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NRS 2110: Maternal and Child Nursing I

TOPIC: Reproductive System
REFERENCE: Powerpoint of Prof. Mary Cris T. Rombaoa

OUTLINE Mons veneris or mons pubis

I. Female Reproductive Organ
1.1. Exterior Parts of the Female Reproductive → is a pad of adipose tissue that is located over the
System symphysis pubis which is the joint on the most anterior
1.2. Functions of the Female Reproductive portion of the pelvic area or the pubic bone of the
System
human. It protects the junction of the pubic bone from
1.3. Internal Parts of the Female Reproductive
trauma, usually from giving birth.
System
1.4. Vagina o Symphysis pubis in female functions as the
1.5. Breast meet up of the pubic bone, it can be adjusted
II. Male Reproductive Organ to give way for the release of fetus to avoid
2.1. Roles/Function injury or fracture of the mother.
2.2. Parts of the Male Reproductive System
2.3. Spermatogenesis Labia minora
III. Pelvis
3.1. Main Function → the most posterior to the mons veneris spreads two
3.2. Main Parts hairless folds of the connective tissue. Before menarche
3.3. Obstetric Pelvis Disorder these folds are fairly small; during the childbearing age
3.4. Pelvic Inlet they are firm and full; after menopause they atrophy
3.5. Pelvic Outlet and became much smaller.
3.6. Pelvic Cavity
3.7. Articulation in the Pelvic Region Labia majora
3.8. Pelvic Measurements
3.9. Diameters of the Pelvic Inlet → two folds of adipose tissue (mas mataba) covered by
3.10. Pelvic Outlet Diameter the loose connective tissue of the epithelium. They are
3.11. Mid-Pelvic Cavity Diameter positioned lateral to the labia minora. They serve as the
3.12. Obstetric Measurement protection of the external genitalia and the distal
3.13. Common Pelvic Shapes urethra vaginal. Trauma to the area occurs at childbirth
IV. Menstrual Cycle or rape, that can cause extensive edema formation
4.1. Concepts of Menstruation resulting to hematoma or ecchymosis because of the
4.2. Body Structures Involved in the Physiology looseness of connective tissue.
of Menstruation
4.3. Menstrual Disorders VESTIBULE
4.4. Causes of Menstrual Disorders
4.5. Symptoms of Menstrual Disorders
• the diamond shape, flat, and smooth surface inside the
V. Human Sexuality
5.1. Sexuality labia. The openings to bladder, uterus, and vagina arise
VI. Computing for Ovulation from this.
VII. Determining the Age of Gestation
CLITORIS

I. FEMALE REPORDUCTIVE ORGAN • approximately 1 to 2 centimeters rounded organ,

erectile tissue at the forward junction of the labia
1.1. EXTERIOR PARTS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM majora. This is very sensitive to touch, temperature, and
central of sexual arosusal, and orgasm in the female.

(VULVA) IT HAS 2 PARAURETHRAL GLANDS:

Skene’s Glands

→ located on the left and the two-lateral part of the

urethral meatus. Its purpose is for lubrication.

Bartholin’s Glands (Vulvovaginal Glands)

→ located on the left and right part of the vagina, both

VULVA lateral part of the vaginal orifice. Its purpose is for
lubrication.
→ external part of the female reproductive organ
FOURCHETTE
→ (vulva) Is composed of three massive parts:

PLM BSN 2-4 (A.Y. 2022-2023) G.A.A. GARCIA, N.F.Y. LACUNA, K.A.E. TABUZO
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NRS 2110: Maternal and Child Nursing I

TOPIC: Reproductive System
REFERENCE: Powerpoint of Prof. Mary Cris T. Rombaoa

→ tissue formed by the posterior joining of the two labia

minora and labia majora. The structure that is cut
during episiotomy to enlarge the vaginal opening.

PERINEAL MUSCLE / PERINEAL BODY

→ easily stretches during childbirth to allow the

enlargement of vagina to allow the passage of the fetal
head.

HYMEN

→ is a tough but elastic semi-circle of tissue that covers

the opening of vagina and child hole. Often torn during
first sexual intercourse.

