EFFECT OF DRUG ABUSE ON THE ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF SECONDARY

SCHOOL STUDENTS

BY
 ABSTRACT
This study investigated the effects of drug abuse on the academic achievements of secondary
school students in Okigwe L.G.A, of Imo State. The survey research deign was used for this study to
elicit fact. The total number of one hundred (100) questionnaire were administered to the
respondents. The data collected was analysed using simple percentage. Five (5) research questions
were raised and answered. The findings of the study revealed that financial incapability f student,
peergroup and lifestyle of parent influence students to be addicted to drug abuse. It was also
recommended that educational programme, should be organized for student to enlighten them on the
dangers in drug abuse.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Certification ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Dedication -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Acknowledgement -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Abstract --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Table of Contents --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER ONE:

1.0 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.1 Background to the study -----------------------------------------------------------------

1.2. Statement of the problem ----------------------------------------------------------------

1.3. Purpose of the study-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1.4 Research questions ------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.5 Scope of the study --------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.6 Significance of the Study ----------------------------------------------------------------

1.7 Definition of terms -----------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER TWO:

2.0 Literature Review-------------------------------------------------------------------------

2.1 Drug Abuse --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2.2 History of Drug Abuse -------------------------------------------------------------------

2.3 Types of Drug Abuse ----------------------------------------------------------------------

2.4 Reasons for Drug Abuse ------------------------------------------------------------------

2.5 Effects of Drug Abuse on academic performance -----------------------------------

CHAPTER THREE:

3.0 Research Methodology ---------------------------------------------------------------------

3.1 Introduction -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.2 Research design -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.3 Population of the Study --------------------------------------------------------------------

3.4 Sample and Sampling Technique ---------------------------------------------------------

3.5 Research Instrument ------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.6 Validation of the instrument --------------------------------------------------------------

3.7 Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR:

4.0 Data Presentation and Analysis-----------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER FIVE:

5.0 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations-------------------------------------

5.1 Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.2 Summary -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.3 Conclusion -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.4 Recommendations -------------------------------------------------------------------

References-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Appendix--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Drug abuse is the use of drugs for other purposes other than medical reasons, thus
affecting the individual In a negative way socially, cognitively or physically Kuria (1996). Social
effect may be reflected in an individual’s enhanced tendency to engage in conflicts with friends,
teachers and school activities. Cognitive effects relate to the individual’s lack of concentration on
academic works and memory loss, while Kwinsohn (2007) defines a drug as any product other
than food or water that affect the way people feel, think, see and behave. It is a substance due to
its chemical nature affects physical, mental and emotional functioning. It can enter the body
through chewing, eating, smoking, drinking, rubbing on the skin or injection.

According to the world health organization (W.H.O) (1998) drug addiction is persistent,
excessive drug use, inconsistent with or on related to acceptable medicines practices.

Drug abuse amongst the global youth population has become a serious problem affecting
everyone. Addiction leads many people, young people prominent amongst them, into downward
spiral of hopelessness that in some cases ends fatal. They range from give sniffing street children
and teenage ecstasy users to hard core heroin and cocaine addicts (Nacada, 2005). Drug abuse is
responsible for lost wages destruction of property in schools, scoring health care costs and
broken families. It is a problem which affects us all as parents, children, teachers, government
officials, taxpayers and workers.

The National government in Nigeria embarked on an aggressive campaign to fight drug

and substances abuse. This leads to creation of (NDLEA) to enforce, control and correct abuse
stakeholders established, advisory communities on the vice. The campaign, which targeted
parents and students, was spearheaded by chiefs and their assistants at the grassroots level
according to Kapsoya location chief Muss Kipchumba, drug abuse was becoming a disaster both
in rural and urban settings, as barons target school children
 Drug abuse had hit hard on the youthful population; the older people were also resorting
to substance abuse through excessive intake of alcohol, creating awareness to the public on the
danger of drug abuse has become one of the key priorities in Nigeria.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Nigeria has experienced rapid growth of population in recent years; the increasing
demand for education has led to more universities being formed.. Due to the rapid development,
drug use has become common among student in campus and is even affecting their performances
in class. Despite the worldwide concern and awareness about the dangers of drug abuse most of
the student have limited knowledge of how dangerous the habit is (Ngesu, 2008). Many students
have dropped out of school and others opted to engage in criminal activities thus endangering the
lives of the people living in the communities. The young generation no longer has role model
since most of the young adults are unemployed and under the influence of drugs.

