Lecture 1

Dr. Noor Badshah

What is and Why Numerical?
Errors:
• An error in numerical Computations is the difference between actual
value of a quantity and its calculated (approximated) value.
• Mathematically, if 𝑥 is the calculated value and 𝑥 ∗ is the actual value
then the error is given by 𝐸 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 ∗.
• Accuracy and Precision:
• Accuracy refers to how closely a computed or measured value agrees
with the true value.
• Precision refers to how closely individual computed or measured
values agree with each other.
Sources of Error:
• Gross Error-
• Round Error-
• Truncation Error-
Types of Error:
• Absolute Error:- The true error is commonly expressed as an absolute
value and referred to as the absolute error.
• Mathematically: A𝐸 = |𝑥 − 𝑥 ∗ |

• Relative Error:- The ratio between absolute error and absolute true
𝐴𝐸
value i.e 𝑅𝐸 = ∗ .
|𝑥 |
• Percentage Error:- 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑅𝐸 × 100%
Effect of Rounding Errors in Arithmetic
Operations:
Solution of Non-Linear Equations:

Equations
𝑓 𝑥 =0

Non-Linear Linear

Algebraic Transcendental 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0
Equations Equations
 Bisection Method
Bracketing
Methods
Regula Falsi
Method

Numerical
Methods Fixed Point
Method

Newton Raphson
Iterative Methods
Method

Secant Method
• Note: If an equation 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 has a root in an interval [𝑎, 𝑏] then
𝑓 𝑎 𝑓 𝑏 <0
i.e. 𝑓 𝑎 and 𝑓 𝑏 have opposite signs.
• Geometrical representation of root of an equation 𝑓 𝑥 = 0.
Bisection Method: