfO pknlJw
-3_ ljifoj:t'sf] If]q / j|md
-ª_ k|of]ufTds÷kl/of]hgf sfo{sf nflu ;Defljt lj|mofsnfkx¿
-r_ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljlw tyf k|lj|mof
-5_ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg
ul0ft ljifosf] gofF kf7\oj|mdsf] ljz]iftfx¿
1. ul0ftLo ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ lgDglnlvt 5cf]6f If]qx¿df ;dfj]z ul/Psf],
-s_ ;d"x -v_ cª\sul0ft -u_ If]qldlt
-3_ aLhul0ft -ª_ Hofldlt -r_ tYofª\szf:q
2. cf7cf]6f txut ;Ifdtfx¿ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf],
3. If]qut ?kdf sIffut l;sfO pknlJwnfO{ tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf],
4. sIff ^ df $( cf]6f, sIff & df $% cf]6f / sIff * df $! cf]6f l;sfO pknlJw lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] .
5. sIffut ?kdf ljifoj:t'sf] If]q, ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f, ;Defljt l;sfO lj|mofsnfk, ;Defljt
d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mof / cg'dflgt sfo{ 306f ;dfj]z u/L ljifoj:t'sf] If]q / j|md tflnsf k|:t't
ul/Psf] .
6. ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;/n b]lv hl6nsf] j|mddf k|:t't ul/Psf] .
7. k|of]ufTds÷kl/of]hgf sfo{df hf]8 lbO{ If]qut ?kdf ;Defljt lj|mofsnfkx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] .
8. ljBfyL{x¿df ul0ftLo ljifoj:t'x¿sf] wf/0ff, l;k, ;f]r / clej[lQ ljsf;sf nflu ;xof]ufTds
l;sfOsf ljlw, ;d:of ;dfwfg ljlw, kl/of]hgf sfo{ ljlw nufotsf ljlwx¿sf] k|of]udf hf]8
lbOPsf] .
9. lj|mofsnfkd'vL l;sfO ;~rfngsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] s]xL ljlw / k|lj|mof, lt ljlw tyf
k|lj|mofsf] k|of]u u/L lzIf0f ug{ ;lsg] ul0ftsf ;Defljt kf7 k|:t't ul/Psf] .
10. cfwf/e"t tx sIff ^–* df ul0ft lzIf0f ubf{ ul0ftnfO{ Jofjxfl/s b}lgs hLjgsf ;d:ofx¿;Fu
k|ToIf ?kdf ;DalGwt u/fO{ ul0ft lzIf0f l;sfO ug{ hf]8 lbOPsf] .
11. ljifo If]qut ?kdf z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;"lr ;dfj]z ul/Psf] .
12. kf7\oj|mdn] ck]Iff u/]sf ;Ifdtf / l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n eP gePsf] ;'lgZrt ug{ lgdf{0ffTds
d"Nofª\sgnfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf],
13. clGtd k/LIffsf] k|Zgkq kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] tof/ u/]sf] ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL
lgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{ s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] .
kf7\oj|md lgdf{0fsf] ;}4flGts cfwf/
▪ ;Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t
▪ ;jf{ª\lu0f afnljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t
▪ :yfgLo cfjZostf tyf ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t
▪ hLjgf]kof]uL tyf sfo{k|lt cled'v
▪ ljBfyL{s]lGb|t, Learning by doing df cfwfl/t
▪ vf]h tyf cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t