Despite the government concern and heightened campaigns against the vice among high
school student who are illicit drug users. Although, students are expected to be aware of the
effects of drug abuse and commit themselves in their studies, the habit still exist default of their
prior expected awareness of its consequences.

This study therefore, seeks to establish the correlation between poor academic
performance and the use of drugs in Secondary Schools in Nigeria, Okigwe L.G.A is taken as
the main scope.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

This study would take a look into the consequences of the effects of drug abuse on
academic achievement of secondary school students in Nigeria with a case study of Okigwe
L.G.A of Imo State. The primary aim of this research is to examine the effects of drug abuse on
the academic achievements of secondary school students in Okigwe.

This research will also examine the problems encountered by the government in
enforcing control and correction in drug usage and addiction. The research will also reveal the
impact of school in student that are involved in drug addiction.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What are the reasons for drug abuse?

2. What are the risks involved in drug abuse?

3. What are the influences of drug abuse on the academic achievement?

4. What are the plans of school in eradicating drug addiction among the students?

5. How parent can convince their children not to involve in drug addiction.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This investigation focuses on the effects of drug abuse on the academic achievements of
secondary school students in Okigwe L.G.A, Imo State of Nigeria. It will cover the effects of the
drug addiction on the student performance.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings of the study will be useful to the community, institutions of higher learning
and Nigeria government. The study will reveal the influence of major drugs on students’
academic performance. The research work would be useful in educating all youths in secondary
schools, on the risk of drug consumption. Thus this study would play an important role in
reducing, or even preventing high rate of drug use and abuse.

The study will also provide a background for other studies in its prevention. This would
help in promoting a drug-free school environment and better academic performance, thus
improving the standards of education in the country particularly in Okigwe L.G.A

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Effect: The power to change or affect someone, the power to cause change without directly
forcing them to happen

Drug: Any product other than food or water that affect the way people feels, think, see and
behave. it is a substance that due to its chemical nature affects physical, mental and emotional
functioning.
Drug Abuse: The use of drugs for purposes other than medical reasons, thus affecting the
individual in a negative way socially, cognitively or physically.

Academic: belonging to an academy or other higher institutions of learning, also a socially

society or organization.

Academic Achievement: the extent to which a student has performs his or her educational
goals.

Student: a person who studies a particular academic subject. A learner or someone who attempt
an educational institution.

.
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 DRUG ABUSE

There is growing concern worldwide today over growing number of youths using drugs
that the law does not permit or prohibit. The existence and extent of drug use has been identified
as one of the greatest problems in learning institutions. This affects various aspects of learning
such as student’s performance. Drugs are chemical substances that modify mental, emotional and
behavioral functioning. APA (2000).

According to the World Day report (2005) the use of illicit drugs has increased
throughout the recent years. The report further states that a major world trend is the increasing
availability of many kinds of drugs. A report released by United Nations Drug Control
Programme (2004),4.8% of the global population consume drugs, but the worrying fact is that
according to United Nations Drug Control Programme executive director (2004) those hooked
are the youth in China. It was reported that drug use is going up while the age of new users is
going down. A survey in the Czech Republic showed that 37% of new drug users were teenagers
between 15-18 years old. Drug use is particular heroine is becoming a serious problem in Egypt
where around 6% of sampled secondary school students admitted to have experimented with
drugs in Pakistan it was reported that the store of those who started using heroine at 15-20 years
has doubled. African’s role in global drug supply chain is increasing. Already the continent is
second largest region for cannabis production, trafficking and consumption accounting for 26%
of global seizures of this drug in 2001, UNODC (2004).

