I

slamicEmi r
ateofAfghani
stan
Minist
ryofHigherEducati
on
BalkhUniver
sit
y
Facul
tyofJournal
ism
DepartmentofPubli
cRelati
ons

ADJECTI
VES
Homewor
k

Author:Zabihul
lahdawl
atzai
Teacher:ProfessorMohammadAhmadi
Adj
ect
ive
Par
tofspeecht
hatdescr
ibesanounorpr
onoun

In l
i
ngui st
ics,an adjecti
ve (
abbr eviat
edADJ)i sawor dthat
generally 
modi fi
esa noun or nounphr ase ordescr i
besit
sr ef
erent.I
ts
semant icroleist ochangei nformat i
ongi v enbyt henoun.
Traditi
onally,adject
iveswer econsi der edoneoft hemain part
sof
speech  oftheEngl i
shlanguage, al
thoughhi stor
icall
ytheywereclassed
togetherwi thnouns.  
Nowaday s,certainwor dsthatusual
lyhadbeen
classi
fiedasadj ectives,i
ncluding the, thi
s, my,et.,
typi
cal
lyareclassed
separately,as deter
mi ners.
Someexampl
es:

 Heistal
l.
 Shehasabeauti
fulcat
.
 That
'safunnyi
dea.

Compar
ison(
degr
ees)
Mai
nart
i es:
cl  
Compar
ison(
grammar
) 
and 
Compar
ati
ve
Inmanyl anguages, someadj ecti
vesare 
comparable 
andthemeasur eof
compar ison’siscalled degr
ee.Forexampl e,
apersonmaybe" poli
te"
,
butanot herpersonmaybe" mor e 
pol
it
e",andathir
dpersonmaybet he
"most  
polit
e"oft het hr
ee.Thewor d"more"heremodifi
estheadjecti
ve
"poli
te"toindicateacompar i
soni sbei
ngmade, and"most"modifi
est he
adjecti
vet oindicateanabsol utecomparison(a 
superl
ati
ve)
.

Amongl anguagesthatal
lowadj ect
ivestobecompar ed,di
ffer
entmeans
areusedt oi
ndicat
ecompar ison.Somel anguagesdonotdisti
nguish
between comparat
ive 
and superl
ati
ve f
orms.Ot herl
anguagesall
ow

1
 adj
ect
ivestobecompar
edbutdonothav
easpeci
alcompar
ati
vef
orm
oft
headjecti
ve.

Campar
ati
vedegr
eeofadj
ect
ive
Comparat
ivedegr
eeofadj
ect
ivei
susedt
ocompar
etwoper
sonsand
obj
ect
s.

Rul
es
 Add(
r)att
heendofadj
ect
iveendi
ngi
n(e)
.
Ex:
(ni
ceni
cer
) (Whi
te whi
ter
) (
brav
ebr
aver
)
Exampl
e:Iam ni
cert
hant
hatt
eacher
.
Thi
swal
li
swhi
tert
hant
hatwal
l
.
Fer
ozai
sbr
avert
hanashr
af.
 Add(
er)att
heendofsomeadj
ect
ives.
(
smal
l Smal
l
er) (
tal
l Tal
l
er) (
Shor
tShor
ter
)
Exampl
es:
shei
stal
l
ert
hanhermot
her
.
Iam shor
tert
hanSami
.
Thecl
assi
ssmal
l
ert
hant
hat
.
 Add(i
er)att
heendofadj
ect
ivesconsonant+ychangeyi
ntoi
and
adder
.
(
Happy Happi
er) (
Funny Funni
er) (
Sunny Sunni
er)
Exampl
es:
far
dinhasahappi
erl
i
fet
hanhi
sbr
other
.
Iam Funni
ert
hanshaf
i.
Todayi
ssunni
ert
hany
est
erday
.
 Addorl
esst
oadj
ect
iveshav
ingmor
ethanonesy
ll
abl
e.
(
beaut
if
ul Mor
ebeaut
if
ul) (
bor
ing Mor
ebor
ing)
.
(
int
erest
ing mor
eint
erest
ing)
2
 Exampl
es:
Thi
scl
assi
smor
ebor
ingt
hant
hatcl
ass.
Shei
smor
ebeaut
if
ult
hanhersi
ster
.
Hei
smor
eint
erest
ingt
hant
hatol
dman.
NOTE:
Theconj
unct
iont
hanmustbeusedwi
thcompar
ati
veadj
ect
ives.
Wr
it
ecompar
ati
vedegr
eeoft
hegi
venadj
ect
ives.

1.Happy happi
er.
2.Ni
ce ni
cer
3.Shor
t. Shor
ter
4.Tal
l
. Tal
l
er
Uset
hecor
rectcompar
ati
vedegr
eeofadj
ect
ives.