2
 ▪ ljljwtf / ;dfj]zL l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t
▪ pknJw :yfgLo ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u tyf ICT df cfwfl/t
▪ b}lgs hLjgsf Jofjxfl/s ;d:of ;dfwfgdf cfwfl/t

k'/fgf] kf7\oj|md / gofF kf7\oj|mddf ePsf d"ne"t leGgtf

k'/fgf] kf7\oj|md gofF kf7\oj|md
ul0ftLo ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ cf7cf]6f If]qdf ;dfj]z ul0ftLo ljifoj:t'x¿nfO{ 5cf]6f If]qdf ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] . ul/Psf] .
Plane geometry, coordinate geometry / Plane geometry, coordinate geometry /
transformation geometry nfO{ cnu cnu If]q transformation geometry nfO{ cnu cnu If]q
agfOPsf] gagfO{ Pp6} If]q Hofldlt cGtu{t ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
sIff ^ df @& cf]6f, sIff & df #) cf]6f / sIff * sIff ^ df $% cf]6f, sIff & df $$ cf]6f / sIff *
df #! cf]6f l;sfO pknlJw lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] . df $! cf]6f l;sfO pknlJw lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] .
sIffut ?kdf ljifoj:t'sf] If]q / j|md tyf sIffut ?kdf ljifoj:t'sf] If]q / j|mdsf ;fy}
cg'dflgt 306L dfq ;dfj]z ul/Psf] . ljifoj:t'sf] lj:t[tLs/0f, ;Defljt Jojxf/s'zn
l;k, ;Defljt l;sfO lj|mofsnfk, ;Defljt
d"Nofª\sg k|lj|mof / cg'dflgt sfo{ 306f ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] .
kf7\oef/ / k"0ff{ª\sdf cfwfl/t kf7\o306f / sfo{306fdf cfwfl/t
k|of]ufTds÷kl/of]hgf sfo{sf nflu ;Defljt k|of]ufTds÷kl/of]hgf sfo{sf nflu ;Defljt
lj|mofsnfkx¿ ;dfj]z gul/Psf] . lj|mofsnfkx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] .
^)Ü cfjlws d"Nofª\sg / $)Ü lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ %)Ü cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg / %)Ü clGtd k/LIffsf]
d"Nofª\sgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] .
lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sgsf nfuL cfwf/x¿ dfq lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sgsf ;fwgx¿, ltgsf kIf /
;dfj]z ul/Psf] . ltgLx¿sf] cª\sef/ k|:t't ul/Psf] .
1fg / af]w, l;k / ;d:of ;dfwfgdf cfwfl/t 1fg, af]w, k|of]u / pRr bIftfdf cfwfl/t
ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] . ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] .

jt{dfg kf7\o k':ts -sIff &_ sf] d"ne"t ljz]iftf

▪ kf7\oj|mdn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf l;sfO pknlJw tyf ljifoj:t'sf] If]q / j|mdcg';f/sf kf7 / cEof;x¿
;dfj]z ul/Psf] .
▪ k|To]s kf7df k'g/fjnf]sg lj|mofsnfk ;dfj]z ul/Psf] .
▪ ul0ftLo ljifoj:t'x¿sf] ;xhLs/0fnfO{ inductive way af6 ug]{ u/L lj|mofsnfkdf cfwfl/t
agfOPsf] .
▪ k|z:t pbfx/0fx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] .
▪ lgisif{ tyf kl/efiffx¿nfO{ afs;df /flvPsf] .
▪ ljifoj:t'sf] wf/0ff ;Fu;Fu} To;;Fu ;DalGwt cEof; ;dfj]z ul/Psf] .
▪ cEof;ctu{t j:t'ut k|Zgx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] .
▪ x/]s If]qsf] cGtdf ldl>t cEof; ;dfj]z ul/Psf] .
▪ x/]s kf7df kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] .

3
 ▪ ljBfyL{x¿sf] :t/cg';f/ pgLx¿nfO{ dg kg]{ vfnsf] n]cfp6 l8hfOg, pko'St ;fOhsf] cIf/x¿,
;fGble{s lrqx¿ ;dfj]z u/L /ª\lug kf7\ok':ts tof/ ul/Psf] .