In Kenya today, drug use has become prevalent than at any other times. NACADA
(2010). Majority of the users are students in secondary schools tertiary colleges and universities.
Drug use has become prevalent today than every other time in Kenya. Youths are using drugs
which modify their mental, economical and behavioral functioning. In learning institutions, drug
use make students to have poor concentration in class, high rate of absenteeism and failure in
exams leading to poor academic performance.
 A drug refers to a substance that could bring about a change in the biological function
through the chemical actions (Okoye, 2001). It is also considered as a substance that modifies
perceptions, cognition, mood, behavior and general body functions (Balogun 2001). They could
thus be considered as chemical modifier of the living tissues that could bring

2.2 HISTORY OF DRUG ABUSE

Since the early times, herbs, leaves and plants have been used to heal and control
diseases. The use of drugs correctly administered have been a blessing. Falco (1988) as cited by
Sambo (2008) viewed that “chronic use of substances can cause serious, sometimes irreversible
damage to adolescents physical and psychological development. The use of drugs could
beneficial or harmful depending on the mode of use.

Use of drugs can be traced back to pre-colonial days when alcohol and other drugs were
used and consumed as part of traditions of the communities. The communities had virtues and
values that strictly guided the use drugs. Generally, consumption of alcohol, tobacco and other
drugs was a priviledge of the elders, more often than not male elders. The actual existence of
drug use as a social problem was rare because of strong social structures. The law levels or non-
existence of drug use was sustained as a result of strong kinship ties that ran through different
social institutions. Traditions and taboos were uphold to discourae the misuse of drugs.

Humans have used drugs of one sort or another for thousands of years. Wine was used at
least from the time of the early Egyptians; narcotics from 4000 B.C., and medical use of
marijuana has been dated to 2737 B.C in China. But not until the 19 th century A.D were the
active substances in drugs extracted. There followed a time when some of these newly
discovered substances-morphone, landaium, cocaine were completely unregulated and prescribed
freely by physicians for a wide variety of ailments. During the American civil war, mortune was
used freely, and wounded veterians returned home with their kits of morphine and hypodermic
needles. Opium dens flourished. By the early 1900s there were an estimated 250,000 addicts in
the united states.