VULVAR BLOOD SUPPLY

• blood supply of the vulva. It supplies the external

genitalia, pudendal artery, and the portion of inferior
rectus artery.
→ Any pressure on the pudendal vein by the fetal head
can cause extensive back pressure and development of
varicosities (the distended veins in the labia majora).
Trauma on this area occurs during the pressure of
childbirth that can cause large hematoma, it also
contributes to rapid healing of any tears in the area
after birth.

ILIOINGUINAL OVARY

• where the nerve supply of the anterior portion of vulva • approximately 4 centimeters long by 2 centimeters
comes from diameter, 1.5 centimeters thick shape of an almond,
grayish white. The function is to produce mature and
PUDENDAL NERVE discharge mature ova or egg cells, they do not produce
ovum concurrently but release mature ovum alternately.
• where the nerve supply of the posterior portion of the
vulva comes from PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE
1.2. FUNCTIONS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN
• this will become oocyte, when a female baby is born
• Production of gametes this is about 2 million but as the menarche approaches
o Mature oocytes – gametes of female repro it decreases up to 200.
organ
3 DIVISIONS OF OVARIAN FORMATION
• Fertilization
• Development and Nourishment of a New Individual 1. A protective layer of surface epithelium.
• Production of sex hormones 2. The cortex, which if filled with the ovarian and graafian
o Estrogen, Progesterone follicles. Here the immature (primordial) follicles mature
into ova and produce large amounts of estrogen and
1.3. INTERNAL PARTS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN progesterone.
a. Can release 3 mature ova in a month, called
multiple pregnancy (bearing twins or triplets)
b. Chromosome that contains the sperm cells
decides for the sex of the baby.
3. The central medulla, which contains the nerves, blood
vessels, lymphatic tissues, and some smooth muscle
tissue.

PLM BSN 2-4 (A.Y. 2022-2023) G.A.A. GARCIA, N.F.Y. LACUNA, K.A.E. TABUZO

NRS 2110: Maternal and Child Nursing I
TOPIC: Reproductive System
REFERENCE: Powerpoint of Prof. Mary Cris T. Rombaoa
INFUNDIBULUM
• sucks the mature ova from the ovary
1. Mature ovaries stay for 3-5 days
2. Unfertilized ova disintegrates and uterine lining is shed
during menstruation
FALLOPIAN TUBES
• Both arise from each upper corner of the uterine body
• Extends upward and outward
• Opens at distal ends, next to the ovary
• Connector of ovary and uterus
• 10 cm for mature women
Functions:
o To convey the ovum from the ovary to the
uterus
o To provide a place for fertilization of ovum by
the sperm
4 Separate Parts of Fallopian Tubes
• Interstitial portion
o Part of the tube that lies within the uterine
wall
o Only about 1 CM in length
o Lumen of the tube is only 1 MM in diameter
• Isthmus
o Approximately 2 cm in length
o Portion of tube th at is cut or sealed in a tubal
ligation or tubal sterilization procedure
• Ampulla
o Third and longest portion of the tube
o Approx. 5 cm in length.
o Part where fertilization usually occurs
• Infundibular portion
o Most distal segment of the tube
o Approx. 2 cm long and funnel shaped
PLM BSN 2-4 (A.Y. 2022-2023)
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o Rim of the funnel is covered by fimbria that
helps to guide the ovum into the fallopian
tube
o Has passive, negative pressure peristaltic
movement which aids the suction of the
mature ovum from the ovary to the fallopian
tube
UTERUS
• Hollow muscular pear-shaped organ
• Located in the lower pelvis, posterior to bladder,
anterior to rectum
• With maturity, can be 5-7 cm long; 5 cm wide; 2.5 cm
deep
• 50-60 g in a nonpregnant state; > 80 g even after
giving birth
Functions:
• To receive the ovum from the fallopian tube
• Provides a place for implantation
• Provides place during fetal growth
• Maturity of fetus and to expel out of the woman’s body
Myometrial power
• Helps expel the baby out of the womb
• Labor, contraction
3 Divisions of The Uterus
• Body or corpus of the uterus
• Uppermost and form the bulk of the organ
• During pregnancy, it expands to contain the growing
fetus
1. Fundus:
a. Portion that can be palpitated abdominally to
determine the amount of uterine growth that
occurs during pregnancy
b. Measures the force of uterine contraction
during labor
c. Assess the uterus if it’s returning to its
nonpregnant state after childbirth
2. Isthmus
a. Nonpregnant: 1 to 2 mm in length
b. During pregnancy: enlarges greatly to aid in
accommodating the growing fetus
c. Most commonly cut when a fetus is born by
caesarean birth
3. Cervix
a. Represents approx. One third of total uterus
size
b. Approx. 2-5 cm long
c. Central cavity is the central canal
d. Internal cervical os
e. Opening of the canal at the junction of the
cervix and isthmus
G.A.A. GARCIA, N.F.Y. LACUNA, K.A.E. TABUZO
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NRS 2110: Maternal and Child Nursing I