@=#=# ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof / d"Nofª\sg

;xhLs/0fsf Jofjxfl/s l;4fGt / k|of]u
;xhLs/0f k|lj|mofnfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf l;4fGt / ljlw cjnDag ug]{ u/L to ul/Psf] 5 M
▪ u/]/ l;Sg] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t
▪ kl/of]hgf÷k|of]ufTds sfo{ ljlwsf] k|of]u
▪ lj|mofsnfkd'vL l;sfO lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng
▪ ljBfyL{ s]Gb|Lt ljlw tyf tl/sfx¿sf] k|of]u
▪ cfudg ljlw, lgdf{0ffTds ljlw, ;xof]ufTds ljlw, v]n ljlw, k|of]ufTds sfo{ ljlwsf] k|of]u
▪ k|ljlwo'St l;sfO k|lj|mofdf hf]8
▪ km/s Ifdtf -ckfª\utf_ ePsf tyf l9nf] u/L l;Sg] ljBfyL{x?nfO{ a9LeGbf a9L ;xeflutf x’g ;Sg]
u/L l;sf{ ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof ;~rfngdf hf]8
d"Nofª\sgsf k|lj|mof

▪ lgdf{0ffTds / lg0f{ofTds d'Nofª\sg cjnDag ug'{kg]{ 5 .

▪ lgdf{0ffTds d'Nofª\sgdf sIff lj|mofsnfk, ljBfyL{sf sfo{ tyf sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cjnf]sg, u[xsfo{,
kl/of]hgf sfo{, df}lvs tyf lnlvt sfo{, PsfO tyf q}dfl;s k/LIffx¿, :j tyf ;xkf7L d'Nofª\sg
nufotsf ;fwg k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
▪ Go'gtd l;sfO:t/ xfl;n gu/]sf ljBfyL{sf nflu ;'wf/fTds tyf pkrf/fTds l;sfOsf] cj;/
k|bfg ug'{kg]{ 5 .
▪ lgdf{0ffTds d'Nofª\sgaf6 k|fKt lglZrt cª\snfO{ cfGtl/s d'Nofª\sgsf ?kdf %) k|ltzt ef/ /
afFsL %) k|ltzt ef/sf] clGtd k/LIff ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ 5 .

!= cfGtl/s d'Nofª\sg
▪ lgdf{0ffTds d'Nofª\sgsf nflu ljBfyL{sf] sfo{;~rlosf (Portfolio) Jojl:yt ug'{kg]{ 5 .
▪ cfGtl/s d'Nofª\sgnfO{ j:t'ut / Jofjxfl/s u/fpg] p2]Zon] o;sf nflu d'Nofª\sgsf kIfx¿ /
ef/ tf]lsPsf] 5 .
j|m=;= d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/ ef/
! ;xeflutf $
@ k|of]ufTds sfo{, kl/of]hgf sfo{ jf cGo lj|mofsnfk #^
# q}dfl;s k/LIff !)
hDdf %)
b|i6Jo M
• ;xeflutfcGtu{t pkl:ylt tyf l;sfOdf ;xeflutf / ;lj|motf kb{5g\ .
• k|of]ufTds sfo{, kl/of]hgf sfo{ jf cGo lj|mofsnfk ljifosf] k|s[ltcg';f/ km/s km/s x'g]5 .
o;sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f ljifout kf7\oj|mddf pNn]v ePcg';f/ ug'{kg]{ 5 .
• cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg tf]lsPsf] ef/df g} ug'{kg]{ 5 . pSt ef/cg';f/ g} cIf/fª\sg k4ltcg';f/
ljBfyL{nfO{ glthfsf] u|]8l;6 lbg ;lsg] 5 .

