SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

Present one significant invention in every civilization mentioned and give the
function of it from the beginning to present civilization. All in all, there
should be at least 10 inventions.

ANCIENT AGE:
The Antikythera mechanism - is an ancient
Greek hand-powered orrery, described as the
oldest example of an analogue computer
used to predict astronomical positions and
eclipses decades in advance.

MESOPOTAMIA:
The Currency - Although we usually think that
the coin is a more or less modern piece, in fact,
the first ones that were printed are from the
VII-VI century BC and the 1st century BC. That
makes at least twenty centuries that humanity
has been paying with currencies.
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION:
The Sandals - Sumerians were thought to
generally go barefoot but excavations
have unearthed a royal shoe with a turned
up toe (circa 3000 BCE). Later footwear
was worn at formal ceremonies by high
dignitaries and Sumerian shoe styles
become widespread. Up-turned shoes
were made from dyed leather and had a
heel or elevated soles.

BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION:
The Cuneiform - Cuneiform is an ancient
writing system that was first used in
around 3400 BC. Distinguished by its
wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets,
cuneiform script is the oldest form of
writing in the world, first appearing even
earlier than Egyptian hieroglyphics.
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION:
The Bow Drill - A bow drill is a simple hand-
operated type of tool, consisting of a rod
(the spindle or drill shaft) that is set in rapid
rotary motion by means of a cord wrapped
around it, kept taut by a bow which is
pushed back and forth with one hand. This
tool of prehistoric origin has been used
both as a drill, to make holes on solid
materials such as wood, stone, bone, or
teeth, and as a fire drill to start a fire.

MAYA CIVILIZATION:

The Fabled Mayan Calendar - Amongst

their most famous inventions is the fabled
Mayan Calender (the one that was
supposed to predict the end of the world in
2012). It was pretty sophisticated and, like
any decent calendar, records repetitive
cycles of time based on the movements of
the Sun, Moon, and Planets.
AZTEC AND INCA CIVILIZATION:
The Antispasmodic Medication - The
Aztecs practised advanced medicine. They
used a type of antispasmodic
medication/medicine that could prevent
muscle spasms and relax muscles, which
may have been helpful during surgery. The
Passion Flower was used for this purpose, a
flower which still grows in Mexico today.

MEDIEVAL TIME:
Eye Glasses - Medieval glasses didn't have
arms to go over the ears at first; they were
of the pince-nez variety with two lenses
riveted together in the centre. This meant
that wearers would either have to hold
them while using them, or pinch them
tightly onto their noses to keep them in
place.
ISLAMIC EMPIRE:
The Flying Machine - “Abbas ibn Firnas”
was the first person to make a real attempt
to construct a flying machine and fly," said
Hassani. In the 9th century he designed a
winged apparatus, roughly resembling a
bird costume. In his most famous trial near
Cordoba in Spain, Firnas flew upward for a
few moments, before falling to the ground
and partially breaking his back. His designs
would undoubtedly have been an
inspiration for famed Italian artist and
inventor Leonardo da Vinci's hundreds of
years later, said Hassani.

MODERN AGE:
The Phonograph - also called record player,
instrument for reproducing sounds by
means of the vibration of a stylus, or
needle, following a groove on a rotating
disc. A phonograph disc, or record, stores a
replica of sound waves as a series of
undulations in a sinuous groove inscribed
on its rotating surface by the stylus.
Choose one Invention and explain how it evolved to the modern ages with
appropriate illustrations.

EYEGLASSES

The first wearable glasses known to history appeared in Italy during

the 13th century. Primitive glass-blown lenses were set into wooden or
leather frames (or occasionally, frames made from animal horn) and then
held before the face or perched on the nose. Mostly used by monks, these
grew in popularity and the technology improved through the Renaissance.
After the “over the ear” innovation, new developments with glasses
began to speed up. Benjamin Franklin added to the versatility of glasses by
inventing the bifocal lens, which allowed a person with both near and far-
sighted affectation to use one pair of glasses instead of two. He did this at
first by cutting lenses in half and putting them together into one frame.
Another style that was prominent during this time was “scissor spectacles.”
These were glasses that could be stored in the pocket and taken out when
needed for seeing something important. Some men did not enjoy wearing
glasses full time, so these were the answer: pocket glasses that could be
folded up on a hinge like a pair of scissors.
 MODERN INNOVATIONS With lens technology and accurate
prescriptions becoming ever more affordable during the 1800s, the 1900s
saw a trend toward making glasses fashionable and stylish. Frames with
different shapes, materials, and colors became available for those who
wanted glasses to match their face shape, eye color, or outfit.
Most notably, styles changed because of the availability and
development of strong plastics. No longer did all glasses need to be made
with wood, metal, or horn frames. Plastics could be molded into many
shapes and sizes.
Finally, the 1980s saw the introduction of plastic lenses. These were
less breakable, and they could be made lighter and thinner than their glass
predecessors. Modern technology continues to improve glasses with
protective coatings that reduce glare and UV light. Your glasses are the
result of centuries of innovative technology. For more information on
finding the right glasses for you, contact us at All About Eyes.
Write a 20-item quiz about the module with corresponding answers.

1. The meaning of the Latin word Scientia.

-Knowledge
2. A Large social group sharing the same geographical or social territory.
-Society
3. It comes from the Greek word techne meaning Art, Skill or Cunning of
hand.
-Technology
4. They are famous for inventing Cuneiform.
-Summerians
5. It is a precursor to the unfolding or existence of something.

-Antecedent

6. Mesopotamia came from the Greek word means?

-Between two rivers

7. He is known for the Pythagorean Theorem.

-Pythagoras

8. The father of Western Medicine.

-Hippocrate
9. The Middle Ages are known also for this dues to invasion of various
Germanic Tribes.

-Dark Ages

10. He is known as the father of surgery and the greatest surgeon of the
middles ages.

-Al Zahrawi

11. He is the founder of Carolingian Empire.

-Charles the Great or Charlemagne

12. This is the French word for renaissance.

-Rebirth

13. Father of Humanism

-Francesco Petrarch

14. It refers to the 16Th century paradigm shift named after the polish
mathematician and astroner, Nicholas Copernicus.

-Copernican Revolution

15. Charles Darwin introduced this, which states that populations pass
through a process of natural selection.

-Theory of Evolution
16. Human personality is composed of three structures known as:

-ID, EGO, SUPER-EGO

17. Function as a “referee” that balances the needs of the ID against the
demands and expectations of society.

-EGO

18. It is the sense of right and wrong.

-SUPER-EGO

19. During this period people were already engaged in farming, fishing,
mining, weaving and pottery.

-PRE COLONIAL PERIOD

20. Italian astronomer proved Copernicus’s theory to be correct.

-Galileo Galilei