Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION III
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TARLAC PROVINCE
JOSE V. YAP NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
(Formerly Tarlac National High School Annex)
SAN MIGUEL, TARLAC CITY

Understanding Proportions
A PROPORTION is a statement that two ratios are equal.
a c a c
If are two equal ratios, then the statement =
is called a
b =d b d
proportion.

Each of the four numbers in a proportion is called a term of the proportion.

a c
, =
From b d a is the first term; b the second term, c the third term,
and d the fourth term. The first and fourth terms are called the extremes. The
second and third are called the means. (Licuanan, P., 2016)

Example:
5 10
In the proportion 6 = 12 , name the four terms, the means, and the extremes.
Solution: First term=5 Second term=6 Third term 10 Fourth term=12
The means are 6 and 10; the extremes are 5 and 12.
5 10
That is, if 6 = 12 , then ad=bc; or if 5 :6 = 10 : 12; then ad=bc.

Address: San Miguel, Tarlac City

Telephone No: 0939 928 8698
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION III
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TARLAC PROVINCE
JOSE V. YAP NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
(Formerly Tarlac National High School Annex)
SAN MIGUEL, TARLAC CITY
Learning Module for Business Mathematics
Fundamental Property of Proportions

In any proportion, the product of the means is equal to the product of the
extremes. That is, the cross products of the terms are equal. In symbols,
a c
If b = d , then ad=bc. (Licuanan, P., 2016) Cross
Example: multiplication
7 14
We use the Fundamental Property of Proportions to verify = .
that Equating the cross products of the term gives 8 16

7 x 16 = 8x 14. That is, 112=112

Example:
8 18
Do the ratios =
10 22 form a proportion? Explain.
Solution:

8 18
We compute for the cross products of and . If they are equal, then 8
10 22 10
and 18 form a proportion. We have 8 x 22 = 176; while 10 x 18 =180. Since 176
≠180, 22 8
and 18 do not form a proportion.

Types of proportion (variation):

1. Direct proportion- two variables say x and y, varying such
that as x increases, y also increases or as x decreases, y also
x
always the
same.decreasesproportionally;thatistheratioy
The same holds true with the ratio y . (Licuanan, P., 2016)
x

Address: San Miguel, Tarlac City

Telephone No: 0939 928 8698
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION III
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TARLAC PROVINCE
JOSE V. YAP NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
(Formerly Tarlac National High School Annex)
SAN MIGUEL, TARLAC CITY

Example

State whether X and Y are directly proportional or not in the following table:

X 3 4 5 7
Y 9 12 15 21
Solution

We have
3 3÷3 1
=
9 9÷3 =3
Since each of the ratios of the corresponding values of X and Y is a constant equal to
1
, X and Y are directly proportional.
3
Chua, Simon L., et.al, 2018 Soaring 21st Century Mathematics Grade 11 Business Mathematics. p.78. Quezon City,
Philippines. Phoenix Publishing House.

1. Indirect/Inverse- two variables, say x and y, varying such

that as x increases, y decreases, or as x decreases, y increases
proportionally; that is, the product of x
https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/directly-inversely-proportional.html

and y is always the

same. (Licuanan, P., 2016)

Example:

State whether X and Y are inversely proportional or not in the following

table:

X 8 16 32 4 256
Y 32 16 8 64 1
Solution:

We know that if X and Y vary inversely, then the product (X, Y) remains
the same for all the values of X and Y.
Here, 8X32=256, 16X16=256, 32X8=256, 4X64=256 and 256X1=256.
Clearly, the products of all the values of X and Y are the same, that is, 256.

Therefore, X and Y vary inversely.

1. Partitive proportion- a whole is divided into more than
two parts. (Licuanan, P., 2016)

Partitive proportion involves identifying parts of a whole base on given

ratios of these parts. For example, a father wants to leave P467,500 to his
1
four children in the ratio of 1 : 3 : 3 : 4, so the first child will receive of
11 11
3
P467,500; the second child will receive 11 of P467,500; the third child will receive

4
of P467,500, and the four child will receive 11 of P467,500.

Address: San Miguel, Tarlac City

Telephone No: 0939 928 8698
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION III
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TARLAC PROVINCE
JOSE V. YAP NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
(Formerly Tarlac National High School Annex)
SAN MIGUEL, TARLAC CITY

In the ratio given above (1:3:3:4), all the numbers given were added (1+3+3+4=11) and has been
used as the denominator in creating equivalent fraction for the heirs of the children. The
numerator reflected are the numbers shown in the ratio.

Activity 1.1

Name:____________________________ Score:_______________

Section:___________________________

Directions: Read and analyze the following problems carefully. Use separate sheet to solve for the values of

Address: San Miguel, Tarlac City

Telephone No: 0939 928 8698
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION III
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TARLAC PROVINCE
JOSE V. YAP NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
(Formerly Tarlac National High School Annex)
SAN MIGUEL, TARLAC CITY

Activity 1.2

Name:____________________________ Score:_______________

Section:___________________________

Directions: Answer and solve the following questions. Show your solution and BOX your final answer.

Address: San Miguel, Tarlac City

Telephone No: 0939 928 8698
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION III
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TARLAC PROVINCE
JOSE V. YAP NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
(Formerly Tarlac National High School Annex)
SAN MIGUEL, TARLAC CITY

Address: San Miguel, Tarlac City

Telephone No: 0939 928 8698