Human

Reproduction
♀ ♂
Haridja A. Asid, RN,RM, LPT, MN
Instructor
Anatomy and Physiology
◼ Both sexes have
reproductive organs called
GENITALS or GENITALIA
designed for the purpose of
intercourse and conception.
 Female Reproductive System

Female reproductive organs are for

intercourse, reproduction, urination
pregnancy and childbirth.
Internal Female Anatomy— click on button for
more information

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Front View

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 Ovary (Ovaries)
◼ Two solid egg-shaped structures
◼ They are attached to the uterus by ligaments.
They are the counterpart of the male testicles.
◼ Ovaries have two main functions:

#1-store and release the ova or female egg cell. Some of

the ova disappear; others are dormant until each is ripened
and released after puberty.

#2-produce female sex hormones ESTROGEN and

PROGESTERONE Click here
 Ova
◼ The female reproductive cell.
◼ They are the largest cells in
the female body. (about the size of
a grain of sand.)

◼ The female baby is born with

all the ova she will ever have
(about 200,000 in each ovary).

◼ About 400-500 ova mature

and are released over a
lifetime

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 Estrogen

◼ Estrogen is responsible for the secondary

sex characteristics and the sex drive in
females. It spurs the onset of puberty
and is responsible for OVULATION.

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 Progesterone

◼ Progesterone builds up the lining of the

uterus called the endometrium in
preparation for the fertilized ovum

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 Ovulation
◼ When the egg is released from the ovary.
◼ At the age of puberty
◼ The ovum moves to the surface of the ovary in
bursts out
◼ The ova falls into the fallopian tube and waits
for fertilization
◼ This happens every 28 days
◼ It happens at about the 14th day of the cycle

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 FALLOPIAN TUBES
(oviducts)
◼ Two tubes attached on either side of the uterus.

◼ They are about four inches long and 3/16 inch in

diameter (the size of a cooked spaghetti noodle).

◼ The oviducts carry egg cells toward the uterus and

sperm cells toward the egg cell.

◼ Fertilization takes place in the upper third of the

oviduct.
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 Uterus
◼ A hollow, muscular organ (shaped somewhat like an upside-
down pear, about the size of a fist).

◼ The uterus is lined with endometrium (a blood lining.)

◼ The uterus has one main function—to protect
and nourish a fetus
◼ The walls of the uterus have the ability to
stretch to the size of a small watermelon.
◼ After childbirth the uterus shrinks back to the
original shape in 6-8 weeks, but it can take up
to nine months for the uterus to fully recover.
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 Cervix
◼ The neck or opening of the uterus.
◼ A normal healthy cervix is the strongest muscle
in the body.
◼ It dips down about half an inch into the vagina.
◼ It is normally plugged by mucus. It stays tightly
closed during pregnancy, but thins and opens
for the delivery of the baby.
◼ How big does it need to dilate to for birth?

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 Vagina
◼ Female organ used for intercourse, it is an
empty passageway leading from the
vaginal opening to the uterus.
◼ It is only 3-4 inches long, but will lengthen
during arousal.
◼ The vaginal walls are made of many small
folds of membrane that stretch greatly to
accommodate a baby during birth.
◼ The vaginal wall also secrete a fluid that
helps to make intercourse easier.
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 Urethra

◼ The opening to the bladder

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 Clitoris

◼ A small, pea shaped bump at the front of

the labia.
◼ It contains a small amount of erectile
tissue.
◼ The clitoris increases sexual pleasure

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FEMALE Reproductive System
I - External genitalia/Vulva/ Pudendum
II - Internal
genitalia
ORGAN FUNCTIONS STRUCTURES NOTES