TOPIC: Reproductive System
REFERENCE: Powerpoint of Prof. Mary Cris T. Rombaoa

• External cervical os
o Distal opening to the vagina

Uterine Cervical Coats

• Inner one of mucous membrane (endometrium)

o Important for menstrual function
o Endocervix- mucous membrane lining of the
cervix
• Middle one of muscle fibers (myometrium)
o Composed of 3 interwoven layers of smooth
muscles
o Fibers are arranged in longitudinal, transverse
and oblique directions
o Important function of constricting the tubal
junctions and preventing regurgitation of Rectocele- May develop the same way if rectum pouches toward
menstrual blood into the tubes the vaginal wall
• Outer one of connective tissue (perimetrium)
Uterine Deviations
o Serves the purpose of adding strength and
support to the structure

Uterine supports

1. Posterior ligament
o Fold of peritoneum behind the uterus
o Exposed with other peritoneal organs inside
the peritoneum
o Forms a pouch (Douglas cul-de-sac) between
the rectum and uterus
o Any fluid such as blood in pelvis tends to
collect in this space
2. Broad ligament
o Two folds of peritoneum that cover the uterus
front and back and extend to the pelvic sides
3. Round ligament
o Two fibrous, muscular cords that pass from
the body of uterus near the attachment sites
of fallopian tube, thru the broad ligaments and
into the inguinal canal, inserting into the fascia
of the vulva
o Acts as “stays to steady the uterus”

Cystocele- if ligament becomes overstretched during pregnancy, A. Anteversion- uterus in forward position
they may not support the bladder well afterward, bladder can B. Anteflexion- uterus descended
then herniate into the anterior vagina C. Retroversion- Fundus in posterior part, no flexion on
corpus
D. Retroflexion- very flexed on the corpus

PLM BSN 2-4 (A.Y. 2022-2023) G.A.A. GARCIA, N.F.Y. LACUNA, K.A.E. TABUZO
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NRS 2110: Maternal and Child Nursing I

TOPIC: Reproductive System
REFERENCE: Powerpoint of Prof. Mary Cris T. Rombaoa

• Ampullar portion serves as the reserve portion of milk

before breast feeding
• Gives nutrition to new borns

OXYTOCIN

• Acts to constrict milk gland cells and push milk forward

into the ducts that lead to the nipple
• Stimulation of nipple can send signal to the brain which
will then send signal to anterior pituitary gland to
release oxytocin

A. Normal uterus GYNECOMASTIA

B. Bicornuate uterus- Deviation in fundus
C. Septum dividing uterus- • Temporary increase in breast size at puberty in boys
D. Double uterus- double vagina, double uterus
II. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
1.4. VAGINA

• Located posterior to the bladder to the rectum

• Extends from the cervix of the uterus to external vulva

Functions:

o Organ of intercourse
o Convey sperm to the cervix
o Serves as birth canal
• Anterior wall: 6-7 cm in length; posterior wall: 8-9 cm
in length

1.5. BREAST

2.1. ROLES/FUNCTION:

o To produce gametes (mature sperm cells)

o To manufacture and deliver gametes to the
female reproductive tract through a successful
ejaculation