2.3 TYPES Of DRUGS ABUSE

According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (2000), alcohol is the most abused
psychoactive drug in the United States with approximately 90% of students using it before they
 leave high school. In Nigeria a report by NAFDAC (2008) found that alcohol is also the most
commonly abused drug with about 61% of the population engaging in its use. The same report
indicated that 40.9% of students were abusing alcohol in Nairobi Province and 26.3% in Central
Province. According to Perkinson (2002), alcohol is a central nervous system depressant and
dulls the brain making learning a difficult task.
In Nigeria, the most common types of abused drugs according to NAFDAC (2000) as
cited by Haladu (2003) are categorized as follows:
1. Stimulants: These are substances that directly act and stimulate the central nervous
system. Users at the initial stage experience pleasant effects such as energy increase. The
major source of these comes from caffeine substance.
2. Hallucinogens: These are drugs that allow the sensory processing unit in the brain.
Thus, producing distorted perception, feeling of anxiety and emhoria, sadness and inner
joy,. They normally come from marijuana,. LSD etc.
3. Narcotics: These drugs relive pains, induce sleeping and they are addictive. They are
found in heroin, codeine, opium etc.
4. Sedative: These drugs are among the most widely used and abused. This is largely due to
the belief that they relieve stress and anxiety, and some of them induce sleep, ease
tension, cause relaxation or help users to forget their problems. They are sourced from
valium, alcoholic promotatazine, chloroform.
5. Miscellaneous: This is a group of volatile solvents or inhalants that provide emphoria,
emotional disinhibition and perpetual distortion of thought to the user. The main sources
are glues, spot removers, tube repair, perfumes, chemicals etc.
6. Tranquilizer: They are believed to produce columness without bringing drowsiness, they
are chiefly derived from Librium, valium etc.
2.4 Reasons for Drug Abuse
Haladu (2003) gave the following as the main causes’
i. Experimental Curiosity: Curiosity to experiment the unknown facts about drugs thus
motivates adolescents into drug use. The first experience in drug abuse produces a state
of arousal such as happiness and pleasure which in turn motivate them to continue.
ii. Peer Group Influence: Peer pressure plays a major role in influencing many adolescents
into drug abuse. This is because peer pressure is a fact of teenage and youth life. As they
 try to depend less on parents, they show more dependency on their friends. In Nigeria, as
other parts of the world, one may not enjoy the company of others unless he conforms to
their norms.
iii. Lack of parental supervision: Many parents have no time to supervise their sons and
daughters. Some parents have little or no interaction with family members, while others
put pressure on their children to pass exams or perform better in their studies. These
phenomena initialize and increases drug abuse.
iv. Personality Problems due to socio-Economic Conditions: Adolescents with
personality problems arising from social conditions have been found to abuse drugs. The
social and economic status of most Nigerians is below average. Poverty is widespread,
broken homes and unemployment is on the increase, therefore our youths roam the streets
looking for employment or resort to begging. These situations have been aggravated by
lack of skills, opportunities for training and re-training and lack of committed action to
promote jobcreation by private and community entrepreneurs. Frustration arising from
these problems lead to recourse in drug abuse for temporarily removing the tension and
problems arising from it.
v. The Need for Energy to Work for Long Hours: The increasing economic deterioration
that leads to poverty and disempowerment of the people has driven many parents to send
their children out in search of a means of earning something for contribution to family
income. These children engage in hawking, bus conducting, head loading, scavenging,
serving in food canteens etc and are prone to drug taking so as to gain more energy to
work for long hours.
vi. Availability of the Drugs: In many countries, drugs have dropped in prices as supplies
have increased.
vii. The Need to prevent the Occurrence of Withdrawal symptoms: If a drug is stopped, the
user experiences what is termed “withdrawal symptoms”. Pain, anxiety, excessive
sweating and shaking characterize such symptoms. The inability of the drug user to
tolerate the symptoms motivates him to continue (Ige, 2000).
Signs and Symptoms of Drug Abuse
According to Adolescents Health Information Project AHIP (2001) the following are
signs and symptoms of drug abuse. They are:
a. Signs of Drug Used and Drug Paraphernalia
i. Possession of drug related paraphernalia such as pipes, rolling paper, small
decongestant
ii. Possession of drugs, peculiar plants or bolts, seeds of leaves in ashtrays or
clothing pockets.
iii. Odour of drugs, smell of incense or other cover up scents.
b. Identification with Drug Culture
i. Drug related magazines, slogans on clothing
ii. Hostility in discussing drugs
c. Signs of Physical Deterioration
i. Memory lapses, short attention span, difficulty in concentration.
ii. Poor physical coordination, slurred or incoherent speech; unhealthy appearance,
indifference to hygiene and grooming
iii. Bloodshot eyes, dilated pupils.
d. Changes in Behaviour
i. Distinct downward performance in school place of work.
ii. Increased absenteeism or tardiness.
iii. Chronic dishonesty, lying; cheating and stealing.
iv. Trouble with the police and other law enforcement agencies
v. Change of friends, evasiveness in talking about new ones.
2.4.2 Effects of Drug Abuse
Mba (2008) identified numerous negative effects of drug abuse on the body chemistry as
follows:
1. Alcohol-related problems includes:
a. Physical problems e.g liver cirrhosis, pancreatic, peptic ulcer, tuberculosis,
hypertension, neurological disorder.
b. Mental retardation for the fetus in the womb, growth, deficiency, delayed motor
development.
c. Craniofacial abnormalities, limbs abnormalities and cardiac deficits.
d. Psychiatric e.g pathological drunkenness, suicidal behaviour
 e. Socially-broken homes, increased crime rate, sexual offences, homicide and
sexually transmitted diseases.
2. Tobacco: Causes stimulation of heart and narrowing of blood vessels, producing
hypertension, headache, loss of appetite, nausea and delayed growth of the fetus. It also
aggravates or causes sinusitis, bronchitis, cancer, strokes, and heart attack.
3. Stimulants: Lethargy, irritability, exaggerated self confidence, damage nose linings,
sleeplessness, and psychiatric complications.
4. Inhalants: Causes anemia, damage kidney and stomach bleeding.
5. Narcotics: Causes poor perception, constipation, cough, suppression, vomiting, drowsiness
and sleep, unconsciousness and death.
2.5.1 Influence of Drug Use of Students Discipline
According to, Kerochio (1994) many people have tried drugs sometimes in their lives. He
further asserts that the society becomes alarmed when a persons’ use of drugs results in
impairment of occupational or social functioning. The user becomes a threat to other members of
society and engages in criminal activities. Hartmatz (1973) discovered that drugs tend to make
users to have erratic mood swings, anxious and impulsive. They lead to poor social adjustment
on part of the user characterized by situational hostility. A survey by the International
Commission for the Prevention of Alcoholism and Drug Dependence carried out in Kenya
schools between 1977 and 1978 revealed that 23.3% of the students took alcohol while 26%
smoked bhang, Malulu (2004). Use of drugs leads to discipline problems which make students to
lose a lot of learning time during punishment or under suspensions. Students who use drugs are
more likely to engage in delinquent behaviors such as fighting and stealing. According to,
Ngesu, Ndiku and Masesi (2008) students who use drugs have unexplained mood swing, behave
negatively, they are argumentative, confused, destructive, anxious over reactive to criticism, act
rebellious and doesn’t seem happy.
2.5.2 INFLUENCE OF DRUG USE ON STUDENTS INTEREST IN LEARNING

