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BIOLOGY PRACTICAL
Experiments
Experiment on the effect of osmosis using Visking Tubing
Title: Experiment on the effect of Osmosis using Visking Tubing
Hypothesis: If water molecules move into the Visking tubing by osmosis, then the
weight of the tubing will increase.
Required materials: Visking tubing, beaker, pipette, sucrose solution, distilled
water, rubber ring, balance

Procedure:

1. Cut the Visking Tubing at about 15 cm.

2. Soften the Visking Tubing under running water until it opens up.

3. Tie a knot at one end to make a bag.

4. Fill the bag with sucrose solution using a pipette.

5. Tie the other end of with a rubber band and measure the initial weight using
an electronic balance.

6. Put the tubing into a beaker of distilled water.

7. Leave for about 15 minutes and measure the final weight.

Results: Water moves by osmosis from the high water concentration (dilute
solution) in the beaker into the low water concentration (concentrated solution) in
the Visking tubing across the membrane, increasing the volume of liquid in the
Visking tubing, which forces liquid up the capillary tube.

Experiment on the effects of osmosis on RBC

Title: Experiment on the effects of osmosis on Red Blood Cells

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 Hypothesis: If blood cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, the water molecules
will move out of the cells into the solution by osmosis. If blood cells are placed in a
hypotonic solution, the water molecules will enter the cells from the solution by
osmosis. If the blood cells are placed in an isotonic solution, then osmosis will not
occur.
Required Materials: Blood sample, distilled water, NaCl solution (of different
concentrations), test tubes, microscope
Procedure:

1. Set up three test tubes labelled A, B and C containing the following solutions:

-A= 5cm3 of distilled water

-B= 5cm3 of 0.85% salt solution
-C= 5cm3 of 5% salt solution

2. Add 0.5cm3 of blood to all the test tubes and shake the test tubes.

3. Take a sample from each tube and examine it under the microscope.

4. Compare the blood cells in the three test tubes.

Result: The blood cells placed in the hypotonic solution (distilled water) swelled and
bursted, also called hemolysis. The blood cells placed in the isotonic solution ( 0.85
salt solution) remained the same. The blood cells placed in the hypertonic solution
(5 salt solution) shrank with crinkly edges.

Conclusion: In a hypotonic solution, blood cell membranes burst due to water

entering the cells by osmosis and have no cell wall like plant cells. In an isotonic
solution, the blood cells and the solution have the same concentration so osmosis
did not occur. In a hypertonic solution, the concentration of the blood cell is lower
than that of the salt solution, so the water from the cell moved out to the
concentrated solution by osmosis.

Investigation of the effect of exercise on breathing rate

Title: Experiment to investigate on the effect of exercise on breathing rate

Hypothesis: If exercise intensity increases, then the breathing rate is increased.

Required material: Students, Stopwatch

Procedure:

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 1. Count the number of breaths for 2 subjects in one minute while at rest.

2. Repeat three times and record the result in a table.

3. Perform some vigorous exercises, such as running on a treadmill for 3

minutes.

4. Record the breathing rate per minute until they return to their normal resting
rate.

5. Plot a line graph of these results, using the same axes for both subjects.

6. Join the data points using straight lines.

7. Explain why the breathing rate needs to rise during exercise and describe
which subject is more fit.

Result: (in table)

Conclusion: After exercise, the breathing rate in increased in both students. This is
because more energy and oxygen is needed during exercise. Student _ is more fit
than Student _ as the breathing rate returned to normal at a faster rate compared to
subject _.

Experiment to measure the energy content in a food sample

Title: Experiment to measure the energy content in a food sample

Hypothesis: If energy stored in food sample is transferred to water, then

temperature of the water will rise by food energy.
Required materials: Food sample, electronic balance, thermometer, mounted
needle, water, Bunsen Burner, retort stand, boiling tube

Procedure:

1. Measure the mass of the food sample on a balance.

2. Place 20cm3 of water in a boiling tube and support the tube on a clamp on
a stand as shown in the diagram.

3. Measure the initial temperature of water using thermometer.

4. Hold the food sample on the end of the mounted needle and on a Bunsen
burner flame until it catches fire.

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 5. Hold the mounted needled with burning food underneath the boiling tube of
water so that the flame heats up the water.

6. Measure the final temperature of the water when the food is not longer
burning. Stir the thermometer.

7. Calculate the amount of energy transferred to the water using the formula
below.

Conclusion: Energy= (final temp-initial temp) * 20 * 4.2 / mass of food

Dissections
Brain of Fish

Brain of Chicken

Digestive System of Fish

Nervous System of Fish

Nervous System of Prawn

Afferent Branchial Artery

Identifications
Identifying Microorganisms

Amoeba

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 Paramecium

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 Euglena

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 Yeast

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 Mucor

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 Bacteria s

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 Respiratory system of a frog

Digestive system of a frog

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 Identifying Monocots / Dicots /Guard Cells

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 Parts of a flower

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 Brain of Fish/Chicken

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 4 Stages of Mitosis

Stage 1 and 2 of Meiosis

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