ANDROLOGY

• study of male reproductive organ

2.2. PARTS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

VAS DEFERENS

• hollow muscular tube surrounded by arteries and veins

• Accessory reproductive organ of the female
• Located anterior to pectoral muscles
• Many women, breast tissues extend to the axilla
• Glands of breast are divided by connective tissues
• Nipples have approx. 20 small openings to which milk
is secreted
o Extends from the epididymis to the pelvic
cavity
o Function:
▪ Transport mature sperm cells to
urethra in preparation for ejaculation
• Note:
o Female: 3 openings; Urethra, vagina, and anus
o Male: 2 openings: urethra, and anus

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NRS 2110: Maternal and Child Nursing I

TOPIC: Reproductive System
REFERENCE: Powerpoint of Prof. Mary Cris T. Rombaoa

CORPUS CAVERNOSUM • Transfer sperm cells from the testes to aid maturation in
a perfect temperature
• One of the two columns of spongy tissue that runs to
the shaft of penis BULB OF PENIS
• Contains blood vessels which is filled with blood to aid
in successful erection • Large bundle of tissue surrounded by Bulbospongiosus
• Erection outward muscle at the bottom portion
• Corpus spongiosum extends from here to the shaft
CORPUS SPONGIOSUM
BULBOURETHRAL GLAND
• Mass of erectile tissue alongside the corpus
cavernosum • Pea shaped gland located beneath the prostate gland
at the beginning of the internal portion of the penis
Functions: • Secretes semi alkaline mucous like fluid

• For erection Function:

• To prevent the urethra from pinching close
• Erection inward • Adds up the 5th percentile to the total volume of the
semen
URETHRA • Serves as lubricant during sexual intercourse
• Note:
• Opening of the urinary tract system o Semen fluid:
• Hollow tube branch internally from the base of the ▪ 60 % from prostate gland
bladder ▪ 30 % from seminal vesicle
• Connected to seminal vesicle via ejaculatory duct into ▪ 5 % from epididymis
the bulbourethral gland ▪ 5 % fluid/water
o Alkaline
Function: ▪ Vagina is acidic to kill sperm; less
likely to get pregnant, protects from
• Passage way of urine and semen infection
GLANDS PROSTATE GLAND

• Cone shape at the end of the penis covered with a
loose layer of skin (foreskin).
• AKA head of penis
• Removed thru circumcision
• Sexual accessory adding up to intensity of sexual
arousal adding to climax or arousal
PREPUCE
• Cover, skin of penis
• Collection of specialized, junctional mucocutaneous
tissue that provides adequate skin and mucosa to cover
the entire penis during erection
• The somatosensory innervation is by the dorsal nerve of
the penis and branches of the perineal nerve.
EPIDIDYMIS
• Narrow tightly coiled tube connecting to the posterior
of the testicle to the vas deferens
• Composed of 3 parts: Head, body, and tail
Function:
• Lies inferior to the bladder and gives way to the urethra
to pass through its center
Function:
• Produces a seminal fluid that nourishes and transports
sperm it secretes
EJACULATORY DUCT
• Canal formed by the union of the vas deferens and the
ejaculatory duct in the seminal vesicle
Function:
• To mix sperm with seminal fluid in the amupulla
• Transport sperm cell and seminal fluid complex
SEMINAL VESICLE
• Releases a viscous alkaline liquid which is rich in:
o Fructose- to give motility to the sperm,
o Enzyme-facilitates semen clotting
o Prostaglandin- Aids in motility and vitality of
sperm

PLM BSN 2-4 (A.Y. 2022-2023) G.A.A. GARCIA, N.F.Y. LACUNA, K.A.E. TABUZO
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NRS 2110: Maternal and Child Nursing I

TOPIC: Reproductive System
REFERENCE: Powerpoint of Prof. Mary Cris T. Rombaoa

2.3. SPERMATOGENESIS

LEYDIG CELLS/INTERSTITIAL CELLS

• secretes testosterone
o which activates the genes promoting
differentiation of spermatogonia
o Also regulates the hypothalamus pituitary axis
in response to underdominance change