4
 • q}dfl;s k/LIffnfO{ %) k|ltzt cª\sef/df ;~rfng u/L tf]lsPsf] !) k|ltzt cª\sef/df
¿kfGt/0f ug'{kg]{ 5 .
• q}dfl;s k/LIffdf ;'? b]lv k7gkf7g ePsf ;a} kf7 tyf PsfOaf6 afXo k/LIffsf]
ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ k|Zg lgdf{0f u/L k/LIff ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ 5 .
• Ps z}lIfs ;qdf b'O{cf]6f q}dfl;s k/LIff ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ 5 . pSt k/LIffsf] glthfnfO{
lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sgdf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ 5 .
• jflif{s ?kdf ljBfyL{nfO{ u|]8 l;6 k|bfg ubf{ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf] %) k|ltzt cª\sef/ -
;xeflutf $, kl/of]hgf sfo{, k|of]ufTds sfo{ #^, q}dfl;s k/LIff !)_ sf] 5'6\6} u|]8 tyf
afXo k/LIffsf] %) cª\sef/sf] 5'6\6} u|]8 sfod u/L cfGtl/s / afXo d"Nofª\sg b'j}sf] cf};t
u|]8 kf]OG6 -Grade Point Average-GPA) sfod x'g] u/L u|]8 l;6 tof/ ug'{kg]{ 5 .ljBfyL{
;xeflutf, k|To]s l;sfO pknlAwdf ljBfyL{sf] pknlAwsf] :t/ tyf k|of]ufTds÷kl/of]hgf sfo{sf]
sfo{ ;Dkfbg :t/ /]l6ªusf] nflu ?la|S;sf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{ 5 .
@= clGtd k/LIff
▪ lg0f{ofTds d'Nofª\sgdf clGtd k/LIffsf] ef/ %) k|ltzt x'g] 5 .
▪ clGtd k/LIffsf] k|Zgkq kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] tof/ u/]sf] ljlzli6s/0f tflnsfnfO{ cfwf/ dflg
lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ 5 . o; cGt{ut !^ k|ltzt 1fg, @$ k|ltzt af]w, $) k|ltzt k|of]u / @) k|ltzt
pRr bIftfsf k|Zgx¿ ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ / k|Zgx¿ lgdf{0f ubf{ ;Gbe{ lbP/ lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{5 . k|To]s
k|Zgdf PseGbf a9L ;+1fgfTds txsf pkk|Zgx¿ ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg]5 .

@=#=$ ul0ft ljifosf] kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u

!= kf7\ok':ts
▪ kf7\oj|mdcg';f/ tof/ ul/Psf] ;fdu|L xf] .
▪ kf7\ok':tssf] k|:t'tLs/0f kIfdf gljgtf lbOPsf] 5 . If]qut ?kdf ldl>t cEof; / k|To]s kf7df
kl/of]hgf sfo{af6 ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf kf7x¿sf] ;+/rgf

k|To]s kf7sf] k|:t'lts/0f lgDgfg';f/ ul/Psf] 5 M
1.0 k'g/jnf]sg (Review) ▪ cEof; 1.2
▪ Activity based on student centered ▪ kl/of]hgf sfo{
▪ about 1/2 page ▪ pQ/
1.1 pklzif{s (Subtitle)
▪ Activity with Inductive approach
▪ Conclusion will be in box with highlight
▪ pbfx/0fx¿ : cfjZostfcg';f/
▪ cEof; 1.1
▪ kl/of]hgf sfo{
▪ pQ/
1.2 pklzif{s (Subtitle)
▪ lj|mofsnfkx¿
▪ lgZsif{