Drug users have decreased interest in class work and negative attitude which make them
drop out of school before accomplishing their studies, Leadership (2004). Drug users have
decreased interest in completion of task, decreased ability to perform task that require a lot of
concentration and paying attention which interfere with learning, Leadership (2004). They are
unmotivated, apathetic without goals or objectives and without wish to succeed in anything,
Melgosa (1997). Students on drug arrive to school late and lack energy.

2.5.3 IMPACTS OF DRUG USE ON CLASS ATTENDANCE.

Excessive drinking and drug use are both associated with short-term academic problems,
students who use substances during college spend less time studying and skip more classes
thereby reducing their exposure to the classroom learning environment and the beneficial
experiences of interacting with faculty and other students. Longitudinal research has found that
students who use alcohol and drugs are more likely to have disruptions in their enrolment in
college and also fail to graduate. Associated mental health problems can exacerbate the adverse
academic consequences of excessive drinking and drug use. Frequent binge drinkers bare more
likely to miss a class; fall behind in their school work (Wechsler et al, 1998). The number of
drinks consumed correlates positively with the number of classes missed (Alcohol Edu 2008-
2009). Frequency of alcohol consumption was associated positively with absenteeism from
classes disliked (Wyatt, 1992).

2.5.4 IMPACTS OF DRUG ABUSE ON TIME SPENT STUDYING.

Alcohol consumption has a negative productive effort on study hours under all definitions
of drinking (binge, frequent binge, drunkenness and frequent drunkenness) (Walever, 2002).
More frequent use of alcohol usually produces larger negative effects on study hours, with
frequent drunkenness having the largest effect (Wolaver, 2002). There is a negative relationship
between heavy episodic alcohol use and the time spend on academic (Porter & Pryor, 2007).
2.5.5 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRUG ABUSE AND ACADEMIC
PERFORMANCE.

Binge drinking two or more times in a typical two weeks period is linked to significantly
lower semester grades (Pascarrella et al 2007). The probability of getting a high grades
significantly decreases as the frequency of heavy episodic drinking increases, this is because the
heaviest drinkers obtain the lowest grades (Preseley 1993). Heavy college drinking predicts a
reduction in the probability of having an A average cumulative GPA (Wolaver 2002). Those
with higher grades of B and above consumed lower drinks per week or even a month. Therefore,
there is a significant decline in mean grade when comparing abstainers to heavier drinking
categories (Rau & Durand, 2000).