SERTOLI CELLS/EPITHELIAL CELLS

• will then support the spermatogenesis while smooth
muscle surrounds the Sertoli cells with peristalsis
• Sperm is produced from the Sertoli cells and released
to the seminiferous tubules sperm then travels to the
rete testis to the efferent ductules so the sperm will
travel to the epididymis making its way to the vas
deferens
• Ilium, Ischium and pubis are the collection of the
hipbone or innominate bone, os coxae or pelvic bone
o Large flaring bone that makes the lateral half
of the pelvis of a mammal
3.2. MAIN PARTS
SACRAL PROMINENCE

• point is where it touches the lower lumbar vertebrae

COCCYX

• degree of movement possible in the joint between

sacrum and the coccyx
• Can move outward or posteriorly in the pelvic brim to
give way to the baby during delivery
• The movement permits birth
• Pressed backwards allowing more room for the fetal
head as it passes through the bony pelvic brim

• The testicles are constantly engaging spermatogenesis

• The process takes about 64 days to generate about 8
billion sperms
• The testicles make approximately 1500 sperm cells per
seconds, 90,000 in a minute, 5.4 million – 129 million
of sperm cells in 24 hrs
• Age of viability of a mature sperm cell will last until 72
hrs
• Age of viability of a mature ovum is 48 hrs

III. PELVIS

3.1. MAIN FUNCTION ILIUM

• supports and protects the reproductive and other pelvic • largest; it is the upper and lateral portion; forms the
organs
prominence of the hip

ISCHIUM

• lowest; composed of two projections – ischial tuberosity

(portion of the bone which a person sits) and ischial
spine

PUBIS

PLM BSN 2-4 (A.Y. 2022-2023) G.A.A. GARCIA, N.F.Y. LACUNA, K.A.E. TABUZO
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NRS 2110: Maternal and Child Nursing I

TOPIC: Reproductive System
REFERENCE: Powerpoint of Prof. Mary Cris T. Rombaoa

• anterior

3.3. OBSTETRIC PELVIS DISORDER

FALSE PELVIS (SUPERIOR HALF)

• Supports the uterus during the late months of

pregnancy and aids in directing the fetus into the true
pelvis for birth

TRUE PELVIS (INFERIOR HALF)

• It is at the level of the linea terminalis or is marked by
• pelvic inlet, outlet and cavity the sacral prominence in the back the ilium on the sides
and the superior aspect of the symphysis pubis in front
PELVIC BRIM
of the pelvic inlet or the upper ring of the bone that
serves as the entrance to the true pelvis where the fetus
• edge of pelvic inlet
pass to be born vaginally
PELVIC INLET 3.5. PELVIC OUTLET

• divides the abdominopelvic cavity into dominal above

the inlet in the pelvic cavity or below the inlet

LINEA TERMINALIS (INNOMINATE LINE)

• imaginary line that divides the False Pelvis and True

Pelvis; consists of pubic crest pectineal line, arcuate
line and sacral promontory

• Inferior portion of the pelvis or portion bounded to the

back of the coccyx
• Anteroposterior diameter - the distance between the
pubic symphysis and the sacral promontory

3.6. PELVIC CAVITY

• Curve space or passage between the inlet and the

outlet
• The cavity is curve to slow and control the speed of
birth therefore reduces the sudden pressure in the fetal
3.4. PELVIC INLET head

3.7. ARTICULATIONS IN THE PELVIC REGION

• Two sacroiliac joints

PLM BSN 2-4 (A.Y. 2022-2023) G.A.A. GARCIA, N.F.Y. LACUNA, K.A.E. TABUZO
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NRS 2110: Maternal and Child Nursing I

TOPIC: Reproductive System
REFERENCE: Powerpoint of Prof. Mary Cris T. Rombaoa

• Sacrococcygeal symphysis ANGLED OR DIAGONAL CONJUGATE

• Pubic symphysis
• space from the midpoint of the sacral promontory to
the lower margin of the pubic symphysis
o most usual measurement; normally measures
about 5 inches or 12.5 cm
o can be measured by per vaginal evaluation
without distressing the patient