5
@= kf7\oj|md sfof{Gjog dfu{bz{g
▪ kf7\oj|mdnfO{ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu agfOPsf] kf7\o;fdu|L kf7\oj|md sfof{Gjog dfu{bz{g xf] .
▪ ul0ft ljifosf] gofF kf7\oj|mdsf] ;+/rgf, kf7\oj|md / kf7\ok':tssf] ljz]iftf, kf7\oj|mddf ePsf gofF
/ gf}nf]kg, o;n] hf]8 lbOPsf] kIfx¿ tyf o;sf l;4fGtsf af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
▪ gofF kf7\oj|mddf cfwfl/t ul0ft kf7\ok':tssf] k|of]u ;DaGwdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
▪ gd'gf kf7 of]hgf ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
kf7\o;fdu|L k|of]u
▪ lzIfsn] kf7\oj|md, kf7\oj|md sfof{Gjog dfu{bz{g / kf7\ok':tssf] clgjfo{ cWoog ug'{kg]{ 5 .
o;sf cnfjf cGo ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L klg cWoog ug'{kg]{ 5 .
▪ kf7\oj|md, kf7\oj|md sfof{Gjog dfu{bz{g / kf7\ok':tssf] k|of]u u/L kf7 of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L lzIf0f
ug'kg]{ 5 .
▪ k|To]s kf7sf] ;'?jft clgjfo{ ?kdf k'g/fjnf]sgaf6 ug'{kg]{ 5 .
▪ ;d"x sfo{ jf hf]8L sfo{sf] ?kdf ljBfyL{ :jod\ ;xefuL eO{ lj|mofsnfk ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg'kg]{ 5
.
▪ kf7\ok':tsdf lbOPsf / To:tf cGo yk lj|mofsnfk u/fP/ ljifoj:t'sf] wf/0ff k|i6 kfg{sf nflu
kof{Kt 5nkmnkl5 dfq} cEof; u/fpg'kg]{ 5 .
▪ lzIfs :jod\n] k':tsdf lbOP h:t} ul0ftLo ;d:ofx¿ lgdf{0f u/L ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ a9LeGbf a9L
cEof; u/fpg'kg]{ 5 .
▪ ul0ftLo wf/0ffx¿nfO{ b}lgs hLjgsf ;d:of;Fu ;DalGwt u/fO{ lzIf0f l;sfO ug'{kg]{ 5 .
▪ ul0ftLo wf/0ffx¿sf] Jofjxfl/s k|of]usf If]qx¿sf] klxrfg u/fpg'kg]{ 5 .
▪ kf7\ok':ts / kf7\oj|mddf ePsf / cGo yk kl/of]hgf÷k|of]ufTds sfo{df ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;xefuL
u/fpg'kg]{ 5 .
▪ ljBfyL{sf] lg/Gt/ l;sfOdf ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L k|To]s ljifo If]qsf] cGtdf lbOPsf] ldl>t cEof;
ug{sf] nflu ljBfyL{nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug'{kg]{ 5 .
@=#=% gd'gf kf7 of]hgf
kf7 M ;d"x

zLif{s M ;j{Jofks ;d"x (Universal Set) / pk;d"x (Subset)

kf7sf] p2]Zo M of] kf7sf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x¿ lgDglnlvt sfo{df ;Ifd x'g]5g\ M
▪ ;j{Jofks ;d"x / pk;d"xx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ .

z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|L M cf}hf/ ;lxtsf] HofldtL afs;, ljleGg j:t'x¿sf lrqx¿ ePsf kf]:6/x¿, ljleGg
;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"x hgfpg] rf6{ k]k/, Worksheet x¿

lzIf0f l;sfO lj|mofsnfk

lj|mofsnfk ! M ;j{Jofks ;d"x (Universal Set) klxrfg u/f}F .

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ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] Hofldlt afs;df ePsf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] u'0fsf cfwf/df ljleGg ;d"xx¿ agfpg
nufpg'xf];\ . oL ;a} ;d"xx¿sf u'0f jf ljz]iftfaf6 aGg ;Sg] Pp6f ;d"x s] x'g ;S5 < 5nkmn u/L
lgisif{df k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .

k|lj|mof / ljlw
• ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ cfk"m;Fu ePsf] Hofldlt afs; cjnf]sg u/L To;df ePsf ljleGg ;fdu|Lx¿sf]
u'0fsf cfwf/df ljleGg ;d"x agfpg nufpg'xf];\ / n]Vg klg nufpg'xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xaf6 ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] tof/ u/]sf ;d"xx¿nfO{ sIffdf k|:t't\ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|:t'tLs/0f kZrft s] oL ;a} ;d"xx¿sf u'0f jf ljz]iftfaf6 s'g} Pp6f ;d"x aGg ;S5
< 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{x¿af6 k|fKt pQ/sf cfwf/df ;j{Jofks ;d"xsf af/]df k|i6 kfg'{xf];\ .
glthf / k|flKt
ltgs'g] ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;d"x,

A= { , }
j[Qfsf/ cfs[ltx¿ /rgf ug{ k|of]u ul/g] ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;d"x,

B= { , }
/]vfx¿x¿ lvRg k|of]u ul/g] ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;d"x,

C= { , , }

HofldtLo cf}hf/sf] ;d"xdf dflysf ;j} ;d"xx¿ kb{5g\ . To;}n] dflysf ;d"xx¿sf ;j{Jofks ;d"x
HofldtLo cf}hf/sf] ;d"x x'G5 .