UTERUS Pear shape Divisions of the Uterus Layers of the

muscular organ Uterus:
which has three(3) I. Cervix : lowest portion , 1/3 of the 1.Endometrium
main functions total uterus inner layer, most
1. receive the ova vascular,
from the fallopian External Os: where the nurse obtain SHED DURING
tube the Pap Smear to the MENSTRUATION.
SQUAMOCOLUMNAR JUNCTION cells. THE NON-
2. provide a place
This is where the cerclage is done for PREGNANT
for implantation of
incompetent cervix. UTERUS
the ova
3. Nourishment for Namely: 2.Myometrium
fetal growth. A. Shirodkar Barter Suture- LARGEST
permanent closure of the internal PORTION EXPELS
cervical os, until the 38th week after THE FETUS
which is separated – TREATMENT DURING THE
FOR INCOMPETENT CERVIX and BIRTH PROCESS.
PREVIOUS ABORTION. The part that
contracts during
B. Mc Donalds or Purse String hemorrhage.
Cerclage of the external os: usually Prevents
Normal spontaneous delivery will be hemorrhage.
done for the patient.
ORGAN FUNCTIONS STRUCTURES NOTES

UTERUS Pear shape Divisions of the Uterus Layers of the

muscular organ Uterus:
which has II. Isthmus: shortest portion
three(3) main of the uterus, the portion that 3.Perimetrium
functions is cut when the fetus is Outer most layer.
1. receive the delivered during cesarean Aids for support
ova from the birth. & added
fallopian tube strength.
2. provide a III. Fundus: Upper segment,
place for this is the most vascular, the
implantation of portion also where palpation is
the ova done. Also touching it by the
3. Nourishment tip of the fingers during
for fetal contraction is the best method
growth. to determine the intensity of
contractions during labor.
Bandl’s Ring ( Pathological
Retraction Ring): seen in
Prolonged Labor or Dystocia
ORGAN FUNCTIONS STRUCTURES NOTES

FALLOPIAN Site of 4 Parts of the Fallopian Fallopian tubes

TUBES fertilization of tubes transport the
the ovum 1. Interstitial : lies ova from the
with perm within the uterine wall ovaries to the
2. Isthmus: the portion uterus.
that is cut or sealed in
TUBAL LIGATION
( site for sterilization)
3. Ampulla: where
fertilization occurs , this is
also the LONGEST portion,
frequent site for ectopic
pregnancy.
4. Infundibular: covered
by the Fimbriae cells that
help guide the ova to the
Fallopian Tube.
ORGAN FUNCTIONS STRUCTURES NOTES

OVARIES Ovulation Pair of follicle The ovaries lie

(the release containing organs on in the upper
of an ovum); the other side of the pelvic cavity.
Steroid uterus
hormone Ovaries: 4 by 2 cm in
production diameter, 1.5 cm thick.
Responsible for the
production, maturation,
and discharge of ova
 Secretion of estrogen
and progesterone
 Cortex of the
Ovaries; developing
and graafian follicles
are found here
ORGAN FUNCTIONS STRUCTURES NOTES

VAGINA Organ for Tube extending from Fibromuscular

coitus; the introitus to cervix organ lined
Birth canal; with mucus
Conduit for membrane
menstrual
flow.
III – THE PELVIC GIRDLE AND PELVIS
◼ The pelvic girdle (hip girdle) is formed by
a single bone (hip bone of coxal bone)
◼ Serve as attachment for the lower limbs
◼ The bony pelvis is the entire formed by
the two hip bones, the sacrum and the
coccyx (attached inferiorly to the sacrum)
◼ The PELVIS is consist of :
◼ Right and left hip bones
◼ Sacrum
◼ coccyx
 Structures of the Pelvis
◼ Two Hip or Coxal or Innominate Bones or
pelvic bones- it is made up of:
◼ Ilium- is the upper, extended part which has a
curved upper border called Iliac Crest.
◼ Ischium- is the under part which when sitting,
the body rests on the ischial tuberosities and an
important landmark is the ischial spines.
◼ Pubis- is the front part that joins to form an
articulation of the pelvis called the Symphysis
Pubis.
 Structures of the Pelvis
◼ Sacrum- a wedge-shaped that forms the back part
of the pelvis that consists of 5 fused vertebrae, the
first having a prominent upper margin called the
Sacral Promontory; it articulates with the ilium and
sacroiliac joint.