3.9. DIAMETERS OF THE PELVIC INLET

• Studying the pelvis will help us determine the pelvic

measurement and the capability of the pelvis to bear
and deliver a child
ANTEROPOSTERIOR DIAMETER
3.8. PELVIC MEASUREMENTS
• goes from the midpoint of the sacral promontory to
midpoint of the upper margin of the pubic symphysis

OBLIQUE DIAMETER

• (diagonal) the line or the space that goes from the

sacral iliac joint of one site of iliopectineal eminence of
the other side

TRANSVERSE DIAMETER

• from left to right passing through the ischial spine is

• Important as the fetal head negotiates its way through the maximum transverse diameter of the pelvic inlet
this pelvis 3.10. PELVIC OUTLET DIAMETERS
• Any abnormalities to the size and shape of the pelvis
that may affect the childbearing and childbirth is
important for us to determine the care to be given to
the pregnant

EXTERNAL CONJUGATE

• space between the upper margin of the symphysis

pubis to the tip of the spine of the S1 vertebra

TRUE CONJUGATE

• space between the midpoint sacral promontory to the

upper margin of the pubic symphysis; corresponds to ANTEROPOSTERIOR DIAMETER
the anterior posterior diameter of the pelvic
• stretches from the tip of the sacrum to the lower margin
OBSTETRICAL CONJUGATE of the pubic symphysis

• shortest distance between the pelvic surface of the OBLIQUE DIAMETER

pubic symphysis and the sacral promontory

PLM BSN 2-4 (A.Y. 2022-2023) G.A.A. GARCIA, N.F.Y. LACUNA, K.A.E. TABUZO
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NRS 2110: Maternal and Child Nursing I

TOPIC: Reproductive System
REFERENCE: Powerpoint of Prof. Mary Cris T. Rombaoa

• stretches from the middle of the sacrotuberous GYNECOID

ligament of the simple side of the junction of the ischial
pubic ramus of the opposite side
TRANSVERSE DIAMETER
• stretches between the inner aspects of the ischial
tuberosities
• Measured by applying a ruler at the two ischial
tuberosities, the space from the left or right ischial
tuberosity to the right or left ischial tuberosity is the
pelvic outlet diameter
• most ideal size of the pelvis for childbearing; will permit
the passing of the average size baby; normal delivery
ANDROID
• heart-shaped; brim and narrow in front; women with
this pelvis have babies that lies with their backs against
their mother’s backs and may experience longer labors
PLATYPELLOID

3.11. MID-PELVIC CAVITY DIAMETERS • kidney-shaped brim; during labor the mother may have
difficulty in giving birth
ANTEROPOSTERIOR
ANTHROPOID
• it goes from the middle of the pubis symphysis to the
middle of the 3rd sacral vertebra • straightforward; fast delivery but may have difficulty
because of the position of the baby
OBLIQUE
IV. MENSTRUAL CYCLE
• it goes from the lower end of the sacroiliac joint of a
single side to the middle of the obturator membrane 4.1. CONCEPTS OF MENSTRUATION
of the different side
• the process in woman of discharging blood and
mucosal tissue from the inner lining of the uterus
TRANSVERSE
through the vagina
• it’s best width of the pelvic cavity • one lunar month; from puberty until menopause; except
during pregnancy
3.12. OBSTETRIC MEASUREMENTS (IN CM) • also called menstrual bleeding, menses, period
• it follows an interplay of hormones through H-P-O AXIS
NORMAL MEASUREMENTS (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis)
• the first period usually begins between 12 and 15
Diameter At inlet At mid- At outlet
pelvis years of age, a point in time known as Menarche
Anteroposterior 11 12 13 (Onset-12years-average)
Oblique 12 12 12 • the average woman’s reproductive years are between
Transverse 13 12 11 ages 12 and 51
Directly Inversely • Duration: 4-6 days or 2-9 days
proportional proportional • Average Length: 28 days typical cycle
• Amount: the usual amount of blood loss per period is
30-80 ml
3.13. COMMON PELVIC SHAPES
• Each soaked normal-sized tampon or pad holds a
teaspoon (5ml) of blood; uses 3 napkins/day
• Color: dark red; combination of blood, mucus, and
endometrial cell
• Odor: similar to marigolds
• Purpose: to bring an ovum to maturity and renew a
uterine tissue bed for the ova’s growth