7
s'g} Pp6f lglZrt ;d"xdf 5nkmn leq cfpg ;Sg] ;a} k|sf/sf ;d"xx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ eg] Tof]
lglZrt ;d"xnfO{ ;j{Jofks ;d"x elgG5 . ;j{Jofks ;d"xnfO{ ‘U’ n] hgfOG5 .
lj|mofsnfk @ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pko"Qm ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ . lgDg adf]lhdsf ;ª\Vofsf] ;d"x lgdf{0f ug{
nufpg'xf];\ M
– hf]/ ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"x,
– lahf]/ ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"x,
– ju{ ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"x,
– 3g ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"x,
– ?9 ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"x,
oL ;a} ;d"xx¿sf u'0f jf ljz]iftfaf6 aGg ;Sg] Pp6f ;d"x s] x'g ;S5 < 5nkmn u/L lgisif{df
k'¥ofpg'xf];\ .

k|lj|mof
/ ljlw
▪ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pko"Qm ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
▪ k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ dfly lbOPsf;d"xsf ;b:ox¿ n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
▪ k|To]s ;d"xaf6 s'g} Ps ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿n] tof/ kf/]sf ;"rLnfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
▪ ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|:t'tLs/0f kZrft oL ;a} ;d"xx¿sf u'0f jf ljz]iftfsf cfwf/df ;j{Jofks ;d"x s]
x'g ;S5, n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
▪ ljBfyL{x¿af6 k|fKt pQ/sf cfwf/df ;j{Jofks ;d"xsf af/]df k|i6 kfg'{xf];\ .

glthf / k|flKt
hf]/ ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"x,
E = {2, 4, 6, 8, …}
lahf]/ ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"x,
O = {1, 3, 5, 7, …}
ju{ ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"x,
S = {1, 4, 9, 16, …}
3g ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"x,
C = {1, 8, 27, …}
?9 ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"x,
P = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, …}
k|fs[lts ;ª\Vofx¿sf] ;d"xdf dflysf ;a} ;d"xx¿ kb{5g\ . To;}n] k|fs[lts ;ª\Vofsf] ;d'x dflysf ;a}
;d"xx¿sf ;j{Jofks ;d"x x'G5 .
ljz]iftf
lj|mofsnfk # M pk;d"x klxrfg u/f}F .
tn lbOPsf cfs[ltx¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ ;j{Jofks ;d"xsf] ?kdf n]Vg nufO{ To; ;d"xaf6 sltcf]6f s:tf
s:tf km/s ;d"xx¿ agfpg ;lsG5, agfpg nufpg'xf];\ . klxn]sf] ;d"x / kl5 agfPsf ;d"xsf
;b:ox¿sf cfwf/df 5nkmn u/L pk;d"xsf af/]df k|i6 kfg'{xf];\ .