Drugs make the students to have negative attitude to learning, failure to do assignments
and impaired capacity to reason hence influencing academic performance. Drug also interferes
with students discipline leading to loss of learning time doing punishment or under suspension.
Drugs leads to decreased interest in learning, students are unmotivated without goals or
objectives and without wish to succeed in anything. Students on drug arrive to school late and
they lack energy hence influencing academic performance.

2.5.6 INFLUENCE OF MARIJUANA ABUSE ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE.

According to (Spooner, 2005) the social environment is a powerful influence on health

and social outcomes. In this content, marijuana use and related problems results from the
complex interplay of the individual and the environment whereby social institutions or structure
can influence the environment in a manner that can influence drug use and related problems.

Having realized that majority of marijuana use start during the adolescent stage especially
so for the “gateway” drugs, alcohol and cigarettes, thus need to check this bad practice in the
society is important. Alcohol and cigarettes are described “as gateway” because they are usually
the first drugs that are used before other drugs are tried out (Indiana Preventive Resource Centre,
2003). Drug abuse by students can lead to sharp decline in their academic performance, increase
reports of truancy and expulsion from school. It can also lead to addiction increased desire for
drugs without which normal life processes is disturbed and increased appetite and libido. Other
vices such as stealing, fighting and gambling may also be caused by drug abuse as a result of
alteration in the brain chemistry of the abuser.

Continued use of drug over a prolonged period of time often leads to drug tolerance,
physiological reaction in which the body requires larger and larger doses in order to experience
the same effects. In some cases, tolerance for one drug increase tolerance for another, this is
known as cross-tolerance (Baron & Kalsher, 2008)
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This section described the procedures used in conducting the study. The following areas
were considered: research design, research population, sample and sampling technique, research
instrument, validity and reliability of research instrument, method of data collection and method
of data analysis.

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

A descriptive research design was used in this study. This is because it aids the collection
of information for the target population. This approach also gives room for eliciting, measuring
and quantifying the available data.

3.3 POPULATION OF THE STUDY

The populations for this study are the secondary school students in Okigwe L.G.A, Imo
State of Nigeria

3.4 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Simple random sampling was used to select 100 respondents from different secondary
schools in Okigwe L.G.A whereby 20 students were selected from among the schools in the area.
The schools visited were:

1. School
2. School
3. School
4. School
5. School
3.5 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The research instrument used in this study was questionnaire; the respondents were given
the opportunity to express their minds on the study by ticking the alternative, which represents
their opinion.

The questionnaire contains two sections that is, section A&B. Section A deals with
personal data of the respondents’ items. Alternative available in the questionnaire are as follows:

SA – Strongly Agree

A – Agree

D – Disagree

SD – Strongly Disagree

3.5 VALIDATION OF THE INSTRUMENT

The questionnaire was developed by the researcher and given to the supervisor for
necessary corrections, additions and modifications before the administration of the questionnaire.

3.6 ` METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

The research utilized an analytical data by making use of frequency of counts converted
to percentage computation to determine the respondents’ opinion on the effects of drug abuse on
the academic achievements of secondary school students.
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

This chapter presents the analysis of the data collected for the study. Data collected were
presented using simple percentage method.

RESEARCH QUESTION 1: What are the reasons for drug abuse?

Response on the above question are presented in table 1.

S/ ITEMS SA % A % D % SD % TOTAL TOTAL

N FREQUENCY %
1. Non-chalant 64 64% 32 32% 3 3% 1 1 100 100%
attitude of %
parents leads
to drug
abuse
2. Lifestyle 35 35% 64 64% 2 2% 4 4 100 100%
from parents %
leads to drug
abuse.
3. Peer group 70 70% 28 28% 3 3% 4 4 100 100%
influence %
drug
addiction o a
student.
4. Financial 35 35% 2 2% 6 67 1 1 100 100%
incapability 7 % %
of a student
leads to drug
use or abuse
5. Drug users 42 42% 34 34% 2 21 1 1 100 100%
are likely to 1 % %
drop out of
school.
TOTAL 251 251 16 160 9 96 11 1 500 100%
% 0 6 1
Table 1: shows that 92% f the respondents agreed that the above items are the reasons for drug
abuse while 8% disagreed.