4.2. BODY STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN THE PHYSIOLOGY OF

MENSTRUATION

• The hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis and

uterus is a tightly regulated system controlling female
reproduction

HYPOTHALAMUS

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NRS 2110: Maternal and Child Nursing I

TOPIC: Reproductive System
REFERENCE: Powerpoint of Prof. Mary Cris T. Rombaoa

• At the base of the brain which secretes gonadotropic

releasing hormone (GNRH)
• GNRH (A.K.A Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone-
LNRH) initiates menstruation
• Diseases of the hypothalamus, cause deficiency in the
releasing factor can result in delayed puberty
• A disease that causes early activation of the GNRH can
lead to abnormally early sexual development or
precocious puberty (puberty occurring at an unusually
early age)

PITUITARY GLAND

• Below the hypothalamus which secretes follicle

stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone
(LH)-adenohypophysis (anterior love of the pituitary
gland produces two hormones
o (FSH) Follicle Stimulating Hormone
- Active early in the cycle
- Responsible for maturation of the
ovum
o (LH) Luteinizing Hormone
- Most active in the midpoint of the
cycle
- Responsible for ovulation or release
of mature egg cell from the ovary
- Growth of the uterine lining
OVARY
• Secretes the steroid hormones estrogen and
progesterone
• FSH and LH – called gonadotropic hormone because
they cause growth (trophy) in the gonads (ovaries)
• During the fertile period, one of the ovary’s oocytes is
activated by the FSH to begin to grow and mature
• As the oocytes grow its cells produce a clear fluid
(follicular fluid)
• Full maturity – the follicle will be visible at the surface
of the ovary like a clear water blister (0.2-0.5 inches) as
the follicle surrounding the oocytes grow, it is propelled
• Graafian Follicle – small ovum with its surrounding
follicular membrane and fluid
o Day 14 (midpoint of a typical 28-cycle): the
ovum has divided by mitotic division into two
separate bodies:
a. Primary oocyte – oogenesis
- Undergoes meiosis 1
- Contain the bulk of the cytoplasm
b. Secondary oocyte
- Contain little cytoplasm that is not
function
- Undergoes meiosis 2 to produce
ootid and another polar body
OVULATION
• Is when an ovum is set free from the surface of the
ovary – swept into the open end of the fallopian tube
• NOTE: Ovulation does not occurs in the 14th day of
their cycle; it occurs 14 days before the end of their
cycle
• After the discharge of the ovum and follicular fluid from
the surface of the ovary, the cell of the follicle remains
in a form of hollow, empty pit
• FSH done its work (decreases in amount
• LH continues to rise in amount and directs the follicle
cell left behind the ovary to produce lutein-bright
yellow fluid
• Lutein Production: the follicle renamed corpus luteum
(yellow body)
• Conception (Fertilization by Spermatozoon) – ovum
proceed down to the fallopian tube and the fertilized
ovum implant on the endometrium of the uterus
o If the conception does not occur: the
unfertilized ovum atrophies after 4-5 days
(corpus luteum – now called “false” corpus
luteum) remain 8-10 days
• Corpus Luteum Regression – replace by a white fibrous
tissue (corpus albicans – white body)
UTERUS
• include nurturing the fertilized ovum that develops into
the fetus and holding it till the baby is mature enough
for birth

PLM BSN 2-4 (A.Y. 2022-2023) G.A.A. GARCIA, N.F.Y. LACUNA, K.A.E. TABUZO
 Page | 12

NRS 2110: Maternal and Child Nursing I

TOPIC: Reproductive System
REFERENCE: Powerpoint of Prof. Mary Cris T. Rombaoa

• secondary dysmenorrhea refers to the disorder in the

reproductive organs

4.4. CAUSES OF MENSTRUAL DISORDERS

• Hormonal imbalance
• Clotting disorder
• Cancer
• Sexually transmitted infections (STIS)
• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) – cysts on the
ovaries
• Genetics