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k|lj|mof / ljlw
• ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pko"Qm ;d"xdf ljefhg ug'{xf];\ .
• lrqdf lbOPsf cfs[ltx¿nfO{ ;j{Jofks ;d"xdf n]Vg nufpg'xf];\ .
• k|To]s ;d"xnfO{ ;j{Jofks ;d"xaf6 lgDgfg';f/sf] ;d"x lgdf{0f ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
– Pp6f dfq ;b:o ePsf ;d"xx¿
– b'O{cf]6f ;b:ox¿ ePsf ;d"xx¿
– tLgcf]6f ;b:o ePsf ;d"xx¿
– Pp6f klg ;b:o gePsf ;d"xx¿
• k|To]s ;d"xaf6 s'g} Ps ljBfyL{nfO{ pgLx¿n] tof/ kf/]sf ;"rLnfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|:t'tLs/0f kZrft 5nkmn u/L pk;d"xsf] af/]df k|i6 kfg'{'xf];\ .
• ;j{Jofks ;d"x / To;sf ;b:ox¿ lnP/ agfOPsf ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿ cjnf]sg u/L pko'St jf
cg'ko'St s:tf] ;d"x eGg ;lsG5, 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{x¿af6 k|fKt pQ/sf cfwf/df pko'St / cgko'St pk;d"xx¿sf af/]df k|i6 kfg'{xf];\ .
glthf / k|flKt
HofldtLo cfs[ltx¿sf] ;d"x (U) = {lqe'h, rt'{e'h, j[Q}
Pp6f dfq ;b:o ePsf ;d"xx¿
A = {lqe'h}, B = {rt'{e'h}, C = {j[Q}
b'O{cf]6f ;b:ox¿ ePsf ;d"xx¿
D = {lqe'h, rt'{e'h}, E = {lqe'h, j[Q}, F = {rt'{e'h, j[Q}
tLgcf]6f ;b:o ePsf ;d"xx¿
G = {lqe'h, rt'{e'h, j[Q}
Pp6f klg ;b:o gePsf ;d"xx¿ -vfnL ;d"x_
H = { } cyjf 
pkSt pk;d"xx¿ M
A = {lqe'h}, B = {rt'{e'h}, C = {j[Q}, D = {lqe'h, rt'{e'h}, E = {lqe'h, j[Q}, F = {rt'{e'h, j[Q}, H =
{}
cg'ko'St pk;d"xx¿ M
G = {lqe'h, rt'{e'h, j[Q}
▪ olb klxnf] ;d"xdf ePsf k|To]s ;b:o bf];|f] ;d"xsf] klg ;b:o eP klxnf] ;d"xnfO{ bf];|f] ;d"xsf]
pk;d"x elgG5 . pk;d"xnfO{ ⊆ jf ⊂ ;ª\s]tn] hgfOG5 . csf]{ zAbdf eGbf klxnf] ;d"xdf ePsf
;b:ox¿af6 ljleGg ;d"xx¿ agfOG5 eg] tL ;d"xx¿nfO{ klxnf] ;d"xsf] pk;d"xx¿ elgG5 .
▪ olb s'g} ;j{Jofks ;d"x U jf cGo ;d"xx¿ A, B, C, ... cflbaf6 s]xL dfq ;b:ox¿ lnP/ s'g}
9
 pk;d"x agfOG5 eg] To;nfO{ pko'St pk;d"x (proper subset) elgG5 . o;nfO{ ⊂ ;ª\s]tn]
hgfOG5 .
▪ olb s'g} ;j{Jofks ;d"x U jf cGo ;d"xx¿ A, B, C, ... cflbaf6 pSt ;d"xsf ;a} ;b:ox¿ lnP/
pk;d"x agfOG5 eg] To;nfO{ cg'ko'St pk;d"x (Improper Subset) elgG5 . o;nfO{ ⊆ ;ª\s]tn]
hgfOG5 .
▪ vfnL ;d"x ;a} ;d"xsf] pko"St pk;d"x x'G5 .
▪ a/fa/ ;d"xx¿ cfk;df cg'ko'St pk;d"xx¿ x'G5g\ .

lj|mofsnfk #
sIffsf]7fdf ePsf j:t'x¿sf] ;'lr tof/ ug'{xf];\ . ;dfg u'0fsf cfwf/df ;d"xx¿ lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ . tL
k|To]s ;d"xaf6 aGg] pk;d"xx¿ lgdf{0f u/L k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

d"Nofª\sg
tn lbOPsf j:t' tyf hgfj/x¿nfO{ ;d"x ;ª\s]tdf n]Vg'xf];\ / pSt ;d"xaf6 aGg] pk;d"xx¿ lgdf{0f
ug'{xf];\ . pko"St / cg'ko'St ;d"x 5'6\ofO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

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