RESEARCH QUESTION 2: What are the risks involved in drug abuse.

Responses on the above question are presented in table 2.

S/ ITEMS SA % A % D % SD % TOTAL TOTAL

N FREQUENCY %
6. Drug users 47 47% 47 47% 3 3% 3 3% 100 100%
tends to
have
mental
problems
7. Drug users 56 56% 40 40% 4 4% 0 0% 100 100%
are more
creative
and
intelligent.
8. Drug 1 1% 4 4% 55 55% 40 40% 100 100%
abuse does
not
Include
fighting,
stealing
and
truancy of
 a student.
TOTAL 10 104% 91 91% 62 62% 43 43% 300 100%
4
Table 2: shows that 94% of the respondents agreed that the above items are the risks involved in
drug abuse while 6% disagreed.

Research Question 3: What are the influence of drug abuse in the academic performance?

S/ ITEMS S % A % D % S % TOTAL TOTA

N A D FREQUENC L%
Y
9. Students 54 54% 4 41% 4 4% 1 1% 100 100%
on drug 1
perform
excellentl
y in
classroom.
10. Abuse of 3 3% 3 3% 55 55% 39 39% 100 100%
drug
increases
attention,
alertness
and
learning in
classroom.
11. Addictive 1 1% 2 2% 80 80% 17 17% 100 100%
drugs
improve
the brain
and
nervous
system of
 human
body.
12. Drug user 8 8% 7 7% 58 58% 27 27% 100 100%
tends to
think
accurately
in class.
TOTAL 66 66 5 53 19 197 84 84 400 100%
% 3 % 7 % %
Table 3: shows that 95% of the respondents agreed that the above items are the influence of drug
abuse in the academic performance of students while 5% disagreed.

Research Question 4: What are the plans of the school on eradicating drug addiction
among the student.

S/ ITEMS SA % A % D % S % TOTAL TOTA

N D FREQUENC L%
Y
13. Schools 39 39% 4 44% 11 11% 6 6% 100 100%
should 4
involve
and
encourage
students
in extra-
curricular
activities.
14. Excursion 2 2% 5 5% 56 56% 34 34% 100 100%
trip by the
school
increases
drug
 abuse
among
students.
15. School 1 1% 9 9% 50 50% 40 40% 100 100%
should
make
drug
available
in school.
16. School 62 62% 3 33% 5 5% 0 0% 100 100%
should 3
provide
guidance
and
counselin
g service .
TOTAL 10 104 9 91 12 122 80 80 400 100%
4 % 1 % 2 % %
Table 4: shows that 95% of the respondents agreed that the above items are the plans of the
school in eradicating drug addiction among the student.

Research Question 5: How parent can convince their children not to involve in drug
addiction.

S/ ITEMS SA % A % D % SD % TOTAL TOTAL

N FREQUENCY %
17. Parents 52 52% 40 40% 8 8% 0 0% 100 100%
should
act as
role
model to
their
 children.
18. Parents 55 55% 41 41% 3 3% 1 1% 100 100%
should
impact
moral
value to
their
children.
19. The 50 50% 45 45% 5 5% 0 0% 100 100%
needs of
children
should be
attended
to.
20. Parent 48 48% 46 46% 6 6% 0 0% 100 100%
should
act as
adviser to
their
children.
TOTAL 66 66% 53 53% 19 197% 84 84 400 100%
7 %
Table 5: shows that 96% of the respondents agreed that the above items are how parents can
convince their children not to involve in drug addiction.
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

The chapter one of the research work contained the background of the study, discussed
about the effects of drug abuse on the academic achievements of secondary school studenta and
also enlightened us to the statement of the problem, purpose of the study, its significance , the
research question, and scope of the study.

Chapter two of the research work exposes us to drug abuse, history of drug abuse, types
of drug abuse, reason for drug abuse and effect of drug abuse on academic sources.