4.5. SYMPTOMS OF MENSTRUAL DISORDERS

• Abnormal menstrual bleeding

• Pain or cramping
4.3. MENSTRUAL DISORDERS • Depression
• Headaches
MENORRHAGIA • Emotional distress
• Bloating or fullness in the abdomen
• periods with abnormally heavy or prolonged bleeding
• blood loss more than 80 ml V. HUMAN SEXUALITY

AMENORRHEA 5.1. SEXUALITY

• the absence of menstruation – one or more missed
menstrual periods, women who have missed at least
three menstrual periods in a row
• girls who haven’t begun menstruation by age 15
OLIGOMENORRHEA
• a condition in which you have infrequent menstrual
periods or abnormally light bleeding in people who
menstruate
• regularly goes 35 days without menstruating
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME (PMS)
• A multidimensional phenomenon that includes feelings,
attitudes, and actions
• Encompasses and gives direction to a person’s physical,
emotional, social and intellectual responses throughout
life
• Is experiences and expressed in thoughts, fantasies,
desires, beliefs, attitudes, values, behavior, practices,
roles and relationship
VI. COMPUTING FOR OVULATION
Example:

• a combination of symptoms that many women get

about a week or two before their period
• over 90% day they get some premenstrual symptoms
such as bloating, headaches, and moodiness

PREMENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC DISORDER (PMDD)

• a health problem that is similar to PMS but is more

serious
• PMDD causes severe irritability, depression or anxiety in
the week or two before the period starts

DYSMENORRHEA
LMP (Last Menstrual Period) – always the first day of
• the medical term for menstrual cramps, which are
menstruation for the month
caused by uterine contraction
• primary dysmenorrhea refers to menstrual cramps LMP – Sept 2

PLM BSN 2-4 (A.Y. 2022-2023) G.A.A. GARCIA, N.F.Y. LACUNA, K.A.E. TABUZO
 Page | 13

NRS 2110: Maternal and Child Nursing I

TOPIC: Reproductive System
REFERENCE: Powerpoint of Prof. Mary Cris T. Rombaoa

28-day cycle

How to identify ovulation?

• Find the 28th day: Sept 29 (this will be the next LMP)

How to know if kailan ovulated? When siya fertile?

• Count 14 days backward from the 28th day (next LMP):

Sept 16

!! Calendar Method !!

When pwede mag-sex?

• NOTE: the sperm cell is viable for 72 hours

• If may intercourse raw sa 13 and 14 sakto sa ovulation,
bawal din 12 kase pwedeng maaga yung ovulation para
rin sure wag rin 11
• the viability of the egg cell is 48 hrs meaning if the
ovulation is in the 16th buhay pa siya sa 17 and 18
kaya hindi pwede, hindi rin daw pwede 19 kase may
chance na late ovulation
• actually wala akong na-gets balikan nalang sa recorded Link:
lec (1:35:53)
https://plmedu-
my.sharepoint.com/personal/araserrana2021_plm_edu_ph/_layo
uts/15/stream.aspx?id=%2Fpersonal%2Faraserrana2021%5Fpl
m%5Fedu%5Fph%2FDocuments%2FRecordings%2FClass%20
Meeting%2D20220920%5F111435%2DMeeting%20Recordin
g%2Emp4

I am the baddest bitch in the game 🤙🤙🤟🤟

• yung may X mark fertile days na di pwede magsex ang

nanay at tatay

VII. DETERMINING THE AGE OF GESTATION (AOG)

Example

• LMP- March 15, 2022

• Date ng ewan today?: Sept 20
• Hindi ko na kaya mag explain HAHA pagod na ko
• Add the days sa months sa pagitan ng March 15 at
Sept 20
• Then divided by 7 kase may 7 months na pagitan wag
kang bobo
• kUNG bobo ka paren eto (1:40:58) balikan mo sa lec
vid ni ma’am
• KABISADUHIN ILANG DAYS MERON PER MONTH
• MATUTONG MAG-ADD AND DIVIDE

PLM BSN 2-4 (A.Y. 2022-2023) G.A.A. GARCIA, N.F.Y. LACUNA, K.A.E. TABUZO