◼ Coccyx- is the lowest part of the spine with a degree

of movement between the sacrum and coccyx which
is made possible by the third articulation of the pelvis
called Sacrococcygeal joint which allows room for
delivery of the fetal head
 Divisions of the Pelvis
◼ False Pelvis- the superior half formed by the
ilia offers landmarks for pelvic measurements; it
supports the growing uterus during pregnancy
and directs the fetus into the true pelvis near
the end of gestation.
◼ True Pelvis- the inferior half formed by the
pubes in front, the ilia and the ischia on the
sides and the sacrum and coccyx behind; it is
made up of three parts:
◼
 Divisions of the Pelvis
◼ Inlet- the entrance way to the true pelvis wherein its
transverse diameter is wider than its anteroposterior
diameter, thus
◼ Transverse diameter = 13.5 cm
◼ Antero-posterior diameter = 11 cm
◼ Right and left oblique diameter = 12.75 cm
◼ Cavity- the space between the inlet and outlet
◼ Outlet- the inferior portion of the pelvis bounded in the
back by the coccyx, on the sides by the ischial tuberosities
and in front by the inferior aspect of the symphysis pubis
and the pubic arch; its anteroposterior diameter is wider
than its transverse diameter
◼
 Divisions of the Pelvis
◼ False Pelvis (Greater pelvis)
◼ Located superiorly, it provides support of the
lower abdominal viscera such as the ileum
and sigmoid colon
◼ Has little obstetric relevance
◼ True pelvis (lesser pelvis)
◼ Located inferiorly
◼ Resides the pelvic cavity and pelvic viscera
 Types of Pelvis
◼ Gynecoid- “normal” female pelvis where inlet
is well rounded forward and back; it is most
ideal for childbirth.
◼ Anthropoid- transverse diameter is narrow,
AP diameter is larger than normal.
◼ Platypelloid- inlet is oval, AP diameter is
shallow.
◼ Android- “male” pelvis where inlet has a
narrow, shallow posterior portion and pointed
anterior portion
 Types of Pelvic Ligaments

1.Round: remain lax during non-pregnancy

& become HYPERTROPHIED & elongated
during pregnancy.
2.Cardinal: chief uterine supports
3.Broad ligaments: drapes over the
fallopian tubes, uterus & ovaries
 Pelvic Measurements
◼ External- suggestive only of pelvic size
◼ Intercristal- distance between the middle points of
the iliac crests with an average= 28 cm.
◼ Interspinous- distance between the anterosuperior
iliac spines with an average= 25 cm.
◼ Intertrochanteric- distance between the
trochanters of the femur with an average= 31 cm.
◼ External Conjugate or Baudelocque’s- the
distance between the anterior aspect of the
symphysis pubis and depression below L5 with an
average= 18-20 cm.
 Pelvic Measurements
◼ Internal- gives the actual diameter of the inlet and outlet
◼ Diagonal Conjugate- distance between the sacral
promontory and inferior margin of the symphysis pubis
with an average= 12.5 cm.
◼ True Conjugate or Conjugata Vera- distance between
the anterior surface of the sacral promontory and the
superior margin of the symphysis pubis; it is very
important measurement because it is the diameter of the
pelvic inlet with an average=10.5-11 cm.
◼ Bi-ischial diameter or Tuberischii- transverse
diameter of the pelvic outlet and measured at the level of
the anus with an average= 11 cm.
◼
 Functions of the Pelvis

◼ Transfer of weight from the upper axial

skeleton to the lower appendicular during
movement
◼ Provides attachment for muscles and
ligaments during locomotion
◼ Contains and protects the abdominopelvic
and pelvic viscera
 TIME LINE:
◼ Ages 9-12
◼ Secondary sex characteristics appear
◼ Ages 11-14
◼ Menstrual cycle begins
◼ Late 20-30's
◼ Peak sexual urges
◼ Ages 45-55
◼ Menopause (cycle stops, but sex urge continues)

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 Male Reproductive System

Male reproductive organs are for

intercourse, reproduction and urination
 Male Reproductive System

External Features:
◼ 2 Erectile Tissues in the penis:
a. Corpus cavernosa
b. corpus spongiosum
 Male Reproductive System
Internal Features:

◼ Epididymis: totals 20 ft. WHERE SPERMS ARE STORED

◼ Vas / Ductus Deferens: carries the sperm to the inguinal
canal
◼ Seminal Gland / Vesicle: Secretes SEMEN
◼ Prostrate Gland: secretes SEMEN also.
◼ Cowpers Gland/ Bulbo-urethral: secretes also semen
◼ SEMEN sources: 1. prostrate gland : 60%
2. Seminal vesicles : 30%
3. Epididymis : 5%
4. Cowpers : 5%
Male Anatomy Click on a button for more information

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 Scrotum

◼ A sac-like pouch located behind the penis

that holds each testes and helps regulate
temperature for sperm production.