Chapter three talked about the various activities and methods used in carrying out the
research work. It discussed on the type of research design, the research population, the
sampling techniques used, the research instrument, validity and method of data collection.

Chapter four contained the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data collected
and its discussion.

Chapter five comprises the summary of findings, conclusion and recommendations and
was followed by references and appendix.

5.2 CONCLUSION

The use of substance among students may directly impair academic activities which
limits their academic performance for most students who use drugs at a lower level, however,
drug use may serve as a maturational “snare” that keeps some students engaged in deviant
peer groups as others move on to more normative groups, thus having a long term direct effect
on educational attainment. Other studies have discussed similar processes, in which differential
pathways to problematic outcome are determined, in part, by the level of multiple risk
behaviors.
 If we believe that multiple mechanisms are operating, then it follows that preventive
interventions aimed at improving academic engagement should broaden their focus beyond
drug use in adolescence. Community and family risk factors should also be targets of
intervention. Our findings shows that drug use in students partially mediated the effect of their
externalizing behaviors on college , completion, students externalizing also had direct effects on
both students reading achievement and on degree completion. This implies that a powerful
target of intervention should be externalizing behavior, especially for time who have not yet
developed heavy or problematic level of alcohol and or drug use.

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

Based upon the literature review and the empirical investigation, various
recommendations for a prevention and intervention programme are proposed to help address
effects of drug abuse on the academic performance of secondary school students in. The
following are recommendations for effective programming to prevent and reduce drug among
secondary school students.

PRE-ENROLMENT MESSAGES.

First year students typically have exaggerated ideas about how much secondary school
students drink. Wanting to fit in and being free from parental control for the first time, there
students can be led by this misperception into a pattern of heavy drinking that increases their risk
of academic failure, serious injury, sexual assault and even death. Social norms marketing
campaigns should be rolled out in universities and colleges to try to counteract these false beliefs
by conveying accurate survey data about students drinking norms. The idea is that once students
learn that far fewer students are drinking heavily than they once thought, they will feel less social
pressure to drink and, therefore, moderate their alcohol use.

PROVIDE ALCOHOL-FREE OPTIONS.

The schools and country governments should create and promote-alcohol free events for
students, support students club and organizations that are substance free create and promote
service learning and volunteer opportunities, require community service work as part of the
academic curriculum and promote consumption of non-alcoholic beverages and food at events.
RESTRICT ALCOHOL AVAILABILITY.

Schools should enforce strict rules on alcohol and drug abuse by requiring all social
events during orientation of first year to be alcohol free, disseminate responsible host guidelines
for both on and off campus parties, install a responsible beverages service program, eliminate
residence hall delivery of alcohol purchases, advertise food and activities such as dancing or
sport, rather than drinking as the focus of the event.

EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMME INVENTIONS.

Drug prevention programmes known as life skills training have been found to be
successful with young adolescents. Life skill training is based on findings that most adolescent’s
first use drugs in social situations and that their decisions are influenced not just by one factor
but a variety. Effective programs focus on enhancing problem solving skills and aiding students
to evaluate the influence of the media. Effective programs help to improve self-esteem, and
reduce stress and anxiety. These skills are taught using combination of methods including
demonstration, practice, feedback, and praise. Another proven approach-specific focus,
emphasizing the application of skills directly to the problem of substance abuse (American
Academy of Pediatrics, 2007).

ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY

Because of complexity of the problem, co-ordination of prevention messages and

activities with other institutions in a student’s life is essential. The community, not the school is
where most student drug use occurs. Communities can send a clear and consistent message by
developing and implementing to broad, comprehensive approach to dealing with substance
abuse.

PUNITIVE METHODS

These methods are associated with crisis management approaches which are reactive in
their policies and locate the problem in students punitive methods rely on the infliction of
punishment with the aim of deterring students from committing the crime. This method applies
the principal of stimulus-response connection. The purpose of punishment should be
communicated, understood and accepted if it is to be effective in enforcing student discipline.
Obviously, however, drug abuser cannot rehabilitate through punishment alone.
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