1. Al
iruns(
fast
)fast
ert
hanAhmad.
2. Shei
s(i
ntel
l
igent
)mor
eint
ell
igentt
hanhersi
ster
.
3. Iam (
happy
)happi
ert
hany
ou.
4. Honeyi
s(sweet
)mor
esweett
hany
ou.
5. Iam (
tal
l
)tal
lert
hany
ou.
Super
lat
ivedegr
eeofadj
ect
ive
Superl
ati
vedegreeofadj
ect
ivecampar
emor
ethant
wot
hingsandpeopl
e
ofthesamekind.
Rul
es:
 AddStatt
heendoft
headj
ect
ivesendi
ngi
ne.
(
Nice Ni
cest
)(Br
ave br
avest
)(whi
te whi
test
)
 Addesatt
heendofmostadj
ect
ives.
(
LongLongest
)(Shor
tShor
test
)(Br
ightBr
ight
est
)(Cl
osecl
osest
)
 Addiestatt
heendofadj
ect
ivesendi
ngi
nconsonant+ychangeyt
o
iandaddeat.
(
Happyhappi
est
)(Funnyf
unni
est
)(r
ainyRai
niest
)(sunnySunni
est
)
3
 Super
lat
ivedegr
eeofadj
ect
ivet
ypi
cal
l
yaccompani
edbyt
hewor
dthe.
 Ahmadi
stheol
destmani
ntown.
 Far
idi
sthet
all
estboyi
nthenei
ghbor
hood.
Uset
hecor
rectsuper
lat
ivedegr
eeoft
headj
ect
ive.

1. Hei
sthe(
smal
l
)smal
lestboyi
nthecl
ass.
2. I
tist
he(
sunny
)Sunni
estdayoft
hey
ear
.
3.Thi
sist
he(
close)cl
osesthot
eli
nKabul
.
4.Kankoori
sthe(
big)bi
ggestexam i
nAf
ghani
stan.
5.I
tist
he(
new)newestpeni
ntheshop.

Compar
ati
veadj
ect
ives,
unsur
pri
singl
y,makeacompar
isonbet
weent
woor
mor
ethi
ngs.Formostone-
syl
l
abl
eadj
ect
ives,
thecompar
ati
vei
sfor
med
byaddi
ngt
hesuf
fi-
x er
 (
orj
ust
 -
r 
ift
headj
ect
iveal
readyendswi
t e)
han  .
Fort
wo-
syl
l
abl
eadj
ect
ivesendi
ngi
n-y
,repl
ace-
ywi
th-
ier
.Formul
ti
-
sy
ll
abl
eadj
ect
ives,
addt
hewor
d mor
e.

Ex:
A cool
er 
guy
Ex:
A messi
er 
desk
Ex:
A mor
emi
schi
evous 
cat

I
nEnglish,manyadj ect
ivescanbei nfl
ect
ed
t
o comparati
ve and superl
ative 
formsbytaki
ngthesuffi
xes"-
er"and"
-est
"
(
somet i
mesr equiri
ngadditionallet
ter
sbefor
ethesuff
ix;seef
orms
f
or f
ar 
below),respecti
vely:
"
great"
,"great
er","
greatest"
Someadj
ect
ivesare 
ir
regul
ar 
i
nthi
ssense:
"
good"
,"bet
ter"
,"best
"
"
bad"
,"wor
se"
,"w
or
st"

4
 "many
","
more","
most"(
somet
imesr
egar
dedas
an 
adver
b or
 det
ermi
ner
)
"
li
tt
le"
,"l
ess"
,"l
east
"
Someadjecti
vescanhav ebot
h r
egul
ar 
and 
i
rregul
ar 
var
iat
ions:
"
old","
older
","
oldest"
"
far
","
far
ther
","
far
thest
"
al
so
"
old"
,"el
der
","
eldest
"
"
far
","
fur
ther
","
fur
thest
"
Anot
herwaytoconv
eycompar
isoni
sbyi
ncor
por
ati
ngt
hewor
ds"
mor
e"
and"
most".
sho

Onemor
ethi
ngy
oushoul
dknowaboutadj
ect
ivesi
sthat
,somet
imes,
a
wor
dthati
snor
mal
l
yusedasanouncanf
unct
ionasanadj
ect
ive,
dependi
ngoni
tspl
acement
.Forexampl
e:

Nev
ert
ryt
opetsomeone’
s 
gui
de 
dogwi
thoutaski
ngper
missi
onf
ir
st.

Gui
de 
i
sanoun.Buti
nthi
ssent
ence,
itmodi
fi dog.I
es  twor
kst
heot
her
way
,too.Somewor
dst
hatar
enor
mal
l
yadj
ect
ivescanf
unct
ionasnouns:

Candi
cei
swor
kingonaf
undr
aisert
ohel
pthe 
homel
ess.

I
nthecont
extoft
hissent homel
ence,
  ess 
i
sfunct
ioni
ngasanoun.I
tcanbe
har
dtowr
apy
ourheadar
oundt
hisi
fyout
hinkofadj
ect
ivesandnouns
onl
yaspar
ti
cul
arcl
assesofwor
ds.Butt
het
erms“
adj
ect
ive”and“
noun”
ar
en’
tjustaboutawor
d’sf
orm—t
hey
’real
soabouti
tsf
unct
ion.

5
6