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 Testicles or Testes
◼ The two testes are small organs that lie in the scrotum
and produce sperm and the male hormone
testosterone.
◼ The testicles are the male sex gland.
◼ The testicles are outside the body because the male
sperm that is manufactured in the testes need cooler-
than-body temperature for normal growth and
development.
◼ They are the counterpart to the female ovary.
◼ Loss of one does not impair the function of the other.
◼ Four to five billion sperm cells are produced each
month.
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 Testoterone
◼ the male reproductive hormone made by
the testicles which causes the changes of
puberty.
◼ This hormone causes secondary sex
characteristics, production of sperm and
sexual urge.
◼ It is produced in the testicles and enters
the bloodstream at a fairly constant rate.

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 Sperm
◼ The microscopic cells produced by the
male's testicles which can fertilize the
female's ovum.
◼ They are tiny, living cells 100 times
smaller than a pencil dot. (the smallest
cell in a mans body
◼ Enough sperm would fit on the head of a
pin to re-populate the earth if each
sperm fertilized an egg.
◼ It is destroyed by warm body
temperature, acidic environment.
◼ It can survive in a women’s body for 5-8
days.
◼ Any sperm not ejaculated are passed in
the urine.
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 Epididymis

◼ the structure that forms a mass over the

back and upper part of each testes.
◼ Sperm are stored there for as long as six
weeks while they ripen to maturity.

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 Cowpers Gland

◼ two small pea-sized glands located

beneath the prostate gland on both sides
of the base of the penis.
◼ They secrete a clear, sticky fluid that helps
to neutralize the acidity of the urethra.

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 Vas Deferens

◼ two long, thin tubes that serve as a

passageway for sperm and a place for
sperm storage.
◼ The contraction of the vas deferens along
with the action of the cilia help transport
the sperm through the vas deferens.

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 Seminal Vesicles

◼ two small glands that secrete a fluid that

nourishes and enables the sperm to move.

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 Prostate Gland

◼ surround the urethra beneath the bladder.

The gland secretes an alkaline fluid that
neutralizes the acid found in the male
urethra and the female reproductive tract.
◼ Without the action of the secretions of the
prostate gland, many sperm would die and
fertilization of an ovum would be
impossible.
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 Urethra
◼ A dual purpose tube that both semen and urine
pass through to leave the body. Semen and
urine never mix.
◼ Special muscles or sphincters surround the
urethra.
◼ During urination, one sphincter will relax so that
the pressure from the bladder will push urine
out from the body.
◼ During ejaculation, another sphincter will relax
so that semen can flow through the urethra to
the outside of the body.

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 Penis
◼ The male organ for sexual intercourse,
reproduction, and urination.
◼ The reproductive purpose of the penis is to
deposit semen in the vagina during sexual
intercourse.
◼ The head of the penis or glans contains many
nerve endings. At birth the glans is covered by
a loosely fitting skin called the foreskin.
◼ When the penis is erect it is 5-7 inches long An
erection occurs when the sponge-like chambers
in the penis fill with blood. Click here
 SEMEN:

◼ a combination of fluid that is produced in

the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and
Cowper's gland.
◼ This fluid nourishes and helps sperm
move through the urethra.

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 EJACULATION

◼ the passage of sperm from the penis, a

result of a series of muscular contractions.

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 TIME LINE:
◼ Infancy
◼ Erections begin
◼ Ages 11-14
◼ Secondary sex characteristics appear
◼ Ages 13-16
◼ Sperm produced in adult amounts (puberty)
◼ Late teens
◼ Peak sexual urges for boys
◼ Throughout life
◼ If good health is present, there is the sex urge and
ability to father children
Accessory Structures